Menstrual Cycle Disorders Research Articles

Hubungan Status Gizi Dengan Gangguan Siklus Menstruasi Pada Remaja Putri SMAN 13 Makassar

Nutritional status affects the menstrual cycle. If a woman with a nutritional status is thin, fat tissue which is also a source of low estrogen will produce low estrogen, causing disruption to the menstrual cycle by looking at the relationship between nutritional status and menstrual cycle disorders in young women at Sman 13 Makassar. This research uses an observational analytical research design with a cross-sectional approach. Purposive sampling was used to determine the sample size. The data analysis technique uses the chi square test and ordinal regression

High prevalence of stress fractures and long-term amenorrhoea in high endurance female athletes: The misleading lack of correlation with bone mineral density

Aim & objectivesFemales who engage in high levels of sports have a high prevalence of menstrual cycle disorders and bone stress injuries (BSI). In this study, we determined the prevalence of menstrual disorders and fractures in female athletes and their association with bone mineral density (BMD) parameters. Material & methodsCross-Sectional Study. Forty-one female athletes from a public High-Performance Regional Centre; 24 high-endurance athletes (HEA) and 17 other athletes, were included. To form the control group, we invited medical students from a public University. Twenty-nine non-athletes (NA) were included. A health surveys and a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) were conducted for all participants. ResultsAmong the participants (median age, 24 years; body mass index, 21 kg/m2), the percentage of long-term amenorrhoea was 42 % in HEA vs. 0 % in NHEA (OR 25.35; 95 % CI 1.37–470.50, p = 0.008) or 10 % in NA (OR 6.20; 95 % CI 1.46–26.24, p = 0.022), and the percentage of BSI was 29 % in HEA vs. 0 % in NHEA or NA. Both groups of female athletes (HEA and NHEA) showed higher Z-scores than those of NA in the femur; however, only NHEA had a significant increase in the BMD on lumbar spine than that of NA. ConclusionThe prevalence of long-term amenorrhoea and/or BSI was significantly higher in the HEA than in the NHEA or NA females. In contrast, HEA, like NHEA, had higher BMD values in the femur than those of controls. It is unlikely that DXA parameters can be used to estimate cortical BSI risk in this population.

Analysis of Factors Related to Menstrual Cycle Disorders among Female Students

Analysis of Factors Related to Menstrual Cycle Disorders among Female Students

Pre-pregnancy preparation of women with hypoandrogenism and female sexual dysfunction

