Mental World Research Articles

Gaze direction influences grasping actions towards unseen, haptically explored, objects

Haptic exploration produces mental object representations that can be memorized for subsequent object-directed behaviour. Storage of haptically-acquired object images (HOIs), engages, besides canonical somatosensory areas, the early visual cortex (EVC). Clear evidence for a causal contribution of EVC to HOI representation is still lacking. The use of visual information by the grasping system undergoes necessarily a frame of reference shift by integrating eye-position. We hypothesize that if the motor system uses HOIs stored in a retinotopic coding in the visual cortex, then its use is likely to depend at least in part on eye position. We measured the kinematics of 4 fingers in the right hand of 15 healthy participants during the task of grasping different unseen objects behind an opaque panel, that had been previously explored haptically. The participants never saw the object and operated exclusively based on haptic information. The position of the object was fixed, in front of the participant, but the subject’s gaze varied from trial to trial between 3 possible positions, towards the unseen object or away from it, on either side. Results showed that the middle and little fingers’ kinematics during reaching for the unseen object changed significantly according to gaze position. In a control experiment we showed that intransitive hand movements were not modulated by gaze direction. Manipulating eye-position produces small but significant configuration errors, (behavioural errors due to shifts in frame of reference) possibly related to an eye-centered frame of reference, despite the absence of visual information, indicating sharing of resources between the haptic and the visual/oculomotor system to delayed haptic grasping.

Creative Labor, Mental Objects and the Modern Theory of Production

Recent decades have seen a proliferation of literature on creativity, with no consensus about what it consists of. Chinese and Russian contributions throw new light on these debates because of their concern with economic and human development. By integrating this with the widely-used concept of the “creative industries,” a rigorous concept of creativity rooted in the notion of creative labor is proposed. This can be defined as non-mechanical labor which, in conjunction with Information and Communication Technology (ICT), has produced a mass market in products embodying the use-value of distinctness. The creative industries then emerge as a branch of the division of labor making intensive use of creative labor in combination with mental objects, such as scientific and artistic products. Software, itself a mental object, is an “instrument of mental production” in these industries, helping explain their potential contribution to human development, and the obstacles to this potential imposed by the commodity form.

Could Self-Consciousness Be Enhanced in Alzheimer's Disease? An Approach from Emotional Sensorial Stimulation.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) provides a valuable field of research into impairment of self-consciousness (SC), because AD patients have a reduced capacity to understand their mental world, to experience and relive previous personal events, as well as to interpret thoughts, feelings, and beliefs about themselves. Several studies observed that AD patients had an altered SC, but not a complete abolition of it. Emotions are an integral part of the construction of personal identity, therefore of Self. In general, most studies on emotion in AD patients have observed that emotion is not completely abolished and it lets them better remember autobiographical events with greater emotional charge. The positive effect of autobiographical memories rich in emotional content, evoked directly/automatically by sensorial stimuli such as familiar odors or music, could be used to reestablish/reinforce the permanence and coherence of the Self in AD. We studied the research of empirical evidence supporting the power of the sensorial cues associated with emotion, which could be capable of enhancing the SC in AD. We presented the studies about "Emotional stimulations" using odor, music, or taste cues in AD. All studies have shown to have a positive impact on SC in AD patients such as odor-evoked autobiographical memories, taste/odor-evoked autobiographical memories, emotional sensorial stimulation using musical cues, and multi-sensorial stimulations using healing gardens. We found research supporting the notion that emotional sensorial stimulations can even temporarily exalt memory, affective state, and personal identity, that is, the SC in AD. The emotional sensory stimulations could be used as a tool to activate the SC in AD and hence improve the quality of life of patients and caregivers.

