Mental Health Inventory Research Articles

Caregivers' Burden and Mental Health of the Caregivers of β-Major Thalassemia Patients: Mediating Role of Religious Coping

Background: Caregiver burden among those caring for patients with thalassemia major in Pakistan poses significant psychological challenges. The role of religious coping mechanisms in alleviating psychological distress and enhancing well-being among caregivers has been highlighted in prior research, suggesting a complex interplay between caregiver strain, coping strategies, and mental health outcomes. Objective: This study aims to investigate the relationships between caregiver burden, positive religious coping, and mental health outcomes, specifically psychological well-being and distress, among caregivers of thalassemia patients in the Twin cities of Islamabad and Rawalpindi. Methods: Employing a cross-sectional design, the study included 180 caregivers of thalassemia patients, recruited through non-probability purposive sampling from major thalassemia centers and hospitals in Islamabad and Rawalpindi. Data were collected using the Zarit Caregiver’s Burden Scale, the Brief Religious Coping Scale, and the Mental Health Inventory. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was utilized to analyze the data, using SPSS and AMOS software, with a focus on the mediating role of positive religious coping between caregiver burden and mental health outcomes. Results: The analysis revealed that caregiver burden significantly predicted the use of positive religious coping (β = .32, p < .001) and was negatively associated with psychological well-being (β = -.33, p < .001) while positively associated with psychological distress (β = .23, p < .01). Positive religious coping positively influenced psychological well-being (β = .28, p < .01) and negatively influenced psychological distress (β = -.21, p < .05). The model explained 38.2% of the variance in psychological well-being and 34.1% in psychological distress. Conclusion: The findings underscore the significant impact of caregiver burden on the mental health of caregivers, with positive religious coping serving as a beneficial mediating factor. Enhancing positive religious coping among caregivers may be a viable intervention strategy to improve their mental health outcomes.

Determining the relationship of p16INK4a and additional molecular markers of aging with clinical frailty in hematologic malignancy

PurposeOlder adults with hematologic malignancies (HM) have unique challenges due to age and fitness. The primary aim of this pilot study was to benchmark the ability of multiple biomarkers of aging (p16, epigenetic clocks, T cell gene expression profiles, and T cell receptor excision circles (TREC) to identify frailty as measured by a clinical impairment index (I2) in patients with HM.Methods70 patients newly diagnosed with HM had peripheral blood T lymphocytes (PBTL) analyzed for p16INK4a expression using the OSU_Senescence Nanostring CodeSet. PBTL epigenetic age was measured using 7 epigenetic clocks, and TREC were quantified by qRT-PCR. A composite clinical impairment index (I2) was generated by combining values from 11 geriatric metrics (Independent Activities of Daily Living (iADL), physical health score, Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB), Body Mass Index (BMI), Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status, self-reported KPS, Blessed Orientation Memory Concentration (BOMC), polypharmacy, Mental Health Inventory (MHI)-17, Medical Outcomes Study (MOS) subscales). Clinical frailty was defined as a score of 7 or greater on the I2.ResultsAge-adjusted p16INK4a was similar in newly diagnosed patients and healthy controls (p > 0.1). PBTL p16INK4a levels correlated positively with the Hannum [r = 0.35, 95% CI (0.09–0.75); p adj. = 0.04] and PhenoAge [r = 0.37, 95% CI (0.11–0.59); p adj. = 0.04] epigenetic clocks. The discrimination ability of the I2 model was calculated using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). After adjusting for chronologic age and disease group, baseline p16INK4a [AUC = 0.76, 95% CI (0.56–0.98); p = 0.01], Hannum [AUC = 0.70, 95% CI (0.54–0.85); p = 0.01], PhenoAge [AUC = 0.71, 95% CI (0.55–0.86); p = 0.01], and DunedinPACE [AUC = 0.73, 95% CI (0.57–0.88); p = < 0.01] measures showed the greatest potential to identify clinical frailty using the I2.ConclusionsOur pilot data suggest that multiple blood-based aging biomarkers have potential to identify frailty in older adults with HM.Implications for Cancer SurvivorsWe developed the I2 index to quantify impairments across geriatric domains and discovered that PBTL p16, Hannum, PhenoAge, and DunedinPACE are promising indicators of frailty in HM.