The onset of pregnancy in the natural cycle is a task that requires the coordinated work of both central and peripheral levels of regulation of hypothalamic‑pituitary hormones. An analysis of the reproductive health of women with a menstrual cycle disorder against the background of hypoandrogenism indicates an unsatisfactory course of the early stages of the pregnancy process with the subsequent formation of infertility against the background of a reduced ovarian reserve. Hypolubrication is considered a clinical marker of hypoandrogenism in women of reproductive age.
 Objective — Optimization of pre‑pregnancy training in women with hypoandrogenism, menstrual cycle disorders and early pregnancy losses in the anamnesis.
 Materials and methods. A comprehensive clinical, laboratory and instrumental examination involved 90 women with menstrual cycle disorders and hypoandrogenism, from them 45 women received the proposed therapy (group Ia), and 45 patients traditional therapy (group IIa). The control group consisted of 30 healthy women at the stage of pre‑gravid examination. The age of women was 18 to 35 years. Hormonal reproductive background was determined on the 5 ‑ 7th day of the menstrual cycle in all examined women, as well as levels of thyroid‑stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroid peroxidase antibody, vitamin D, homocysteine. The proposed algorithm of pre‑gravid measures included: 1) optimization of thyroid gland function (after consultation with an endocrinologist); 2) restoration of pituitary‑ovarian relationships in case of functional central hypogonadism; 3) therapy aimed at optimizing the prolactin level (target value 12.5ng/ml); 4) reduction of homocysteine level (target level 5.6 mmol/l); 5) normalization of vitamin D level (norm is 75—125 nM/l, insufficiency defined as 50—75 nM/l, and deficiency <50 nM/l). The target control parameters included restoration of lubrication, ovulatory menstrual cycle, onset and progression of pregnancy. IBM SPSS Statistics version 25.0 software was used for statistical processing of the obtained data. The control periods of therapy were 3, 6 and 9 months.
 Results. In women with proposed treatment algorithm, therapy resulted in the recovery of vitamin D levels, starting from the 6th month of therapy, and complete normalization was recorded at the 9th month of treatment. This indicates the need for long‑term supplementation of vitamin D in women with hypoandrogenism. A decrease in the homocysteine levels was also noted on the 6th month of treatment, and its normalization after 9 months of treatment. Elevated homocysteine levels and vitamin D insufficiency/deficiency were observed throughout the follow‑up period in the conventional therapy group. In women with the proposed therapy, the levels of follicle‑stimulating hormone (FSH), TSH, luteinizing hormone (LH) and prolactin tend to normalize already from the 3rd month of therapy, while the highest positive increase was noted in the LH indicator on the 3rd‑6th month of treatment. Ovarian steroidogenesis approached the indicators of the control group after 6—9 months of therapy. Proandrogenic steroidogenesis began to increase on the 3rd month of therapy, reaching maximum on the 9th month. Unsatisfactory indicators of changes in free testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA‑C) were noted in women from the group of the traditional pre‑pregnancy preparation even after 9 months.
 The specified features of steroid support of the hormonal background of women’s reproductive health demonstrated the following: signs of female sexual dysfunction in the group with the proposed therapy completely disappeared after the 9th month of treatment, and in the group of traditional therapy they continued to bother 91.1% of women. At the end of the observation period, the regular menstrual cycle was gained in 40.0% of women with the proposed therapy and in 6.7% with the traditional one. Progressive pregnancies in the group with the proposed algorithm were achieved in 37.5% of women (successfully overcame the luteoplacental barrier), and in 8.8% in the group of the traditional approach (ended by early termination of pregnancy).
 Conclusions. The period of formation of the luteal phase insufficiency is the specific feature of the restoration of menstrual cycle fullness in women with hypoandrogenism, which requires additional therapy to ensure the conditions for a full‑fledged secretory endometrium transformation. The pregnancy process takes place in unfavorable conditions, which can lead to early pregnancy losses. The period of pre‑pregnancy measures in this group of patients should last at least 6—9 months. Traditional pre‑pregnancy preparation does not contribute to the restoration of the central mechanisms of menstrual cycle regulation in women with hypoandrogenism, nor does it contribute to the restoration of full‑fledged ovarian steroidogenesis, it is accompanied by anovulation and insufficiency of the luteal phase, early pregnancy losses. Symptoms of female sexual dysfunction do not disappear under the influence of traditional treatment.

Порушення менструального циклу в жінок репродуктивного віку: сучасний погляд на проблему (огляд літератури)

Menstrual health, as a component of reproductive health - a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, and not just the absence of diseases, is an integral part of improving the health of women around the world, achieving the goals of sustainable development of society and realizing gender equality and human rights. Aim of the study is to analyze data on the problem of menstrual cycle disorders in women of reproductive age, modern classifications of menstrual cycle disorders, and also to propose an option for correcting these disorders. Preserving menstrual health is inextricably linked to the possibility of access to appropriate medical services and resources, including timely diagnosis of menstrual cycle disorders, their treatment and prevention. The article presents modern data on the nomenclature, definition of the norm and pathology of the menstrual cycle, classification systems of its violations. The expediency and application of the complex herbal preparation Normomens® is a highly effective alternative therapy for menstrual cycle disorders, PMS symptoms, dysmenorrhea, fibrocystic disease of the mammary glands, infertility and hyperproliferative processes of the pelvic organs in women of reproductive age. No conflict of interests was declared by the authors.