АВТОБІОГРАФІЧНІ МАТЕРІАЛИ: РЕТРОСПЕКТИВНА ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА

У статті розглядаються питання дослідження педагогічних особистостей шляхом аналізу документальної біографії, біографічного дослідження художньої літератури, спогадів, мемуарів. Наголошено на тому, що у науково-дослідницькій діяльності вчені постійно стикаються з усіма суттєвими відтінками терміну «особистість», тоді як їм доводиться використовувати фактичний опис і теоретично оцінювати, тобто розміщувати життя особи та її творчість у певному історико-соціальному контексті та у сучасних реаліях.
 З’ясовано, якщо біографічні дослідження та роботи є переконливими, достовірними, фактично та інформаційно всебічними, то вони однаковою мірою стосуються як наукової (професійної), так і частково художньої біографії, індивідуального контенту особистості. Закцентована увага на професію, характер, диспозицію, продуктивність, ментальний і внутрішній світ людини. Висвітлені наукові надбання відомих педагогів та педагогічних діячів. Зосереджена увага на необхідності виокремити аспекті особливості місця, яке займають автобіографічні матеріали та меморіальні спогади знаних педагогів для розкриття їх значення для розвитку історії педагогіки. Розкрито значення праці Русової «Мої спомини», Олександра Барвінського «Спомини з мого життя», М. Драгоманова «Австро-руські спомини (1867–1877)», А.Макаренка «Мої педагогічні погляди», Ступариа к Б. «З порога вічності». На тлі аналізу розкриваються чинники світоглядного формування особистості, родинного і соціокультурного середовища, суспільної думки та зміст, етапи, напрями, інші аспекти їх наукової, організаційно-педагогічної, культурно-просвітницької, державницької діяльності. Наголошено на те, що через призму особистих контактів спогади проливають світло на життєдіяльність визначних діячів, педагогів, просвітян, інтелектуалів.

Schooling the Eye and Hand: Performative Methods of Research and Pedagogy in the Making and Knowing Project

What are historians doing in the laboratory? Looking back over six years of collaborative work, researchers of the Making and Knowing Project at Columbia University discuss their experience with hands-on reconstruction as a historical method. This work engages practical forms of knowledge-from pigment-making to metal casting-recorded in the BnF Ms. Fr. 640, an anonymous French manuscript compiled in the later sixteenth century. Bodily encounters with materials and processes of the past offer insights into the material and mental worlds of early modern artists and artisans, and train the eye in the interpretation of historical objects. At the same time, reconstruction contributes to the interpretation of the text: it is only by attempting to implement the instructions of practical or recipe literature that these texts can be understood as vehicles of emergent knowledge that only fully manifests itself in the doing. Overall, our approach to reconstruction mirrors that of the anonymous author-practitioner, who explored a wide range of techniques through experimenting and writing.

Training of transport specialists and self-regulation of teachers and managers of educational institutions as human capital development strategy

Improving the quality of human capital in transport is closely related to the development of the ability of transport specialists to self-regulation. The training of modern, qualified transport specialists (as human capital development strategy) requires no less highly qualified teachers and managers, capable of not only managing others, but also themselves. In modern socio-cultural space, researchers pay special attention to the preservation and development of man as the highest value, the recognition and upholding of him as the highest value on earth. Such an understanding assumes the professionalism of consultative interaction with the client as a person, partner and professional, based on a detailed analysis of the characteristics and properties, processes and results of human activities. Appeal to followers in understanding the human mental life is associated with well-known methods for diagnosing and transforming the most complex internal world of a person, as well as the features, processes and results of the interaction of the internal and external worlds surrounding a person. Psychological comprehension of a person, penetration into the matrix structures of his personal, interpersonal and professional formation and development is sometimes serious difficulties, so our appeal to the psychodynamic and behavioural models of self-regulation, as well as in social and individual psychology and their methods, is dictated by these ideas. The appeal to classical conceptual constructs, in particular, modern and traditional domestic and foreign psychology, allows us to comprehend and practically develop methods and methods of immersion in the mental world of a person, his research, as well as subsequent transformation and development.

