Mere Knowledge Research Articles

Leveraging public awareness and behavioural change for entrepreneurial waste management

This article takes us into the world of municipal solid waste entrepreneurs, revealing how public awareness campaigns and behavioural change efforts intertwine with entrepreneurial endeavours. Through conversations with 11 key participants—entrepreneurs from four geopolitical zones of Nigeria and a senior management figure from the Lagos State Waste Management Authority—I hear firsthand accounts of the challenges they face and their strategies to transform waste into opportunity. Guided by the theory of planned behaviour, this study sheds light on how these entrepreneurs perceive the role of public awareness in shaping waste management behaviour and driving business innovation. From their stories, a common theme emerges: the need to educate the public about responsible waste practices while developing creative business models that engage communities. Concepts like “freemium-to-premium” offerings are explored as ways to break through psychological barriers and inspire wider participation in waste management initiatives. These voices illustrate how awareness campaigns are not only about fostering environmental responsibility, but also about creating pathways for entrepreneurial growth, ultimately contributing to a more sustainable and circular economy. This study contends that public awareness extends beyond mere knowledge; it acts as a form of infrastructure in its own right. Rather than being just an end goal, awareness becomes a vital foundation in the pursuit of improved waste management practices, serving as a key driver for meaningful environmental action.

Creative performance in professional advertising development: The role of ideation templates, consumer insight, and intrinsic motivation

AbstractTo develop more creative advertising, scholars advocate ideation techniques and one of the most strongly supported is the Templates method. This research explores the efficacy of Templates, and evaluates its effectiveness compared to other creative ideation approaches. Two studies are presented. One directly asks professional advertising creatives to use specific Templates to develop advertisements. The other determines if the mere knowledge of the Templates method improves creative ideation. In both studies, industry-based judges assess the quality of respondents’ work. The Templates approach improves the originality of advertising, with no detrimental influence on strategy. Two alternative approaches to enhancing creativity were compared against Templates: 1) providing better domain knowledge through consumer insight and 2) improving the intrinsic motivation of creatives. The research shows these two alternatives both improve originality yet reduce how “on strategy” the advertising is—a trade-off effect. However, the Templates method does not suffer from this trade-off and performs well, by improving originality without any detriment on strategic focus.

Examining the psychosocial drivers of handwashing behaviour among school children

ABSTRACT Aim Handwashing with soap remains the single most cost-effective strategy for reducing the spread of infectious diseases. From our scoping search, no study was identified which examined the predictors of children’s handwashing behaviour within the context of the Health Belief Model (HBM) and Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) combined. This paper contributes to bridging this gap in literature. We sought to examine variables emanating from the HBM and TPB which could potentially predict handwashing behaviour; determine whether behavioural intention will potentially predict behaviour; and identify school children’s motivation for proper handwashing behaviour. Subject and Methods Data were collected from 717 school children recruited from four basic schools. A structured questionnaire was used for data collection. Data were analysed using multi-variable linear regression models. Results Participants’ knowledge of hand hygiene failed to predict behavioural intention and handwashing behaviour. As regards participants’ perception of severity, there was an association with behavioural intention in a crude model, but this was not so in an adjusted model. Also, perception of severity was not associated with handwashing behaviour. Attitude to handwashing (β = 0.120, 95% CI [0.00, 0.24] p = 0.046), possession of handwashing skills (β = 0.037, 95% CI [0.01, 0.07] p = 0.008), and subjective norms (β = 0.263, 95% CI [0.20, 0.33] p < 0.001) were among the psychosocial variables that showed potential for predicting both behavioural intention and behaviour. The TPB’s intention-behaviour relationship was corroborated by our results. Among others, motivation for adherence to proper handwashing behaviour included the desire to make hands smell better. Conclusion Interventions targeting the handwashing behaviour of school children should consider strategies that move beyond mere knowledge improvement, but rather target attitude and skill enhancement strategies implemented in partnership with ‘significant others’ such as teachers, and adult peers.