Association between Physical Activity and Menstrual Cycle Disorders in Young Athletes.

Our study aims to evaluate clinical predictors of menstrual cycle disorders in female athletes who compete in running disciplines. This is a prospective observational study. Women were recruited between January and May 2022. Fifty-three patients were enrolled and completed a questionnaire about menstrual cycle, physical activity, and food habit characteristics. Of the women in our population, 39.6% had menstrual irregularities and reported a significantly higher number of kilometers run per week (67 vs. 35, p:0.02). The number of kilometers run per week was associated with menstrual irregularities (for 10 km, OR 1.35; IC95% 1.05-1.73; p: 0.02) after adjusting for BMI, age, level of sport and caloric intake. The variable of "km run per week" appeared as a diagnostic indicator of irregular menstrual cycle with statistical significance (AUC ROC curve 0.71, IC95% 0.54-0.86, p-value=0.01) and the cut-off of 65 km run per week is a good indicator of the presence of irregular menstrual cycle (sensitivity (SE) and specificity (SP) of 55% and 81.48%). Menstrual cycle disorders are very frequent in female athletes, and the variable of km run per week may play a role in screening endurance athletes at high risk for these disorders.

Possibilities of treatment of stress-induced disorders of the menstrual cycle with phytotherapy

A woman’s reproductive system is one of the sensitive indicators of the female health. Its disorders indicate the development of any pathological process in the organism, which is often manifested by changes in specific functions. The impact of constant stress during the war on women who are in the frontline territories is becoming especially relevant today. In modern conditions, when psycho-emotional stress is a part of daily existence, it leads to the formation of pathologies that reduce the quality of life and fertility of a woman.The objective: to study the impact of stress on the female organism and the formation of stress-induced disorders of the menstrual cycle and to analyze the effect of phytotherapy in the complex treatment of such conditions in women.Materials and methods. 50 women of reproductive age (18–45 years old) with various forms of stress-induced menstrual cycle disorders, which developed during their stay in the front-line territories, were under observed. The patients were diagnosed with the following disorders of the menstrual cycle: absent of menstruation, light and infrequent menstruation, heavy, frequrnt and irregular menstrustions, pain and other contitions related to female sexual organs and menstrual cycle.All patients had clinical and laboratory, hormonal and instrumental examinations to determine the form of menstrual cycle disorder. Together with the basic therapy of the specified pathologies, all patients were prescribed a dietary supplement, which included a mixture of plant powder extracts: Vitex agnus-castus – 43,87 mg, Angelica sinensis – 43,87 mg, Filipendula vulgaris – 43,87 mg, Petroselinum crispum – 18,06 mg, Apium graveolens – 18,06 mg, Galium verum – 16,13 mg, Calendula officinalis – 16,13 mg, for 3 months, 2 capsules 2 times a day with with the aim of achieving hormone-correcting, sedative, analgesic, diuretic effects. Control clinical-hormonal and instrumental studies were conducted after 3 months.Results. During the study reduction of complaints was observeed (emotional lability – by 68%, periodic headache – by 36%, sleep disturbances – by 48%, anxiety – by 50%, fatigue – by 60%), as well as the normalization of the hormonal level – a decrease of prolactin concentration in 2 times, cortisol and follicle-stimulating hormone – 1.5 times, luteinizing hormone – 1.7 times, estradiol – 1.3 times, and an increase of progesterone level – in 7 times.A decrease or disappearance of clinical symptoms the menstrual cycle disorders, namely, a normalization of the frequency, duration and regularity of the menstrual cycle, a decrease in the amount of blood loss and manifestations of dysmenorrhea were determined.Conclusions. Phytotherapy, the composition of which contains a preparation with a blend of plant powder extracts: Vitex agnus-castus– 43,87 mg, Angelica sinensis – 43,87 mg, Filipendula vulgaris – 43,87 mg, Petroselinum crispum – 18,06 mg, Apium graveolens – 18,06 mg, Galium verum – 16,13 mg, Calendula officinalis – 16,13 mg, is effective in complex treatment of various forms of stress-induced menstrual cycle disorders.