조선 미술에 내재한 음양합덕과 태극: 대순사상을 중심으로

This study analyzes the principles of the ‘Earthly Paradise’ (仙境, the realm of immortals), ‘Virtuous Concordance of Yin and Yang’ (陰陽合德), and the ‘Reordering Works of Heaven and Earth’ (天地公事) while combining them with Joseon art. Therefore, this study aims to discover the context wherein the concept of Taiji in ‘Daesoon Truth,’ deeply penetrates into Joseon art. Doing so reveals how ‘Daesoon Thought’ is embedded in the lives and customs of the Korean people. In addition, this study follows a review of the sentiments and intellectual traditions of the Korean people based on ‘Daesoon Thought’ and creative works. Moreover, ‘Daesoon Thought’ brings all of this to the forefront in academics and art at the cosmological level. The purpose of this research is to vividly reveal the core of ‘Daesoon Thought’ as a visual image. Through this, the combination of ‘Daesoon Thought’ and Joseon art will secure both data and reality at the same time. As part of this, this study deals with the world of ‘Daesoon Thought’ as a cosmological Taiji principle. This concept is revealed in Joseon art, which is analyzed and examined from the viewpoint of art philosophy. First, as a way to make use of ‘Daesoon Thought,’ ‘Daesoon Truth’ was developed and directly applied to Joseon art. In this way, reflections on Korean life within ‘Daesoon Thought’ can be revealed. In this regard, the selection of Joseon art used in this study highlights creative works that have been deeply ingrained into people’s lives. For example, as ‘Daesoon Thought’ appears to focus on the genre painting, folk painting, and landscape painting of the Joseon Dynasty, attention is given to verifying these cases. This study analyzes ‘Daesoon Thought,’ which borrows from Joseon art, from the perspective of art philosophy. Accordingly, attempts are made to find examples of the ‘Virtuous Concordance of Yin and Yang’ and Tai-Ji in Joseon art which became a basis by which ‘Daesoon Thought’ was communicated to people. In addition, appreciating ‘Daesoon Thought’ in Joseon art is an opportunity to vividly examine not only the Joseon art style but also the life, consciousness, and mental world of the Korean people. As part of this, Chapter 2 made several findings related to the formation of ‘Daesoon Thought.’ In Chapter 3, the structures of the ideas of ‘Earthly Paradise’ and ‘Virtuous Concordance of Yin and Yang’ were likewise found to have support. And ‘The Reordering Works of Heaven and Earth’ and Tai-Ji were found in depictions of metaphysical laws. To this end, the laws of ‘The Reordering Works of Heaven and Earth’ and the structure of Tai-Ji were combined. In chapter 4, we analyzed the ‘Daesoon Thought’ in the life and work of the Korean people at the level of the convergence of ‘Daeesoon Thought’ and Joseon art. The analysis of works provides a glimpse into the precise identity of ‘Daesoon Thought’ as observable in Joseon art, as doing so is useful for generating empirical data. For example, works such as Tai-Jido, Ssanggeum Daemu, Jusachaebujeokdo, Hwajogi Myeonghwabundo, and Gyeongdodo are objects that inspired descriptions of ‘Earthly Paradise’, ‘Virtuous Concordance of Yin and Yang,’ and ‘The Reordering Works of Heaven and Earth.’ As a result, Tai-Ji which appears in ‘Daesoon Thought’, proved the status of people in Joseon art. Given all of these statements, the Tai-Ji idea pursued by Daesoon Thought is a providence that follows change as all things are mutually created. In other words, it was derived that Tai-Ji ideology sits profoundly in the lives of the Korean people and responds mutually to the providence that converges with ‘Mutual Beneficence.’

THE FATHER AND THE PATERNAL FUNCTION IN THE PSYCHOANALYTICAL PROCESS: THEORETICAL AND CLINICAL ISSUES.

The author addresses the essential aspects regarding the definition of the paternal function in metapsychological terms: how it forms and develops in the mental world, which functions it serves, or could come to serve, in the dynamic of mental functioning, and lastly, the consequent clinical implications, in particular the formation and development of symbolic capacity. In the second part, using two clinical vignettes and a clinical case, the author attempts to discuss its link to the theme of masculinity, suggesting a brief reflection on the challenges presented to the specificities of the analytical clinic.

Holding High the Hanseatic Cross in the Levant: Andreas David Mordtmann and the Diplomatic Milieu of Istanbul

This article unearths the little-known history of the Hanseatic legation in mid-nineteenth-century Ottoman Istanbul through a close reading of the career and writings of its head of mission Andreas David Mordtmann. A trained Orientalist, Mordtmann ventured well beyond the social and spatial boundaries that seemed to confine the select and inward-looking diplomatic milieu of Pera. He travelled extensively throughout Anatolia and had close relationships with notable Ottoman high-officials and intellectuals. After the legation was disbanded in 1859, these contacts secured him employment in the Ottoman state service. Applying a transcultural approach, the article examines Mordtmann’s overlapping and often conflicting roles of diplomat and scholar in the light of recent scholarship on nineteenth century diplomatic culture and (German) Orientalism, paying particular attention to his complex position as an observer with multiple and shifting political, cultural, and professional affinities. Uncovering the mental and material worlds of this Orientalist-turned-diplomat-turned-Ottoman will not only shed new light on some of the intricacies of diplomatic life in Istanbul, but also show how it was ultimately more ‘locally embedded’ than previously presumed in the literature.