Assessing the interplay of presentation and competency in online video examinations: a focus on health system science education

BackgroundThe integration of Health System Science (HSS) in medical education emphasizes mastery of competencies beyond mere knowledge acquisition. With the shift to online platforms during the COVID-19 pandemic, there is an increased emphasis on Technology Enhanced Assessment (TEA) methods, such as video assessments, to evaluate these competencies. This study investigates the efficacy of online video assessments in evaluating medical students’ competency in HSS.MethodsA comprehensive assessment was conducted on first-year medical students (n = 10) enrolled in a newly developed curriculum integrating Health System Science (HSS) into the Bachelor of Medicine program in 2021. Students undertook three exams focusing on HSS competency. Their video responses were evaluated by a panel of seven expert assessors using a detailed rubric. Spearman rank correlation and the Interclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) were utilized to determine correlations and reliability among assessor scores, while a mixed-effects model was employed to assess the relationship between foundational HSS competencies (C) and presentation skills (P).ResultsPositive correlations were observed in inter-rater reliability, with ICC values suggesting a range of reliability from poor to moderate. A positive correlation between C and P scores was identified in the mixed-effects model. The study also highlighted variations in reliability and correlation, which might be attributed to differences in content, grading criteria, and the nature of individual exams.ConclusionOur findings indicate that effective presentation enhances the perceived competency of medical students, emphasizing the need for standardized assessment criteria and consistent assessor training in online environments. This study highlights the critical roles of comprehensive competency assessments and refined presentation skills in online medical education, ensuring accurate and reliable evaluations.

Learning-by-exporting: The strategic role of organizational innovation

Drawing on organizational learning theory, this study examines the strategic role of organizational innovation in learning to innovate by exporting, commonly known as ‘learning-by-exporting’ (LBE). We explain that mere knowledge access is distinct from the enactment of knowledge, and this matters for LBE. Despite growing interest in how firms enhance product innovation performance through exporting and thus, LBE, previous literature has remained silent on the role played by strategically induced changes to organizational routines when learning. We hypothesize that some exporters will introduce organizational innovations – aimed at changing internal practices and routines – which then allows them to enact new knowledge and enhance innovation performance following engagement in export markets. We study our hypotheses, using panel data of 1489 medium-sized manufacturing firms taken from the Mannheim Innovation Panel, the German contribution to the Community Innovation Survey (CIS). We find LBE effects solely amongst firms which adopted organizational innovations during the studied period. Further, our findings revealed that the extent and type of organizational innovation markedly influences LBE. Our study uses a novel context to explain that it is the presence and extent of organizational innovations which influence firms’ abilities to enhance product innovation performance following international engagement through exports.

Immersive learning platforms: analyzing virtual reality contribution to competence development in higher education—a systematic literature review

BackgroundThis study evaluates the effectiveness and pedagogical integration of Virtual Reality (VR), exploring its application in various educational contexts. In this systematic literature review, the role of virtual reality in enhancing competency development within higher education is examined.MethodsThe search was conducted in two databases (Scopus and Web of Science) following the PRISMA method guidelines. Inclusion criteria were limited to studies that used virtual reality as a tool within the classroom, analyzing the competencies developed through its application.ResultsOut of the 1,671 articles retrieved, 61 full texts were selected for review, resulting in 27 academic articles published in the last five years. The findings highlight the capacity of virtual reality to foster interpersonal skills while simultaneously addressing the challenges of its integration.DiscussionThe adoption of Virtual Reality (VR) in higher education is notable for its immersive learning experiences. Despite VR’s significant contribution to education, its widespread integration faces challenges, including the high costs of VR technology and the lack of specialized educational software, which limits its accessibility across various academic disciplines.ConclusionThe advent of global technological advancements has unveiled numerous opportunities within the educational sector, with VR emerging as a transformative technology that offers immersive learning experiences, propelling educational methodologies beyond traditional boundaries. Through this SLR, it becomes evident that the application of VR in education transcends mere knowledge transfer, facilitating the development of critical competencies.Systematic review registrationhttp://bit.ly/3SyKPhv.

Occurrent knowledge is the sole aim of inquiry

ABSTRACT Many philosophers have recently challenged the monistic idea that knowledge is the sole aim of our inquiries into questions. Specifically, by giving examples, they argue that we can factually and legitimately inquire into questions to achieve states different from the mere knowledge of the correct and complete answer. Given this, they end up with a pluralistic stance about the aim of our inquiries into questions. In this paper, I will show that the pluralists’ cases do not seriously threaten knowledge monism. First, I will describe how a knowledge monist can slightly revise her position and motivate the following claim: The aim of our inquiries into questions is not the mere knowledge but the occurrent knowledge of the correct and complete answer – a type of knowledge that is operative in our actions and cognition. Second, I will show how the monist can defend this position from the cases the pluralists offer by highlighting how our inquiries come in a variety and are bound to contextual aspects. Finally, by analysing the monist’s strategy further, I will end up with a new theory of inquiry: A theory that is contextualist, pluralist about the variety of inquiries, but monistic about their specific aims.