Bringing home the benefits: do pro-family employee benefits mitigate the risk of depression from competing workplace and domestic labor roles?

Despite significant historical progress toward sex/gender parity in employment status in the United States, women remain more likely to provide domestic labor, creating role competition which may increase depression symptoms. Pro-family employee benefits may minimize the stress of competing roles. We tested whether depressive symptoms were higher among women with competing roles versus without competing roles and whether this effect was greater among women without (vs with) pro-family benefits. Data included employed women (n=9884 person-years) surveyed across 4 waves (2010, 2015, 2017, and 2019) of the National Longitudinal Survey 1997. Depression symptoms were measured with the 5-item short version of the Mental Health Inventory (MHI-5). The effect of interaction between competing roles and pro-family employee benefits on depressive symptoms was also compared with that of non-family-related benefits, using marginal structural models to estimate longitudinal effects in the presence of time-varying confounding. MHI-5 scores were 0.56 points higher (95% CI, 0.15-0.97) among women in competing roles (vs not). Among women without pro-family benefits, competing roles increased MHI-5 scores by 6.10 points (95% CI, 1.14-11.1). In contrast, there was no association between competing roles and MHI-5 scores among women with access to these benefits (MHI-5 difference=0.44; 95% CI, -0.2 to 1.0). Results were similar for non-family-related benefits. Dual workplace and domestic labor role competition increases women's depression symptoms, though broad availability of workplace benefits may attenuate that risk. This article is part of a Special Collection on Mental Health.

PREVALENCE OF DEPRESSION, ANXIETY AND STRESS AMONG UNIVERSITY TEACHERS OF ISLAMABAD, PAKISTAN

Background: Teaching profession used to be less stressed, but it has been among most stressed profession for last twenty years. Objectives: This study was carried out to find the prevalence of depression, stress and anxiety among teachers of Pakistan and how it is related to their daily life. In past, this research was conducted only in primary and secondary school teachers and not in university teachers, hence we conducted this study in university teachers of Islamabad. Methodology: Between December 2022 to April 2023, we conducted a cross-sectional survey in Islamabad using a sample size of 104 university teachers. The survey was performed using a self-developed and revalidated questionnaire to assess the depression, anxiety and stress. There were four sections in the questionnaire, section 1 aimed at assessing the sociodemographic characteristics of participants, section 2 contained 5 questions about risk factors, section 3 contained DASS scale to measure the depression, stress and anxiety, it consisted of 21 questions and section 4 contained 5 questions from Mental health Inventory. SPSS version 25 was used for data analysis. Gender differences of study variable were determined by using a t-test. The study was approved by an ethical review board of University of Lahore Islamabad Campus. Results: Results showed 66.3% of university teachers exhibited moderate to extremely severe level of anxiety followed by 32.7% of stress and 44.3% of depression in moderate to extremely severe range which is higher than expected. The Pearson correlation showed a significant relation between mental health variables and depression, stress and anxiety levels. The independent t test showed no significant difference for depression, stress and anxiety with respect to gender. Conclusion: Our findings revealed that most of the teachers have higher than expected level of anxiety and depression as compared to estimation given by WHO, indicating a critical concern within the academic community in Islamabad. To navigate this challenge, it is imperative to develop and implement proactive strategies aimed at mitigating the risk factors associated with these mental health issues.