Obesity and abnormal uterine bleeding in adolescent girls: is there a relationship?

Introduction. Obesity is a non-communicable pandemic and a major problem worldwide. As the prevalence of childhood obesity increases, there is growing evidence of an association between obesity and risk factors for menstrual disorders.Aim. To study the role of obesity treatment in shaping menstrual disorders in adolescent girls.Materials and methods. Group: with obesity and menstrual cycle disorders. Group 2: obese and regular menstrual cycle. An assessment of anthropometric data, collection of hereditary history, life history, and analysis of data from menstrual cycle diaries were carried out. All girls were given recommendations aimed at reducing body weight, and after 12 months, weight dynamics and the nature of the menstrual cycle were assessed.Results. An increase in body weight for every 1 kilogram added over 12 months significantly increases the risk of menstrual cycle disorders: the odds ratio is 1.45 (95% CI: 1.11–1.88), p = 0.005. An increase in body mass index by 1 unit over 12 months significantly increases the risk of menstrual cycle disorders: the odds ratio is 1.70 (95% CI: 1.28–2.24), p = 0.001, similarly decreasing with a corresponding decrease in body mass index.Discussion. The risk of menstrual cycle disorders is associated with a dynamic change in body weight: with an increase in body weight during the year, the chances of menstrual cycle disorders for every 1 kg added increase by 1.45 times, decreasing by the same number of times with a corresponding decrease in weight. With an increase in body mass index for each added unit per year, the chances of menstrual cycle disorders increase by 1.7 times, decreasing by the same number of times with a corresponding decrease in body mass index.Conclusions. Dynamic changes in body weight can have both a positive and a negative effect on the prognosis of menstrual cycle disorders, which determines the great importance of therapeutic efforts aimed at reducing body weight.

Use of Vitex agnus-castus in patients with menstrual cycle disorders: a single-center retrospective longitudinal cohort study

PurposeTo evaluate clinical characteristics, quality of life (QoL) and effectiveness in patients with menstrual cycle disorders (MCDs) including abnormal uterine bleeding, dysmenorrhea and mastodynia/mastalgia related to premenstrual syndrome taking the Vitex agnus-castus (VAC) products Cyclodynon® or Mastodynon® in a real-world setting.MethodsA single-center retrospective longitudinal cohort study (3 ± 1 months), using data obtained from healthcare data archive and telephone interviews. The main study variables were changes in bleeding, menstrual pain, breast tenderness and patients’ QoL.ResultsData from 1700 women with a mean age of 30.2 years (± 6.3) were analyzed. The most common MCDs were dysmenorrhea (43.8%) and mastodynia/mastalgia (21.1%). Three-month treatment with VAC extract substantially decreased the percentage of patients with irregular cycle (from 9.1% to 0.1%) and breast tenderness (from 39.9% to 0.8%). Improvement in bleeding intensity, frequency and menstrual pain was experienced by 83.4%, 79.2%, and 85.2% of the patients, respectively. When analyzed by disease category, these parameters improved in almost all dysmenorrhea patients, while they improved to a lesser extent in mastodynia/mastalgia patients. QoL improved in all aspects, but was reported by a higher proportion of dysmenorrhea patients compared to mastodynia/mastalgia patients. Treatment was overall well tolerated with a favorable safety profile.ConclusionThese real-world data demonstrate the effectiveness of the VAC-containing products Cyclodynon® and Mastodynon® in the three-month treatment of MCDs, with a pronounced improvement in key disease symptoms and QoL. Intriguingly, while QoL was generally greatly improved, the response to VAC therapy varied depending on the type of underlying MCD.

Bacterial Vaginosis (BV) and Vaginal Microbiome Disorders in Women Suffering from Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS).