Optimalisasi Komunikasi Digital dalam Penerapan Visual Sosial pada Desain atau Layout Website Company Profile

This research is needed to provide the latest views on the Public Relations and Digital Communication Study Program through online media, namely the website. In addition, in order to increase interaction with the community, especially prospective new students who are looking for information about the Public Relations and Digital Communication study program, as well as to help agencies to continue to adapt to technological developments as an implementation of the implementation of digital communication. This research is a qualitative research with a constructivist approach. The researcher uses constructivists to find out the maximum response of website visitors in disseminating information in the community related to the Study Program through the website. In addition, the constructivist approach was chosen so that researchers have a deeper understanding, not just mere knowledge but are expected to be able to build knowledge and understanding through direct experience and reflection on websites. The implementation of the website development strategy to strengthen the profile of the study program in improving the brand image as one of the applied undergraduate study programs at the State University of Jakarta is a sustainable task and requires continuous efforts to brand this study program to the general public, Personal and Historical Approach to Websites, and Engineering and Aesthetics in the Application of Digital Communication, as well as the Management and Maintenance of Website Development of the Study Program Displaying topics of interest, namely the latest curriculum, topics about curriculum lecturers and topics of graduate job prospects.

Knowledge sharing in virtual communities of practice of family caregivers of people with Alzheimer’s

IntroductionKnowledge sharing can only happen in the context of a trusting and supportive environment, such as evolves in communities of practice and their virtual equivalent, virtual communities of practice. The main objective of this study was to understand knowledge sharing between participants in a virtual community of practice of caregivers of people with Alzheimer’s.MethodsThe authors designed their own mobile application, and two virtual communities of practice were created independently and differentiated by how they were moderated: one by an expert caregiver and the other by three health professionals. 38 caregivers and four moderators were involved in the study, which ran between July 2017 and April 2018. A total of 1925 messages were exchanged within the two communities and used as data in the study. Message data was analysed using LINKS (Leveraging Internet Networks for knowledge sharing).ResultsParticipants were more motivated to acquire knowledge related to caring for the person with Alzheimer’s rather than caring for themselves. The purpose of the messages was to inform others about the sender and not to seek answers. It seems that the interaction was more to socialise and to feel heard, than to gain information. Face to face meetings appear to have accelerated community development. On nearly every parameter, behaviour was significantly different in the two communities, reflecting the importance of the character of the moderator. Caring for oneself was a much stronger theme in the community that included health professionals. Experiential knowledge sharing was particularly strong in the group led by a caregiver.DiscussionCaregivers adapted the virtual community of practice to their own needs and mainly shared social knowledge. This focus on social support, which seems to be more valued by the caregivers than information about the disease, was not an expected pattern. Virtual communities of practice where peers count on each other, function more as a support group, whereas those moderated by health professionals function more as a place to go to acquire information. The level of interactivity points to such communities being important for knowledge sharing not mere knowledge transfer.

ANALISIS NILAI-NILAI AGAMA DAN MORAL DALAM TAYANGAN UPIN IPIN SEASON 5 IKHLAS DARI HATI PADA ANAK KELOMPOK A DI RA MAMBAIL FALAH

The aim of this study is to explore and elucidate the religious and ethical principles conveyed in the Upin Ipin season 5 episode titled "Ikhlas dari Hati," and to assess its influence on children's spiritual and moral growth. This research employs a descriptive qualitative approach, utilizing both primary and secondary data sources. Data gathering methods encompass observation, interviews, and documentation, while data analysis involves content analysis, data scrutiny, and reconstruction. The findings reveal that "Ikhlas dari Hati" episode of Upin Ipin portrays various religious and moral values, including integrity, acceptance, kindness, charity, assistance, collaboration, discipline, and reverence. Interview outcomes further demonstrate that Upin Ipin episodes can positively impact children's character development, fostering behaviors such as treating others with kindness and respect, offering assistance, and instilling other constructive values. Furthermore, this influence extends beyond mere knowledge acquisition, also influencing children's language patterns in their daily interactions. This occurs as children tend to readily emulate what they observe and hear, swiftly integrating these behaviors into their everyday lives. Keywords : Religious and Moral Values, Early Childhood, Upin Ipin Films