MENTAL HEALTH AND RESILIENCE AMONG PAKISTANI WOMEN SUFFERING FROM POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME

Background: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is associated with multiple mental health issues, however resilience can work as a buffer against mental illnesses. The objective of the present study was to investigate the relationship between mental health and resilience and to compare mental health and resilience between working and non-working women suffering from PCOS. Method: This cross-sectional comparative study was conducted in the gynaecological wards of government and private hospitals and clinics from January to June 2023. Two hundred women suffering from PCOS were selected through non-probability sampling. The data was collected through two reliable measures: the Mental Health Inventory 38-Urdu (MHI-38) and the Connor Davidson Resilience Scale-Urdu. Data was analyzed on SPSS-26 by means of Cronbach alpha reliability, Pearson correlation, Mean±SD, and t-tests. Results: Psychometric properties showed high reliability of the study scale for MHI 38-U (?=0.87) and for CDRS-U (?=0.82, p&lt;0.001). There was a significantly positive correlation between mental health and resilience (r=0.85, p&lt;0.001). Non-working women experience lower mental health (Mean±SD 85.37±9.91) than working women (Mean±SD 136.50±12.94), (p&lt;0.001). Working women experience higher resilience (Mean±SD 65.06±8.71) than non-working women with PCOS (Mean±SD 47.55±12.17), (p&lt;0.001). Conclusion: There was a significant positive relationship between mental health and resilience. Non-working women reported compromised mental health and low resilience compared to working women suffering from PCOS. Pak J Pysiol 2024;20(1):45-47

Psychological Distress During COVID-19: Its Association With Stress, Emotion Regulation, and Sleep

Background and Objective The COVID-19 pandemic has been linked to an increase in psychological distress and mental disorders worldwide. The objectives of this study were to investigate the correlates of psychological distress during the COVID-19 pandemic and explore whether the relationship between stress and psychological distress was mediated by cognitive emotion regulation strategies and sleep.Methods Four hundred ninety-six university students completed the Mental Health Inventory, the Insomnia Scale, the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, and the Perceived Stress Scale.Results Female gender and younger age were related to stress, sleep difficulties, and psychological distress. Stress was positively correlated with psychological distress and these two variables were associated with sleep difficulties, negative cognitive emotion regulation strategies (both positively), and positive cognitive emotion regulation strategies (inversely). In mediation analyses, there was a statistically significant positive direct/indirect impact of stress on psychological distress. The indirect pathways linking stress to psychological distress were: through an increase in negative cognitive emotion regulation strategies or a reduction in positive ones; through sleep difficulties; and through negative cognitive emotion regulation strategies and sleep. Female gender had a positive impact on sleep difficulty index, negative cognitive emotion regulation, and psychological distress.Conclusions The cognitive-emotional arousal associated with stress, as well as the maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation to cope with stress, may be implicated in the genesis and maintenance of sleep difficulties and distress during the pandemic. Strategies that include stress management, emotional self-regulation, and sleep hygiene should be implemented to promote the mental/psychological well-being of university students in future public health crises, such as the COVID-19 pandemic.

Factors associated with psychological distress of workers in the Finnish Evangelical Lutheran Church

BackgroundThe work of church employees contains many elements causing symptoms of stress and anxiety. They can lead into psychological distress and possibly indicate the beginning of a more serious psychological state. Women seem to be more disposed to psychological stress than men. We investigated factors contributing to psychological distress among women and men in four professions of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland (ELCF).MethodsA link to an electronic survey was sent to the members of respective trade unions of four professions of the ELCF, and we got responses from pastors (n = 241), church musicians (n = 92), diaconal workers (n = 85) and youth workers (n = 56). Psychological distress was assessed using the Mental Health Inventory-5 (MHI-5; cut-off value ≤ 52 indicating severe distress). We used logistic regression to examine sociodemographic, health-related, and work-related factors that could potentially be associated with psychological distress.ResultsWe found severe psychological distress in all profession groups. Gender differences were scarce. Loneliness was the most important factor associated with psychological distress in both men and women (OR 14.01; 95% CI 2.68–73.25 and OR 7.84; 3.44–17.88, respectively), and among pastors and church musicians (OR 8.10; 2.83–23.16 and OR 24.36; 2.78–213.72, respectively). High mental strain of work was associated with distress in women (OR 2.45; 1.01–5.97). Good work satisfaction was a protective factor for men and women (OR 0.06; 95% CI 0.01–0.40 and OR 0.61; 0.18–0.40, respectively) and for pastors and church musicians (OR 0.22; 0.08–0.73 and OR 0.06; 0.01–0.43, respectively). For women, additional protective factors were being a pastor (OR 0.26; 0.07–0.95), or youth worker (OR 0.08; 0.01–0.48), and good self-reported health (OR 0.38; 0.18–0.82).ConclusionEven though we found some protective factors, the share of workers with severe distress was higher in all profession groups of the ELCF than in the general population. Loneliness was the strongest stressor among both genders and high mental strain among women. The result may reflect unconscious mental strain or subordination to the prevailing working conditions. More attention should be paid to the mental wellbeing and work conditions of church employees.

