Mercury Jet Research Articles

Depot electrolytique de l'ion zinc sur electrode à veine de mercure

The reduction of the zinc ion at the mercury jet electrode has been studied in KCl and KNO 3 solution, with regard to the influence of temperature and of the concentration of supporting electrolyte. It is concluded that the mechanism of the reduction varies according to the concentration of KCl. The results obtained with KNO 3 are similar to those obtained with dilute KCl. The processes become more and more reversible as the temperature is raised.

Researches on the Electrolysis of Brine Water by Using Mercury Jet Cathode. III. Electrolytic Current on Mercury Jet Electrode

Researches on the Electrolysis of Brine Water by Using Mercury Jet Cathode. III. Electrolytic Current on Mercury Jet Electrode

Stability of the hard-core liquid model of the pinch

A theoretical investigation for the sausage instability of hard-core mercury jet is made. It is found that a parallel current system in the core and the jet has a destabilizing influence and antiparallel current improves the stability of the configuration. For a configuration characterized by the same current density in the jet and the core, the maximum growth rate is smaller than the corresponding growth rate for a homogeneous liquid jet without a core.

Researches on the Electrolysis of Brine Water by Using Mercury Jet Cathode. IV. Current Potential Curve on Mercury Jet Cathode

Researches on the Electrolysis of Brine Water by Using Mercury Jet Cathode. IV. Current Potential Curve on Mercury Jet Cathode

Stability of a Hollow Mercury Jet

The possibility of trapping a plasma in a magnetic field generated by a ring-shaped solid conductor was investigated using a hollow mercury jet as a liquid-conductor model. The jet was formed around a glass-tube sheathed copper rod. It was found that if a sufficiently large current I/sub 0/ is sent through the central rod in the same direction as the current I in the jet, there is no sign of instability. The transition between stability and instability becomes sharper for strong currents and large electrodynamic forces than for weak currents. The transition for currents of 200 to 400 amp seems to occur at I/sub 0/ = 1.37 I. It is not possible to draw conclusions about the stability of a highly ionized plasma from the present results. This is because mercury has a comparatively low electric conductivity and the situation is very far from that of frozen field lines. (B.O.G.)

A liquid conductor model of the hollow pinch

Electric current is sent through a hollow jet of mercury which is flowing over the surface of a glass tube. The jet is broken up by the action of the electrodynamic force. However, if at the same time a strong current is sent through a central conductor placed inside the glass tube, the jet can be stabilized. This occurs when the currents are parallel. Sausage instabilities have not been observed in the present experiment.

Mass Transfer at the Streaming (Jet) Mercury Electrode: Theoretical Calculation of Limiting Currents

Mass transfer at the streaming or jet mercury electrode has been studied theoretically. Momentum equations for both the mercury jet and the surrounding solution layer have been solved simultaneously on the assumption of laminar flow in both mercury jet and surrounding solution envelope. Limiting currents were measured for the reduction of Tl+, Pb++, and Zn++ at 25°C with 0.1M as supporting electrolyte. Experimental results are in good agreement with predictions based on theoretical analysis.

A liquid conductor model of the hollow pinch

Electric current is sent through a hollow jet of mercury which is flowing over the surface of a glass tube. The jet is broken up by the action of the electrodynamic force. However, if at the same time a strong current is sent through a central conductor placed inside the glass tube, the jet can be stabilized. This occurs when the currents are parallel. Sausage instabilities have not been observed in the present experiment.

ノズルの形状による熔鉄ジェットの安定性

In the previous research (ib., Tetsu-to-Hagané vol. 44, 1958, p. 122.), the characteristics of jets of some water solutions and mercury through the nozzles of various diameters and shapes were studied, and the flowing property of a nozzle tapered at entrance and with a short parallel straight part at outlet was better than that of normal one.In this research, the flowing conditions of the molten iron through 20mm ∅; and 40mm ∅; practical nozzles were observed, and for both sizes of nozzles, specially tapered and nor mally designed types were examined. The results obtained were as follows:(i) 20mm ∅; nozzle:The condition of jets through both types of nozzles (specially tapered and normally designed) were almost the same and seemed not to be turbulent at a high head (about 900mm). The flowing properties of both type nozzles were different at a low head. Though the jets through tapered nozzles were dripping under 200mm head, the jets through normal ones dripping under 340mm head.(ii) 40mm ∅; nozzle:The jets through tapered nozzles did not show turbulence even at the 900mm head, but the jets through normal nozzles were thought to be turbulent above 700-750mm head. The dripping condition of jets through both tapered and normal nozzles were almost same at a low head. The dripping range of each type nozzle was very small and could not be measured clearly.(iii) Bubble enfolded by molten iron jet:If the molten iron jet was assumed to begin enfolding bubbles at the same Reynolds number ×ν (kinematic viscosity) where the mercury jet began to enfold bubbles, the molten iron jets through 20mm ∅; and 40mm ∅; nozzles began to enfold bubbles at 640mm and 580mm heads respectively by calculation.Though the experiments for higher heads of a ladle and errosion of nozzle material have not been completed yet, some considerations for design of nozzles and ladles were described in conclusion based on the results of the previous and this investigations.