Trust and reliance on AI — An experimental study on the extent and costs of overreliance on AI

Decision-making is undergoing rapid changes due to the introduction of artificial intelligence (AI), as AI recommender systems can help mitigate human flaws and increase decision accuracy and efficiency. However, AI can also commit errors or suffer from algorithmic bias. Hence, blind trust in technologies carries risks, as users may follow detrimental advice resulting in undesired consequences. Building upon research on algorithm appreciation and trust in AI, the current study investigates whether users who receive AI advice in an uncertain situation overrely on this advice — to their own detriment and that of other parties. In a domain-independent, incentivized, and interactive behavioral experiment, we find that the mere knowledge of advice being generated by an AI causes people to overrely on it, that is, to follow AI advice even when it contradicts available contextual information as well as their own assessment. Frequently, this overreliance leads not only to inefficient outcomes for the advisee, but also to undesired effects regarding third parties. The results call into question how AI is being used in assisted decision making, emphasizing the importance of AI literacy and effective trust calibration for productive deployment of such systems.

A Historical Documentary Analysis Depicting Mass Media Manipulation in North Korea

The purpose of this investigation stems from the global need for recognition regarding the use of propaganda in North Korea by the Kim regime to survive. Acknowledging the propaganda tactics used by North Korea can help educate people globally, helping them understand the serious and dangerous threat North Korea poses to the world and even its citizens. It is of uttermost importance that the depiction of these techniques is acknowledged and received, as the mere knowledge of North Korea’s hermit status is not enough. Ultimately, this investigation aimed to answer North Korea’s propaganda and censorship techniques to ensure successful control. Sources converged to provide an answer: the evident use of North Korean daily lives, museums, culture, and media are used as propagandistic measures to ensure the Kim regime stays in power. Without this use of propaganda, North Korea would not have been able to flourish into such an illiberal and hermit republic. The North Korean citizens are entirely isolated from the outside world; due to this, they are completely unaware of the dangers their country holds, as well as what the global world holds. Overall, this research paper aims to decipher and locate numerous propaganda techniques North Korea uses to keep the power of its illiberal state.

Exploring the Complexity of Adaptive Teaching Expertise within Knowledge Generation Environments

The shift towards Next Generation Science Standards represents a paradigmatic change in teaching, transitioning from knowledge transmission to knowledge generation approaches. This reform underscores the complexity of teaching expertise, extending beyond mere knowledge to require a profound comprehension of generative learning environments. In this study, we explore Adaptive Teaching Expertise (AdTex), defining it as a teacher’s capacity characterized by fluidity and reflexiveness in teaching dynamics, rather than just flexibility. Through a complexity framing approach, we delineate three layers of AdTex: the visible actions of teachers, the semi-visible use of epistemic tools such as language, dialogue, and argument, and the tacit orientations towards learning that encompass epistemological, ontological, and axiological dimensions. Our research primarily investigates the intricate relationship between the epistemic tool and orientation layers. Our findings highlight the significance of an interconnected understanding and the impact of philosophical orientations on adaptive teaching practices. A notable contribution of this study is the development of a framework that articulates the belief and knowledge systems crucial for fostering generative learning environments, alongside the introduction of complexity maps to illustrate the interplay among these subsystems.

From transfer to co-creation: action research perspectives in knowledge transfer partnership (KTP) projects

Action Research (AR) is about practitioners and academics interacting to generate knowledge. Using the University-Industry Collaboration (UIC) literature, we investigate the knowledge generation process through AR and whether this process can achieve the dual objective of practical relevance and theoretical novelty. Our study explores this through an examination of the utilisation of AR within UICs facilitated by the UK government’s Knowledge Transfer Partnership (KTP) programme. Through an inductive, qualitative, multiple case study research design, we analysed three KTP projects, each lasting two years. We observed an evolution in the dynamics of the relationship between practitioners and academics, signifying a transition from mere knowledge transfer to a more participatory process of knowledge co-creation. We found that as the KTP project progresses through successive cycles of the AR spiral, there emerges a shift from single loop to double loop or multi loop learning, resulting in unplanned and emergent benefits and outcomes. This transition signifies a deeper exploration of underlying assumptions and strategies in AR projects, enabling the generation of novel knowledge. We offer a new framework by introducing the collaborative entanglement and linear knowledge enhancement arguments to explain the interaction patterns between researchers and practitioners in AR.