HIP-HOP AS A DISCURSIVE SPACE OF THE SUBCULTURE

The goal of the article is detection and description of the main linguistic peculiarities of the discourse of hip-hop subculture. The lack of research devoted to hip-hop language and high popularity of rap music give grounds to consider this problem relevant to solve. The article examines the factors of the formation of the subculture and their impact on the linguistic representation of the mental world of the hip-hop culture representatives. It is concluded that there is a direct connection between conditions and lifestyle (economic instability, high crime rates, racial decimations) of hip-hop representatives and the use of language. The article confirms the importance of the category of participants in the discourse, which leads to a high level of axiology and subjectivity of hip-hop discourse. The presence of intertextuality, which is manifested both in the structure of the text of rap songs and in their content, is explained. The article describes the specific character of creolization of songs of this genre, which assumes its materialization at two levels: visual (video clips) and melodic (tempo, rhythm of music).

Modelling Consciousness within Mental Monism: An Automata-Theoretic Approach.

Models of consciousness are usually developed within physical monist or dualistic frameworks, in which the structure and dynamics of the mind are derived from the workings of the physical brain. Little attention has been given to modelling consciousness within a mental monist framework, deriving the structure and dynamics of the mental world from primitive mental constituents only—with no neural substrate. Mental monism is gaining attention as a candidate solution to Chalmers’ Hard Problem on philosophical grounds, and it is therefore timely to examine possible formal models of consciousness within it. Here, I argue that the austere ontology of mental monism places certain constraints on possible models of consciousness, and propose a minimal set of hypotheses that a model of consciousness (within mental monism) should respect. From those hypotheses, it would be possible to construct many formal models that permit universal computation in the mental world, through cellular automata. We need further hypotheses to define transition rules for particular models, and I propose a transition rule with the unusual property of deep copying in the time dimension.

PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS OF BORDERS AS A REPRESENTATION OF THEIR INNER WORLD AND THE WAYS OF THEIR SOLUTION

The saturation of the information space leads to high demands on the human mental world and as a consequence — economic, psychological, cultural, social factors cause various changes in the human body. These changes manifest in the negative manifestations of the mental state of the individual and affect his physical and psychological health. Mental health problems are most often manifested through their emotional and volitional sphere (loneliness, fear, aggression, addiction, staying in the virtual world, depression, psychosomatic diseases, etc.). They are characteristic of modern society and can cause a variety of psychological problems of the individual, which in turn can lead to illness, overweight, sexual disorders, as well as problems in the professional sphere. sphere (loneliness, fear, aggression, addiction, stay in the virtual world, depression, psychosomatic diseases, etc.). They are characteristic of modern society and can cause a variety of psychological problems of the individual, which in turn can lead to illness, overweight, sexual disorders, as well as problems in the professional field. Scientists include psychological problems related to the development of human intelligence. Intelligence plays a significant role not only in its daily activities, but also in the professional field. Scientists have proved the fact that the success of any activity, the adaptation of a person to the conditions of life, a certain environment, etc., depends on the level of intelligence. Changes in the development of personality intelligence can also be reflected in one’s mental health. One way to solve a person’s psychological problems is to ignore them or to soften the general state of the body. The modern world is posing more and more challenges to humanity, so today psychological science must be ready to solve various psychological problems, and this is possible only through their detailed research.

Biological Energy and the Experiencing Subject

As physical things have mathematical properties we in this paper let mental things have biological properties. The work is based on recent metaphysical findings that shows that there could be interfaces between separate ontological domains. According to this view there could be mathematical objects, physical objects, and also mental objects. The aim of this study is to establish a view of the biological object that allows it to possibly generate the experiencing subject. Based on the notion that energy per se is related to the ability of a system to do some work, biological energy is defined as a biological object’s ability to recover from the load it is exposed to. Introducing the concept of the experiencing subject, the experiencing subject would be the agent experiencing the biological object’s need of recovery from the load it is exposed to. Once established, the experiencing subject may develop non-biological needs. On this basis experiencing subjects have biological properties without being biological in exactly the same manner as physical things have mathematical properties without being mathematical (would that be the case).