The Analysis of Mercury Jet Length

The Analysis of Mercury Jet Length

The Electrolysis of Brine Water with Mercury Jet Cathode

The Electrolysis of Brine Water with Mercury Jet Cathode

The Dropping Mercury Electrode

WHEN a drop falls from a mercury jet dipping into an electrolytic solution, it has been assumed that the new mercury surface exposed in the jet is uncharged, and that the charging of the surface takes place comparatively slowly, so that if the drops follow one another very quickly, there will be no time for the mercury ions to pass from the solution to the mercury drop before the latter breaks away; in other words, there is no potential difference between the mercury in the jet and the solution immediately in contact with it.

The Behavior of a Mercury Vapor Arc with a Jet of Liquid Mercury as Cathode

A mercury vapor arc in which the cathode was a jet of liquid mercury with a velocity up to 2400 cm per sec. was built to see if a stationary cathode spot with moving mercury could be obtained instead of the usual moving cathode spot and stationary mercury. Usually the arc refused to run to the exposed part of the jet. When a cathode spot did appear on the jet, it moved in the usual irregular manner, and increasing the jet speed tended to make the spot leave the jet.

Societies and Academies

LONDON. Physical Society, April 27.—Will C. Baker: Experiments with mercury jets and the phenomena exhibited at their impact with steel and glass. As a light sphere is retained in a vertical jet of fluid in virtue of the change of momentum of the fluid produced by its adhesion to the sphere, it was thought that a steel sphere would not be retained in a vertical mercury jet, as there is no ‘wetting’ of the steel by that fluid. Experiment showed that a given bicycle ball might or might not be retained by such a jet, as the speed of the jet (at a given angle of incidence) rose above or fell below a critical value for that ball. Conditions were simplified by the use of cylindrical and of plane surfaces of steel, and an approximately constant time of adhesion between mercury and steel was found for various speeds of impact. This led to the explanation of the phenomenon in terms of the well-known instability of jets.—E. P. Perman and W. D. Urry: The elastic constants of glass. The coefficients of compressibility of soda-glass and Jena 16m glass have been determined at six temperatures ranging from 30° C. to 80° C. From experiments on the effect of external pressure only, Poisson's ratio has been determined, and hence the modulus of rigidity and Young's modulus.—G. Eric Bell: A valve-maintained high-frequency induction furnace and some notes on the performance of induction furnaces. In Part 1 the electrical design is given of a valve-operated high-frequency induction furnace; in Part 2 a theory of the behaviour of induction furnaces in general is developed.

Experiments with mercury jets and the phenomena exhibited at their impact with steel and glass

As a light sphere is retained in a vertical jet of fluid in virtue of the change of momentum of the fluid produced by its adhesion to the sphere, it was thought that a steel sphere would not be retained in a vertical mercury jet, as there is no wetting of the steel by that fluid. Experiment showed that a given bicycle ball might or might not be retained by such a jet, as the speed of the jet (at a given angle of incidence) rose above or fell below a critical value for that ball. Conditions were simplified by the use of cylindrical and of plane surfaces of steel, and an approximately constant time of adhesion between mercury and steel was found for various speeds of impact. This led to the explanation of the phenomenon in terms of the well-known instability of jets.

Experiment with mercury jet interrupters : C. E. S. Phillips. (Proceedings of the Physical Society of London, vol. xxvii, No. 4, August 15, 1916)

Experiment with mercury jet interrupters : C. E. S. Phillips. (Proceedings of the Physical Society of London, vol. xxvii, No. 4, August 15, 1916)

Experiments with Mercury Jet Interrupters

The Paper describes an experimental attempt to ascertain the form of the mercury column issuing from a hole in the side of a rotating drum, that is continuously supplied with mercury by centrifugal action. Incidentally a new form of interrupter is introduced, in which the interior is visible through a window in the lid. The arrangement forms a suitable apparatus for experiments with various forms of orifices and metallic contact segments, and the Paper gives an account of work in that direction. As it is important to ensure the cleanliness of the mercury in interrupters of this type, the usual copper segments are replaced by ones made of tantalum, which, for many reasons is preferable. It is not wetted by mercury, it remains clean and bright indefinitely, and its high melting point renders it lasting. Experiments with various forms of orifice are described, and it is pointed out that the issuing stream is only slightly affected by this means. An explanation is given of the fact that a vertical slit orifice will not produce a ribbon of mercury, and that no matter how much the diameter of the orifice is increased beyond about 2 mm., the cross section of the mercury column remains unaltered. A method is described, however, by which a much larger stream of mercury can be obtained from the rotating drum, if necessary. Brief reference is made to experiments with various volatile liquids in suppressing the flare which occurs when the mercury columns leave the contact segments. The three well-known substances which are most effective in this respect are coal gas, hydrogen and ether. It is pointed out that experiments of this nature are necessary, in view of the wide use now made of mercury interrupters in X-ray work.

Mercury Jet Interrupters

MY attention was attracted recently by a brief notice that appeared in NATURE of March 1 (p. 421) of a new form of mercury jet interrupter devised and placed on the market by Messrs. Isenthal, Potzler and Co.

4. On some Effects of Rotation in Liquid Jets

The author had noticed that a jet of mercury from a funnel, falling horizontally and nearly tangentially on a slightly inclined glass plate, seemed to roll upwards along the plate. Attributing this to a rotation of the jet, he endeavoured, with success, to re-produce the phenomenon with water jets escaping from a rapidly rotating tube, and falling on a slightly inclined glass surface covered with a thin layer of paraffin.