The impact of aerobics on mental health and stress levels: A visualization analysis of the CiteSpace map.

This study aims to integrate research in the field of aerobics and mental health through the visualization analysis method of the CiteSpace map, to clarify the impact of aerobics on mental health and stress levels. Firstly, based on the literature method, pieces of literature related to aerobics and mental health are searched and collected. Secondly, the visualization analysis method of the CiteSpace map is employed to summarize and analyze the contents of the literature, involving statistical analysis of the annual number of publications, analysis of author characteristics, and analysis of publishing institution characteristics. In addition, keyword co-occurrence analysis and keyword cluster analysis are also conducted in related research fields. Among them, the Log-Likelihood Ratio is used in keyword cluster analysis. Finally, the results are analyzed using the visualization analysis method of the CiteSpace map and the statistics-based comprehensive results. The results demonstrate that in the recent 20 years, the average annual number of articles in related fields exceeds 190. The high-yield authors are distributed in economically developed areas, and the cooperation among authors is scattered. In the keyword clustering results, a total of 77 cluster labels are obtained. The Q value of the clustering module is 0.89, and the average clustering profile silhouette (S) value is 0.92, indicating that the clustering structure is significant and the results are reasonable. The aerobics cluster contains the most closely related keywords, covering mental health and stress levels. Data analysis based on existing studies reveals that aerobics has a significant impact on mental health and stress levels. Individuals participating in aerobics show obvious improvement in mental health inventory (MHI) scores (t(100) = 4.32, p<0.05). Individuals participating in aerobics present a remarkable reduction in the questionnaire evaluation of stress levels (t(100) = -3.91, p<0.05). This study's results support aerobics' positive effects on mental health and stress levels.

College music students during COVID-19: Examining the moderating effect of access to resources and stability of living on the relationship between perceived social support and mental health

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between perceived social support (PSS) and general mental health in collegiate music students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Furthermore, perception of access to academic resources and stability of living was analyzed as a moderator in the relationship between PSS and general mental health. Participants completed a survey that included the Mental Health Inventory-5 (MHI-5), the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), and questions adapted from the “access to necessary resources” and “stability of living” section of the National Collegiate Athletics Association (NCAA) COVID Survey. In the final sample, PSS explained a statistically significant amount of the variance in general mental health. Moderation analysis was conducted using PSS as the predictor variable, mental health as the criterion variable, and access to resources and stability of living as a composite variable as the moderator. The interaction between PSS and the composite variable was statistically significant. Access to resources and stability of living proved a positive moderator between PSS and general mental health. PSS positively predicted general mental health in collegiate music students during the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, access to resources and stability of living (composite variable) were positive moderators, with a higher perception of both creating a stronger positive relationship between PSS and general mental health.