Inform me when it matters: Cost salience, energy consumption, and efficiency investments

Using a large-scale natural experiment in staggered billing dates for energy use in Germany and a unique billing dataset for multi-apartment buildings, this paper shows that the month of billing is a significant determinant of heat energy consumption. A large set of residential buildings demand significantly more heat energy annually, when the bill is issued during off-winter months. The paper finds evidence for salience cycles of heating bills that last up to 4 months, likely because consumer attention to heat energy costs is short-lived and absent during months when heating is off. Importantly, this phenomena is pervasive enough to be detectable even in aggregated building-level consumption data. Results suggest that the mere knowledge of costs is not sufficient and that the response to billing information also hinges on its time-varying salience. These findings underscore the importance of understanding the dynamic and heterogeneous nature of cost salience in the design of effective billing for energy conservation.

INFLUENCE OF VISUALIZATION TECHNOLOGIES ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF MEDICAL STUDENTS’ AUTONOMY IN THE PROCESS OF THEIR PROFESSIONAL TRAINING

The autonomy of medical trainees is a critical dimension in their professional maturation. The deployment of visual technologies within the educational frameworks of medical institutions can potentially enhance the autonomy of nascent physicians. However, the discourse on this subject appears to be underexplored. This manuscript endeavors to bridge this lacuna by delineating prospective avenues for inquiry into the interplay between imaging technologies and autonomy. Materials and Methods. In pursuit of the outlined objective, the investigation employed a multifaceted research paradigm: a systematic approach underpins the study's foundational structure; a methodological perspective, considering visualization not merely as an instructional resource but also as a cognitive tool; and a competency-based approach, positing that the accrual of professional competencies transcends mere knowledge, skills, and abilities, embodying a nuanced professional ethos towards the executed job function. Research results. The investigation elucidates a dialectical nexus between the utilization of visualization technologies and the burgeoning autonomy of medical students. Primacy in mastering visualization methodologies during decision-making processes cultivates reflective capacities, heralding the development of metacognitive elements conducive to the appraisal of personal knowledge. Such introspection potentially steers students towards deliberate choices regarding their developmental trajectories, fostering accountability for these decisions and, by extension, the attributes of an autonomous individual. Discussions and Conclusions. A review of extant literature substantiates that the integration of visualization technologies within educational paradigms necessitates a profound methodological familiarity with visualization instruments. The acquisition of visualization technologies mandates the engagement of abstract reasoning, the imperative to conceptualize personal knowledge, and the proficient execution of analytical, synthetic, and modeling techniques to articulate the resultant insights visually. These competencies, while facilitative of autonomy, presuppose an existing degree of individual autonomy, thus illustrating the dialectical interrelation between these constructs.

Are there historical lessons across time and space? The ethics of ‘never again’ in European history teaching

ABSTRACT This paper explores the intersection of historical remembrance and the ethical imperative of ‘never again’ in shaping a peaceful future, drawing on the context of Council of Europe’s commitment to history education. It believes in the pivotal role of understanding the past for fostering democratic values. However, the paper critically examines the limitations of the widely embraced ‘never again’ ethic, transcending mere historical knowledge. The author, working in a post-conflict setting, discusses the complexities of transforming this ethic into an empirical tool. By delving into examples such as refugee camps during the 2015 crisis and ICE detention camps, the paper highlights the challenges of applying ‘never again’ in new political and social realities. While acknowledging the limitations of relying solely on history education, the paper suggests the need for multidisciplinary approaches and emphasizes competencies beyond historical thinking in shaping a promising future. The conclusion calls for engagement across sectors and broader knowledge incorporation in teacher training programs. Overall, the paper navigates the intricate relationship between historical awareness, ethical imperatives, and the practical challenges of preventing atrocities in the contemporary world.

Functional anatomy of the orbit in strabismus surgery: Connective tissues, pulleys, and the modern surgical implications of the "arc of contact" paradigm.