Ontology of Augmented Reality

Introduction. The purpose of the paper is to justify the possibility of developing ontology of augmented reality as a special sphere of social space. A comparative analysis of approaches to the interpretation of reality in philosophy and theoretical sociology is carried out. The original provisions of the conceptual model of social reality and social actuality have been formulated. The concepts of actual and virtual social actions are introduced and analyzed.Methodology and sources. The main provisions of phenomenological sociology are used as the methodological basis of the study: A. Schutz's interpretation of social reality as a fragment of being translated into the world of intersubjective, and P. Berger and T. Luckmann's characterization of the reality of society as a process of its construction in practical activities. The features of augmented reality, revealed in the works of R. Azuma, P. Milgram, A. F. Kishino, H. Papagiannis, A. M. Larsen, S. A. Glazkova, O. N. Kislova and other researchers, are taken into account. Descriptions of the characteristics of augmented reality devices are derived from reports from research center heads: the descriptions of the characteristics of augmented reality devices are derived from reports from the heads of research centers involved in the development and implementation of digital technologies: universities in London, Tokio and Toronto, Hasso-Plattner Institute in Germany, Finnish company Senseg, company Disney Research, company High Fidelity, MIT self-assembly labs, MIT Media Lab Group, San Francisco-based Detour startup, Google and Microsoft etc.Results and discussion. The environment shaped by augmented reality is much more complex than it is in its immediate perception. It includes four spaces: 1) subject world, 2) the mental world and 3) the hybrid world as a symbiosis of real and imaginary worlds, or 4) symbiosis of real-world fragments – torn in space and time and combined with technology in devices that give the individual's ability to be present when observing their combined existence.Conclusion. Augmented reality complicates virtual reality, adding to its content in addition to fictional characteristics the content of practical actions. Augmented reality, using the virtual reality resource, becomes reality as the basis of practice. Augmented reality not only “begets” the world, but is in direct practical contact with it, thus becoming a special side of social reality.

Novel linguistic evaluation of prefrontal synthesis (LEPS) test measures prefrontal synthesis acquisition in neurotypical children and predicts high-functioning versus low-functioning class assignment in individuals with autism

In order to grasp the difference between “the cat on the mat” and “the mat on the cat,” understanding the words and the grammar is not enough. Rather it is essential to visualize the cat and the mat together to appreciate their relations. This type of imagination, which involves juxtaposition of mental objects is conducted by the prefrontal cortex and is therefore called Prefrontal Synthesis (PFS). PFS acquisition has a strong experience-dependent critical period putting children with language delay in danger of never acquiring PFS and, consequently, not mastering complex language comprehension. In typical children, the timeline of PFS acquisition correlates with vocabulary expansion. Conversely, atypically developing children may learn many words but never acquire PFS. In these individuals, intelligence tests based on vocabulary assessment may miss the profound deficit in PFS. Accordingly, we developed a test specific for PFS — Linguistic Evaluation of Prefrontal Synthesis or LEPS — and administered it to 50 neurotypical children, age 4.1 ± 1.3 years and to 23 individuals with impairments, age 16.4 ± 3.0 years. All neurotypical children older than 4 years received the LEPS score 7/10 or greater indicating good PFS ability. Among individuals with impairments only 39% received the LEPS score 7/10 or greater. LEPS was 90% correct in predicting high-functioning vs. low-functioning class assignment in individuals with impairments.

Thomas S. Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962)

Thomas Kuhn’s Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962) is the bestselling and most-cited book ever published in the history and philosophy of science. Yet very few scholars in those fields would now endorse the book’s main claims, and many are critical of its central premise: namely, that major changes in different disciplines and diverse historical contexts conform to a single “structure.” Key Kuhnian concepts such as “paradigm shift” have become part of everyday language but all but disappeared from specialist publications. Nonetheless, the book still galvanizes readers encountering it for the first time—or even scholars who haven’t reread it since their own student days. Kuhn’s description of allencompassing and incommensurable mental worlds inhabited by scientists who practice in different paradigms resonates with the experience of readers who have experienced seismic changes in moral and political intuitions.

“Guess who I am”

Pragmaticists have investigated identity construction in various social practices. Yet, seldom have they paid attention to false identities assumed in interactions like fraudulence. This study, by resorting to Chen’s (2018) theory on pragmatic identity, investigates 72 real fraud cases in contemporary China, trying to uncover the discursive practices for their fabricated identities and the underlying motivations for these identities. It is found that (i) fabricated identities like the victim identity, the friend/kin identity, the clerk identity, the official identity, and the identity of resourcefulness are often deployed as resources for fraudulent purposes; (ii) speech acts, person-referencing, discourse contents, codes, and sounds of speech are the common discursive practices con artists resort to in fabricating their identities; and (iii) the construction of the fabricated identities results from the con artists’ adaptation to the physical, social, and mental world of their targets. The study broadens the scope of identity construction by focusing on that of fabricated identity.