Introduction: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a multifactorial, heterogeneous endocrine and metabolic disorder in women. Due to its association with the menstrual cycle and fertility disorders, the importance of this problem is emphasized especially in patients of reproductive age. Based on a number of analyses, the effect of PCOS on altering the diversity of the microbiome (e.g., intestinal or vaginal) is suggested. Vaginal dysbiosis can result in BV (bacterial vaginosis). The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of BV in patients with PCOS, as well as to determine the most reliable diagnostic factors. Material and Methods: Retrospective analysis of microbiological findings (2018-2022) of PCOS patients (n = 594) of reproductive age. The present analysis focused on the results of patients with PCOS (n = 380) and vaginal discharge with pH ≥ 4.4 and suspected BV. Biological material was a vaginal swab/vaginal secretion. The most commonly used routine methods for assessing BV were the Amsel analysis and the Nugent scoring system. Results: Patients with PCOS and vaginal fluid pH ≥ 4.4 and suspected BV (n = 380) accounted for 64% of all PCOS patients (n = 594). The relationship between pH and detection of "clue cells" showed significant dependency and increased with leukocytes. The pH measurement also showed dependency on high G. vaginalis counts. In addition, the elimination of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in vaginal secretions was associated with an increase in the number of leukocytes with increasing pH values. A marked increase in G. vaginalis was found in more than half (56.8%) of PCOS women (n = 380) with suspected BV. No dependency was observed between the absence of LAB and the diagnosis of BV on a positive G. vaginalis culture. Of the n = 380 patients with PCOS, 191 (50%) had a Nugent score ≥ 7 positive for BV. No dependency was observed between the number of patients with Candida sp. in vaginal secretions and pH, BV (with clue cells), or elevated leukocyte levels. The LRM was adjusted and the statistical model represented by the following formula was obtained: log(p/(1 - p)) = -1.18 + 1.24 × Group4.6 + 1.08 × Group4.8 + 1.66 × Group5.4. Conclusions: Based on the present analysis, BV appears to be more common in patients with PCOS than in the non-PCOS population. Chronic inflammation in PCOS patients and abnormalities in the vaginal microbiome may predispose to the development of BV. In women with PCOS, BV may be one of the unrecognized causes of infertility or complications of pregnancy. Despite the potential link between PCOS and the development of BV, the extent to which this syndrome contributes to vaginal dysbiosis and reproductive complications requires further study.

The Menstrual Cycle: A Superpower

The menstrual cycle is more than just a period—it is a series of events that lasts the whole month. Across the menstrual cycle, sex hormones coordinate changes throughout the body, preparing it for a potential pregnancy. Like body temperature or pulse rate, the menstrual cycle is one measurement of the body’s basic functioning. When the cycle is not functioning as it should be, that might signal that something is wrong. There are several common disorders that cause irregular menstrual cycles. Although they are common, scientists, and doctors still do not know that much about them. We need more research to understand what causes menstrual cycle disorders and how to cure them. In this article, you will learn about hormones, the menstrual cycle, what happens when the menstrual cycle does not function as planned, and how we can learn more about the fascinating female body.

Effectiveness, Tolerability and Safety of a Compound Based on D-chiro-inositol + Myo-inositol, Melatonin, Folic Acid, and Vitamin D in Patients with Menstrual Cycle Disorders

Effectiveness, Tolerability and Safety of a Compound Based on D-chiro-inositol + Myo-inositol, Melatonin, Folic Acid, and Vitamin D in Patients with Menstrual Cycle Disorders

Correlation between physical activity and menstrual cycle disorders: A literature review

One of physiology elements of female’s reproduction is menstruation. It is an important consideration for optimizing the performance and maintaining the health of females. The menstrual cycle can be said normal if the interval between 21-35 days. Physical activity is said as one of the several factors that cause menstrual cycle disorders. Therefore, this literature review study aims to determine the correlation between physical activity and irregular menstrual cycle based on secondary data or previous research journal articles. The articles collected for this literature review according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The search engine used was PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, Medline, Embase, and the Cochrane Library. The result of the literature review showed 10 journals. Eight articles stated there were significant relation between physical activity and the menstrual cycle disorder, however 2 articles presented no significant between them. The conclusion of this study is physical activity can have correlation with the menstrual cycle disorders. The different result can be found according to the level of the physical activity and the level of the reproduction endocrine, which all those needs further investigation.