Predictors of mental health among U.S. adults during COVID-19 early pandemic, mid- pandemic, and post-vaccine eras

BackgroundA collective trauma like COVID-19 impacts individuals differently due to socio-contextual and individual characteristics. Younger adults, minorities, affiliates of certain political parties, and residents of some regions of the United States reported experiencing poorer mental health during the pandemic. Being diagnosed with COVID-19, or losing a friend/family to it, was related to more adverse mental health symptoms. While the negative impact of COVID-19 on health outcomes has been studied, mental health changes during this pandemic need further exploration.MethodsIn a study of 8,612 U.S. households, using three surveys collected from a nationally representative panel between May 2020 and October 2021, using a repeated cross-sectional design, a linear mixed effect regression model was performed to investigate factors associated with the mental health status, based on the Mental Health Inventory-5, of individuals throughout different phases of the COVID-19 pandemic, and whether an improvement over time, especially after vaccines became available, was observed.ResultsAn overall improvement in mental health was observed after vaccines became available. Individuals with no COVID-related death in their household, those not wearing masks, those identifying as members of the Republican Party, race/ethnicities other than Asian, men, older adults, and residents of the South were less likely than others to report mental health challenges.ConclusionsOur results highlight the need for widespread mental health interventions and health promotion to address challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond. Due to the worse mental health observed among Asians, younger adults, women, low-income families, those with a higher level of concern for COVID-19, people who lost someone to COVID-19, and/or individuals with histories of opioid use disorder and criminal legal involvement, over the period of this study, targeted attention needs to be given to the mental health of these groups.

A biopsychosocial perspective of mental health risk in Italy during phase two of the COVID-19 lockdown

Abstract: Introduction: Research into the first phase of the COVID-19 lockdown in Italy showed an association with an increased susceptibility to adverse mental health (MH) in the general population. We investigated in the same population the correlations between the various demographic, socioeconomic, biological/clinical history and psychological dimensions and MH in the second,“opening-up”, phase of the lockdown. Methods: An anonymous online survey collected data from 26 May to 4 July 2020 on demographic, socioeconomic, perceived risk, general health and quality of life appraisals, worry, interference in life, life satisfaction, perceived happiness and MH by using Mental Health Inventory-5 (MHI-5). Results: Of the 300 participants, only 195 responded to MH questions. Older age was positively associated with better MH (r=.15), as was education (r=.19). A negative correlation with MH, with medium-high effect size, was found with quality of life (r=.40) and health (r=.34) appraisals, and the factors “worry about sustenance” (r=.23) and “interference with life” (r=.32). A positive correlation, with strong effect size, was found between MH and life satisfaction (r=.53) and perception of happiness (r=.64). Discussion: During phase two of the lockdown, rather the real impact of COVID-19 restrictions on employment or economic resources, it was worry about finances that was associated with worse MH. Mental distress was associated with the loss of some positive psychological factors. From a homeostatic and biopsychosocial perspective of MH, life satisfaction and perceivedhappiness represent important mental resources for counteracting the effects of lockdown on MH.

New psychometric evidence from the Revised Mental Health Inventory (R-MHI-5) in Peruvian adolescents from a network psychometrics approach

BackgroundMental health is an aspect that has been relegated in recent years, prioritizing physical health care. However, there are more and more mental problems and disorders worldwide. In this context, adolescents are considered at risk for developing psychological difficulties due to the important transition stage they are going through. Given this, an adequate measurement of mental health in the adolescent population is necessary. This research aims to evaluate the internal structure and estimate the reliability of the R-MHI-5.MethodThe sample covered 662 adolescents (55.2% men and 44.7% women) aged 12 to 17 years (M = 14.5; SD = 1.6).ResultsExploratory graph analysis revealed a two-dimensional structure encompassing well-being and psychological distress. Furthermore, confirmatory factor analysis results indicated that a model with two related factors demonstrated superior fit indices (CFI = 0.99; TLI = 0.99; SRMR = 0.04; RMSEA = 0.101) in comparison to a one-dimensional model (CFI = 0.85; TLI = 0.71; SRMR = 0.23; RMSEA = 0.451). Additionally, adequate values were found in the reliability of the dimensions.ConclusionIt is concluded that the R-MHI-5 is an instrument with robust psychometric evidence from the perspective of the EGA and CFA, providing adequate evidence of reliability and validity so that it can be used effectively in future research and prevention and intervention processes. Furthermore, our study is the first to provide psychometric evidence of the scale from a media approach in Peruvian adolescents.