Mental Rotation of Digitally-Rendered Haptic Objects by the Visually-Impaired.

In the event of visual impairment or blindness, information from other intact senses can be used as substitutes to retrain (and in extremis replace) visual functions. Abilities including reading, mental representation of objects and spatial navigation can be performed using tactile information. Current technologies can convey a restricted library of stimuli, either because they depend on real objects or renderings with low resolution layouts. Digital haptic technologies can overcome such limitations. The applicability of this technology was previously demonstrated in sighted participants. Here, we reasoned that visually-impaired and blind participants can create mental representations of letters presented haptically in normal and mirror-reversed form without the use of any visual information, and mentally manipulate such representations. Visually-impaired and blind volunteers were blindfolded and trained on the haptic tablet with two letters (either L and P or F and G). During testing, they haptically explored on any trial one of the four letters presented at 0°, 90°, 180°, or 270° rotation from upright and indicated if the letter was either in a normal or mirror-reversed form. Rotation angle impacted performance; greater deviation from 0° resulted in greater impairment for trained and untrained normal letters, consistent with mental rotation of these haptically-rendered objects. Performance was also generally less accurate with mirror-reversed stimuli, which was not affected by rotation angle. Our findings demonstrate, for the first time, the suitability of a digital haptic technology in the blind and visually-impaired. Classic devices remain limited in their accessibility and in the flexibility of their applications. We show that mental representations can be generated and manipulated using digital haptic technology. This technology may thus offer an innovative solution to the mitigation of impairments in the visually-impaired, and to the training of skills dependent on mental representations and their spatial manipulation.

The students’ brainwork intensification via the computer visualization of study materials

The paper the approaches to the intensification of the students’ brainwork by means of computer visualization of study material have been disclosed. In general, the content of students’ brainwork has been presented as a type of activity providing the cognitive process, mastering the techniques and ways of thinking, developing the capabilities and abilities of the individual, the product of which is a certain form of information, as a result of the brainwork the outlook of the subject of work is enriched. It is shown the visualization is the process of presenting data in the form of an image with the aim of maximum ease of understanding; the giving process of visual form to any mental object. In the paper the content, techniques, methods and software for creating visualization tools for study material has exposed. The essence and computer tools for creating such types of visualization of educational material like mind maps, supporting notes and infographics have been illustrated; they have been concretized from the point of view of application in the course of studying the mathematical sciences. It is proved the use of visualization tools for study materials helps to increase the intensity and effectiveness of students’ brainwork. Based on the results of an empirical study, it has been concluded the visualization of study materials contributes to the formation of students’ key intellectual competencies and forming their brainwork culture.

Continuous Relevance to ‘Unspeakable Wrongness’ in Orwell’s A Hanging: A Transitivity Analysis

ABSTRACT: 
 This paper is an interdisciplinary study of Orwell’s queer-literary genre piece i.e. “A Hanging” with an insight into the “unspeakable wrongness” across that 1931short story / essay by the application of Halliday’s linguistic tool of “Transitivity”. The functional linguistic theory of transitivity is very instrumental in exploring “ideational meaning” about the “on-goings” of characters’ material and mental world as expressed and documented in literature. Albeit comparatively less noticed, Orwell’s “A Hanging” is a superb experiential documentation of his intolerance and disapproval of all unspeakable wrongness in all forms found in “colonialism”, “imperialism”, and “capital punishment”, discovery of all of which through the story has an extended significance and current century relevance. The study comes up with a convincing “cosmopolitan call” for the abolishment of capital punishment. Orwell goes as a narrator mentally aloof from his imperialist fellows and stands as one “odd out” with a deciphered “anti-imperialistic” impulse inside him which marks out colonialism as the very wrong “metamorphosing” power that is in itself demoralizing and makes it a huge impossibility of “equity” among universal humanity. Orwell ended up with a “Geliliolic discovery” of imperialism paving the way of only “oppression and deprivation” of the colonized and injecting a “generic moral decay” inside them; so Orwell cuts his professional “cohortship” with this giant, wrong, inhuman system that practices far-fetched, unconvincing “power imbalance” on earth by taking away the powerless races’ “freedom of speech”, and that bursts into a large scale of “moral decay” and “hollowness” of human hearts.