THE RELATIONSHIP OF VITAMIN D TOPOLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME (PCOS) TEENAGERS AT KOTO TANGAH PADANG DISTRICT HIGH SCHOOL IN 2022

PCOS is characterized by increased ovarian and adrenal androgen secretion,hyperandrogenic symptoms such as hirsutism, acne and/or alopecia, menstrual irregularities,and polycystic ovaries. The prevalence of PCOS in 2016 was 6−21% of reproductive ageworldwide. PCOS is the most common female endocrine disorder with a prevalence of around4-6% in women of reproductive age in Indonesia. Vitamin D deficiency can increase PCOSsymptoms. The research design was cross-sectional. The study was conducted at SMA N 7,SMA N 8 and SMA N 13 Padang in Koto Tangah District in May-August 2022. The researchsample was high school students who experienced menstrual cycle disorders and were willingto agree to informed consent for the study with a sample size of 59 respondents. Vitamin Dlevels were examined using the 25-Hydroxyvitamin D ELISA Kit. Data were analyzed by chi-square test. The results showed that 86.4% of respondents experienced vitamin D deficiency.Statistically there was a relationship between PCOS in adolescents accompanied byhyperandrogens and vitamin D levels, there was a relationship between PCOS in adolescentsaccompanied by obesity and vitamin D levels, there was no relationship between PCOS inadolescents accompanied by acanthosis nigrican and vitamin D levels, and there was norelationship between PCOS in adolescents accompanied by hyperandrogens, obesity andacanthosis nigrican with vitamin D levels in SMA Koto Tangah District Padang in 2022. Theconclusion of this study is that there is a relationship between PCOS in adolescentsaccompanied by hyperandrogens and vitamin D levels and there is a relationship betweenPCOS in adolescents accompanied by obesity and vitamin D levels. .

Low Body Fat Percentage and Menstrual Cycle Disorders in Female Elite Adolescent Dancers.

Introduction: The menstrual cycle is an important indicator of health in female athletes. Female elite adolescent dancers are expected to control their weight while also training intensely, which can lead to menstrual disorders. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between body composition and menstrual status in female elite adolescent dancers. Methods: In total, 131 female elite adolescent dancers (age: 15.9 ± 1.5 years) were enrolled in this study. We measured the height, weight, and body fat percentage (BFP) for each participant and calculated their body mass index (BMI). We gathered information on individual menstruation patterns and the participants' menstrual cycles over the previous year using recall methods. We then compared the differences between dancers with menstrual cycle disorders and those without. Primary amenorrhea was defined as menarche occurring after the age of 15, while secondary amenorrhe was defined as experiencing fewer than 5 or no menstrual periods for at least 3 of the previous 12 months. We conducted a reliability test using the same questionnaire 2 weeks later. Statistical significance was defined as P < .05, and we calculated the effect sizes (d) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Results: The average BMI and BFP were 22.6 ± 3.0% and 19.4 ± 2.2 kg/m2, respectively. Low BFP and low BMI were observed in 51 (38.6%) and 47 (35.6%) participants, respectively. Primary amenorrhea in 3 participants (2.3%) and 29 (22.1%) reported experiencing secondary amenorrhea; they had lower BFP than the dancers who did not experience amenorrhea (P = .041, 95% CI, -2.51 to -0.05). Conclusion: Female elite adolescent dancers in China may have lower BFP and menstrual problems. Given that lower BFP may contribute to the occurrence of menstruation disorders, it is essential to pay an attention to both BFP and the menstruation status in female elite adolescent dancers.