Pengaruh Hatha Yoga Terhadap Kesehatan Mental Anak-Anak Anggota Sanggar Samirata

The mental health of the children of Sanggar Samirata members tends to be poor. The poor mental health of the children of Sanggar Samirat members is characterized by stress, anxiety, and emotional instability. Hatha yoga is a non-pharmacological intervention that can help control thoughts and emotions, and improve health holistically. This study aimed of this study was to determine the effect of hatha yoga on the mental health of the children of Sanggar Samirata members. This study used an experimental method with a one group pretest-posttest experimental design. The population of this study was 23 children of Sanggar Samirata members. The sampling technique used was total sampling. The data collection method used self-report with a data collection tool in the form of an inventory, namely the Brief Mental Health Inventory (BMHI-12). This measuring instrument had a Cronbach alpha reliability level of 0.824. Hatha yoga intervention was given in 16 meetings. Hatha yoga was given twice every week with a duration of 2 hours each meeting. Hatha yoga intervention was given by yoga instructors who had competence in their field. Data analysis techniques in this study used paired sample t-test, with the data normality assumption test performed first. Different tests results in this study showed a t-value of -5.971 with a significance of 0.000 (P &lt;0.05). It meant that there was an influence of hatha yoga on the mental health of the children of Sanggar Samirata members.

Smartphone Addiction, Personality Factors, Emotional Regulation and Mental Health: Gender Based Studies

Introduction: The present study intends to measure gender differences in smartphone addiction, emotional regulation, mental health and personality variables. Earlier studies have focused on gender differences in variables under study.&#x0D; &#x0D; Aim: It was an attempt to revalidate the findings for fulfillment of the research objectives.&#x0D; &#x0D; Sample: The sample was drawn following some predetermined inclusion and exclusion, a sample of 100 individuals ageing between 13 to 19 years were selected. Half of them were male and half of them were females.&#x0D; &#x0D; Method: Sample was administered with 1) Smartphone addiction test by Kwon et al (2013), 2) Mental Health Inventory Veit and Ware (1983), 3) Emotional Regulation Questionnaire by James J. Gross and Oliver P (2003), 4) Big Five Inventory (Personality) by Goldberg, (1993). Along with the above measures General Health Questionnaire was also administered for screening purpose. For GHQ a cut off 4 was selected below which individuals were allowed for participation in investigation.&#x0D; &#x0D; Result: Results indicated gender differences in variables under study. Females have been found to have higher level of addiction than male. Male were found to have more distress and low in psychological well-being. Male also found to have greater emotional reappraisal and lesser emotional suppression.&#x0D; &#x0D; Conclusion: In case of personality variables males were found to be more open, conscientious and agreeable while females were found to be more prone to neuroticism.

Combining action research theory with focus-solving short-term psychotherapy for psychological stress, adjustment, and rehabilitation in patients with postoperative acute myocardial infarction following percutaneous coronary intervention.