Oculomotricity is a multidimensional domain characterised by a delicate interplay of anatomical structures and physiological processes. This manuscript meticulously dissects the nuances of this interplay, bringing to the fore the integral role of the extraocular muscles (EOMs) and their intricate relationship with the myriad orbital connective tissues as it harmoniously orchestrates binocular movements, ensuring synchronised and fluid visual tracking. Historically, the peripheral oculomotor apparatus was conceptualised as a rudimentary system predominantly driven by neural directives. While widely accepted, this perspective offered a limited view of the complexities inherent in ocular movement mechanics. The twentieth century heralded a paradigm shift in this understanding. With advances in anatomical research and imaging techniques, a much clearer picture of the gross anatomy of the EOMs emerged. This clarity challenged traditional viewpoints, suggesting that the inherent biomechanical properties of the EOMs, coupled with their associated tissue pulleys, play a pivotal role in dictating eye movement dynamics. Central to this revised understanding is the "arc of contact" paradigm. This concept delves deep into the mechanics of eye rotation, elucidating the significance of the point of contact between the EOMs and the eyeball. The arc of contact is not just a static anatomical feature; its length and orientation play a crucial role in determining the effective torque generated by a muscle, thereby influencing the amplitude and direction of eye rotation. The dynamic nature of this arc, influenced by the position and tension of the muscle pulleys, offers a more comprehensive model for understanding ocular kinematics. Previously overlooked in traditional models, muscle pulleys have now emerged as central players in the biomechanics of eye movement. These anatomical structures, formed by dense connective tissues, guide the paths of the EOMs, ensuring that their pulling angles remain optimal across a range of gaze directions. The non-linear paths resulting from these pulleys provide a more dynamic and intricate understanding of eye movement, challenging two-dimensional, linear models of orbital anatomy. The implications of these revelations extend beyond mere theoretical knowledge. The insights garnered from this research promise transformative potential in the realm of strabismus surgery. Recognising the pivotal role of muscle pulleys and the "arc of contact" paradigm allows for more precise surgical interventions, ensuring better post-operative outcomes and minimising the risk of complications. Surgical procedures that previously relied on basic mechanical principles now stand to benefit from a more nuanced understanding of the underlying anatomical and physiological dynamics. In conclusion, this manuscript serves as a testament to the ever-evolving nature of scientific knowledge. Challenging established norms and introducing fresh perspectives pave the way for more effective and informed clinical interventions in strabismus surgery.

Assessing Teachers’ Capabilities to Work with Models and Evaluate Results in the Context of a Complex and Authentic STEM Problem

Since the practice turn, the contemporary education landscape has been shifting from mere knowledge dissemination to empowering students to solve problems. Special emphasis is given to problems on which students work for an extended period (at least several hours; frequently multiple school days). While working on such problems, it is essential to employ a variety of activities. Two of these are working with models and evaluating models and their results. One topic that has received little attention up to now is the question of to what extent educators are able to apply these skills. This study, fundamentally exploratory in nature, seeks to delve into such an assessment by evaluating the competence of n=20 educators in estimating and evaluating building evacuation duration using digital simulations. Our results show that the participants self-assessed as being able to solve such exercises. However, this was contrasted by our external assessment of the solutions provided by the participants, which showed that the solutions lacked in quality.

Prospective Teachers’ Learning and Practicing Assessment in Teaching Practicum: Comparative Perspective in Pre-Service Teacher Education Programmes

This study examines the challenges associated with implementing learning-supportive assessment during teaching practicum, while also exploring the roles of University Tutors (UT), Cooperative Teachers (CT), Prospective Teachers (PT), and Heads of Practicum Schools (HPS) in selected universities in Pakistan and the United Kingdom (UK). Using the qualitative case study approach, data was collected through lesson observations of UT in pre-service teacher education settings and PT in practicum schools. Additionally, interviews were conducted with UT and HPS, and a Focus Group Discussion (FGD) was held with PT. The study concludes that, in comparison to their UK counterparts, PT in Pakistan encounter significant barriers to implementing learning-supportive assessment in practicum school settings. These barriers include large class sizes, a lack of institutionalised collaboration between universities and schools, inadequate lesson modelling, ineffective feedback practices, assignments that emphasise lower-order thinking skills, and limited opportunities to utilise technology in school settings. Based on the findings, the study recommends the implementation of a new assessment policy that expands examinations beyond mere knowledge recall to include competency assessment. This policy should incorporate adherence to Pakistani teacher standards and the use of reflective portfolios. Moreover, it is advised to provide training for UT and CT in enacting assessment techniques rather than solely providing theoretical knowledge. Additionally, the study proposes the development of problem-solving assignments or projects that require PT to engage in reflection, critical thinking, imagination, and multidimensional contributions. JEL Classification Code: I20