Prevalence of Menstrual Cycle Disorders in Injectable Contraceptive Acceptors: Study at Mulya Mekar Health Center, Purwakarta Regency, Indonesia

Injection contraception is a hormonal contraceptive method that is widely used by women in Indonesia. This method has the advantages of high effectiveness and ease of use. However, contraceptive injections can also cause side effects, one of which is menstrual cycle disorders. This study aims to determine the prevalence of injection contraceptive acceptors on the menstrual cycle at the Mulya Mekar Health Center, Purwakarta Regency, Indonesia. This research uses a descriptive observational research design with accidental sampling. The research sample was 50 contraceptive injection acceptors aged 15-49 years. Data was collected using a questionnaire. The research results show that the prevalence of injection contraceptive acceptors who experience menstrual cycle disorders is 60%. The most frequently experienced menstrual cycle disorders are longer menstrual cycles (26%), followed by shorter menstrual cycles (24%), and irregular menstrual cycles (10%). This study concludes that the prevalence of menstrual cycle disorders in recipients of contraceptive injections is quite high. Therefore, it is important for acceptors to know the risks and benefits of this contraceptive method.

Obesity and menstrual disorders in adolescent girls -is there a relationship?

The development of menstrual cycle disorders (MCD) in adolescent girls is often combined with obesity, therefore, it seems relevant to study the effect of pathological body weight gain on pubertal development. The purpose of the study. To study the association of obesity and menstrual disorders in adolescent girls. Materials and methods. Group 1 (40 people): obese and MCD, group 2 (40 people): with obesity without MCD. Laboratory tests: assessment of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, calculation of the HOMA index; blood plasma levels of kisspeptin, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine, total testosterone, prolactin, free androgen index (ISA), anti-muller hormone (AMH), 17-0H Progesterone(17-OHP), lutenizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), estradiol (Е2). The obtained data were analyzed by constructing a mathematical model of the pathogenetic mechanisms associated with MCD in obese adolescent girls. Results. There were no differences in the degree of obesity in the groups: SDS BMI (Me1=2.9; Me2=2.94, p=0.459). In group 1, significantly more often: impaired glucose tolerance (1 g.=15%; 2 g.=2.5%, p=0.048) (NTU), hypertriglyceridemia (1 g.=37.5%; 2 g.=15%, p=0.048). Significantly higher in the group with MCD: levels of LH (Me1=8.85 mIU/ml; Me2=6.70 mIU/ml, p=0.022), kisspeptin (Me1=55.4 pg/ml; Me2=38.3 pg/ml, p=0.001), total testosterone (Me1=1.90 nmol/l; Me2=1.25 nmol/l, p=0.026), ISA (Me1=14.5; Me2=8.65, p=0.027), AMG (Me1=6.61 ng/ml; Me2=24.26 ng /ml, p=0.014), with a significantly lower level of Е2 (Me1=33.5 pg/ml; Me2=5.0 pg/ml, p=0.012). Conclusions. 1. Adolescent girls with obesity and MCD are significantly more likely to have NTU and hypertriglyceridemia compared with girls with similar severity of obesity without MCD; 2. When obesity and MCD are combined, significantly higher levels of kisspeptin, LH, AMH, total testosterone, ISA are noted; 3. Among the pathogenetic mechanisms associated with MCD, hormonal and matabolic independent associations have been established, the effect of which is independent; hormonal: kisspeptin - LH - testosterone, and metabolic: BMI - insulin and BMI - leptin.

Could polyphenols be an effective treatment in the management of polycystic ovary syndrome?