To evaluate the impact of combining action research theory with focus-solving short-term psychotherapy on the psychological stress, adjustment, and rehabilitation of patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) following percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Between January 2022 and January 2023, a prospective study was conducted involving 300 AMI patients at Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology. Participants were divided into a control group and a study group, with 150 patients in each. The control group received standard treatment and rehabilitation guidance, while the study group also received interventions based on action research theory and focus-solving short-term psychotherapy. Outcomes measured included scores from the Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA), Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD), Mental Health Inventory (MHI), National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA), Essential Skills for Caregivers Assessment (ESCA), and patient satisfaction. Prognostic factors were also analyzed. Post-intervention, the study group demonstrated significantly lower scores in HAMA and HAMD and reported less psychological pain, alongside higher scores in psychological well-being, compared to the control group (all P < 0.05). Additionally, the study group showed improved neurological function (NIHSS scores) and motor skills (FMA scores) as well as enhanced self-care abilities (higher ESCA scores) (all P < 0.05). Patient satisfaction was also notably higher in the study group (P < 0.05). Key prognostic factors included history of diabetes, Killip classification, and door-to-balloon (DTB) time. The integration of action research theory with focus-solving short-term psychotherapy significantly alleviated anxiety and depression in AMI patients post-PCI, enhanced their psychological adjustment, and facilitated the recovery of neurological and motor functions. This approach also improved self-care capabilities. Effective management of underlying conditions, vigilant monitoring of Killip classification, and minimization of DTB time are critical to reducing major adverse cardiac events and improving patient outcomes.

The effect of informal caring on mental health among adolescents and young adults in Australia: a population-based longitudinal study

Young carers are people aged up to 25 years who provide unpaid care to a relative or a friend living with a long-term condition or a disability. Providing informal care is associated with poor mental health. Longitudinal evidence on this relationship among young people is scarce. To address this gap, we assessed the mental health of people aged 15-25 years when providing informal care compared with when not providing informal care. We conducted a population-based longitudinal study using 20 years of data between 2001 and 2020 from the Household Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) survey. We included observations of participants aged 15-25 years with at least two observations across 20 waves of HILDA. Informal care was categorised as 0 h per week, 1-19 h per week, and 20 or more h per week. Mental health was measured using the Mental Health Inventory (MHI-5) from the 36-Item Short Form Survey (SF-36). Multivariate linear fixed-effects regression models were fitted to assess within-person changes in mental health when providing different levels of informal care. Of 44 663 people with 410 658 observations who participated in HILDA waves 1 to 20, 32 726 were excluded with 351 445 observations. 11 937 young people (with 59 213 observations) were deemed eligible for this study and, of these, 8996 participants with 43 231 observations were included in the complete case analytical sample. When caring for 1-19 h per week, young carers had an MHI-5 score of -1·98 points (95% CI -3·06 to -0·89) compared with when caring for 0 h per week. Mental health was worse when caring for 20 or more h per week, with participants displaying an MHI-5 score of -3·47 points (95% CI -6·02 to -0·92) compared with when caring for 0 h per week. Our findings were consistent across sensitivity tests. Our findings suggest potential mental health effects of informal care in young people, particularly when providing an intense amount of caregiving. Reducing young caring loads could be a possible avenue for intervention. Melbourne Disability Institute Scholarship, University of Melbourne Research Training Program Scholarship, Australian Research Council Discovery Early Career Researcher Award, National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia funded Centre of Research Excellence in Disability and Health.

Study on Mental Health of Urban and Rural Living Transgender

This study is an attempt to examine the Mental Health of Urban and Rural living Transgender. Transgender‟s living in urban and rural areas were selected for this research. Total number of sample was 70. Sample was divided into 2 parts 35 transgender from urban living and 35 transgender from rural living in West Bengal. There are 6 dimensions are used to find out the levels of mental health. The data was collected by using the Mental Health Inventory (MHI) Dr. Jagdish and Dr. A.K. Srivastava. Six dimensions were used to find out the level of mental health. The urban living Transgender‟s mental health mean= 149.11 and SD= 21.18 show that there mental health level is poor, while the rural living Transgender‟s mental health mean = 147.06 and SD= 20.89 show that there mental health level is also poor. Findings show that their mental health is in a bad state due to too much rejection, isolation, harshness, hearing derogatory words. May be this study will be helpful for the government for making the polices and enhancing their living, their acceptance from the society, good facilities and better life in ground level work.

Maternal Wellbeing Five Years after a Very Preterm Delivery: Prevalence and Influencing Factors in a European Cohort.

(1) Background: Mothers of very preterm (VPT) infants may experience psychological symptoms compromising long-term emotional wellbeing. This study describes the emotional wellbeing of mothers of five-year-old children born VPT. We assess the association between sociodemographic, perinatal and neonatal characteristics, and the child's health and development at five years old and maternal emotional wellbeing. (2) Methods: Data are from the prospective European "Effective Perinatal Intensive Care in Europe" (EPICE) and subsequent "Screening for Health In very Preterm infantS in Europe" (SHIPS) projects including births <32 weeks' gestational age in 11 countries in 2011/12. Data were abstracted from obstetric and neonatal records. At five years old, 2605 mothers answered a parental questionnaire including the Mental Health Inventory-5 (MHI-5). Associations between sociodemographic and health characteristics and the mother's MHI-5 score were investigated using multilevel multivariate linear regression analysis with the country modelled as a random effect and inverse probability weighting to correct for attrition bias. (3) Results: The mean MHI-5 score was 71.3 (SD 16.7) out of 100 (highest emotional wellbeing) with a variation among countries from 63.5 (SD 16.8; Poland) to 82.3 (SD 15.8; the Netherlands). MHI-5 scores were significantly lower for mothers whose child had a severe health problem, developmental, or speech delay, for multiparous and single mothers, and when at least one of the parents was unemployed. (4) Conclusions: The emotional wellbeing of mothers of VPT infants differs between European countries. Identifying sociodemographic characteristics and child's health and developmental conditions that affect maternal emotional wellbeing may help to identify groups of mothers who need special assistance to cope with consequences of the delivery of a VPT child.

The mediating role of coping between Alexithymia and mental health problems among women with PCOS

Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) serves as a challenge for women globally, with a never-ending struggle with Alexithymia and mental health problems. To assess Alexithymia in women diagnosed with PCOS and the mediating effect of coping strategies emotion-focused coping (EFC), problem-focused coping (PFC), and dysfunctional coping (DC) between Alexithymia and mental health problems (anxiety, depression, behavior control, and positive affect) among women diagnosed with PCOS living in Islamabad, Pakistan. This mediation study was conducted in Islamabad. A hundred women with PCOS were approached for this study through various OB/Gynae clinics and fertility groups on social media. Participants completed the Perth Alexithymia Scale, Brief Cope Inventory, and Mental Health Inventory. The results suggest that significant mediation exists of EFC (p = .09) between Alexithymia and anxiety, EFC (p = .02) between Alexithymia and depression, EFC (p = .01) between alexithymia and behavior control in addition, significant mediation of EFC (p = .04) exists between Alexithymia and positive affect. Coping (EFC, PFC, and DC) partially mediates between Alexithymia and mental health problems (anxiety, depression, behavior control, and positive affect) among women diagnosed with PCOS. Further analysis suggests that DCS has a negative mediating effect between Alexithymia and mental health problems (M-anxiety = -.0465; p = .13, M-depression = -.0461; p &lt; .01, M-behavior control = -.0431; p &lt; .01 and M-positive affect = .0333; p = .02). The mediating result is significant for EFC between alexithymia and mental health problems whereas, PFC partially mediates and DC has a significant negative mediating effect between Alexithymia and mental health problems among women with PCOS.

Stress of Yoga doer and Yoga non doer Teachers

The present study has been designed to investigate the mental health and stress of yoga doer and yoga non doer school teacher. The research was conducted over a sample of 120 school teacher including yoga doer and yoga non doer as well as male and female (30 yoga doer and 30 yoga non doer male teachers and 30 yoga doer and 30 yoga non doer female teacher). All the participants were administered the mental health inventory and stress inventory data was analyzed using‘t’ test. The results reported that there exists a significant difference in mental health among yoga doer and yoga non doer teacher both male and female. Yoga doer teacher have better mental health as compared to yoga non doer school teacher. Significance difference is also observed between yoga doer and yoga non doer school teacher as regarding to their level of stress score.