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), is a health problem observed in women of reproductive age. Different diets, physical activity recommendations and lifestyle changes can be effective in dealing with the symptoms of PCOS. Nutrition is indeed an essential part of the treatment of the disease as it directly affects body weight loss, insulin resistance, lipid profile, hormones, and dermatological complaints such as acne. Polyphenols, simply classified as flavonoids and non-flavonoids, are bioactive components found in plant-based foods. The most common polyphenols in the diet are flavanols, flavonols, flavanone, anthocyanins. In particular, polyphenols which are compounds naturally found in foods, have antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antimutagenic benefits along with many other ones. In the treatment of PCOS, polyphenols may help reduce the symptoms, improve insulin resistance and poor lipid profile, and cure hormonal disorders. It has been reported that polyphenols are influential in menstrual cycle disorders and enable a decrease in body weight, hyperandrogenism, estrogen, testosterone, luteinizing hormone (LH)/follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) ratios and LH. For adequate daily intake of polyphenols, which are found in high amounts in fruits and vegetables, at least 5 portions of fruits and vegetables should be consumed in addition to a healthy nutrition pattern. In this review, the effects of various polyphenols on polycystic ovary syndrome are discussed.

Magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of functional changes of the brain in menstrual disorders: a review

INTRODUCTION: Currently, the most common variant of the reproductive system disorders, in particular menstrual cycle disorders, in adolescent girls is oligomenorrhea. In situations after a complete diagnostic screening no organic and endocrine pathology of the reproductive system is detected in this group of patients, it is possible to conduct functional MRI as a method of identifying cause-and-effect relationships and clarifying the pathogenesis of menstrual disorders.OBJECTIVE: To analyze the available foreign and domestic literature to determine the role of magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of functional brain changes in menstrual disorders in adolescent girls.MATERIALS AND METHODS: A search was conducted for scientific publications in the information and analytical systems PubMed and Google Scholar for 2013–2023 by keywords: «resting-state functional MRI» («functional resting MRI»), «oligomenorrhhea» («oligomenorrhea»), «adolescent girls» («teenage girls»), «reproductive system functional disorders» («functional disorders of the reproductive system»), «magnetic resonance imaging» («magnetic resonance imaging»), «diagnostic radiology» («radiation diagnostics»). 46 publications related to the diagnosis of functional brain changes in menstrual disorders in the form of resting state fMRI were analyzed.RESULTS: Resting state fMRI allows us to assess the basic brain activity in the absence of certain sensory or cognitive stimuli and visualize working networks that include various parts of the brain demonstrating synchronous changes in the BOLD-signal at rest. There are a number of patterns of changes in the BOLD-signal that can be observed in various phases of the menstrual cycle, as well as under the influence of stress factors, which makes it possible to visualize the morphological substrate of oligomenorrhea that occurs against the background of the absence of organic and endocrine pathology of the reproductive system in adolescent girls. Currently, there is little data in the scientific literature on the use of functional resting MRI in this cohort of patients, however, this method can have a significant impact on the formation of an individual plan for the correction of reproductive disorders in adolescence, and therefore requires further study.CONCLUSION: The use of fMRI can open up new possibilities in the diagnosis of functional brain disorders in girls with «unexplained» oligomenorrhea.

Serum magnesium in women with a history of adverse pregnancy outcomes

Aim. To study of serum magnesium in women with a history of adverse pregnancy outcomes.Materials and Methods. 74 women of child-bearing age, subject to voluntary informed consent, participated in a prospective cohort study. The main group (n = 31) included non-pregnant women who had a history of unfavorable gestation outcomes: premature birth, spontaneous miscarriage, habitual miscarriage, undeveloped pregnancy. The comparison group (n = 43) consisted of non-pregnant women with a history of two or more urgent deliveries. In all women, in preparation for pregnancy, the content of serum magnesium was determined by colorimetric method with xylidine blue.Results. 77.6% of women with a burdened obstetric history of miscarriage (the main group) had various menstrual cycle disorders (FIGO, 2018). When analyzing the levels of magnesium in the blood serum of the examined women, it turned out that the obtained indicators in women of both groups corresponded to the established reference range of normal values of serum magnesium levels. At the same time, in the women of the main group, the average magnesium content in the blood serum was significantly lower and was closer to the lower limit of the range of normal values, and in the comparison group – in the middle of the range of normal values: 0.719 (0.672-0.767) mmol/l and 0.844 (0.778-0.922) mmol/l, respectively, p&lt;0.001.The optimal threshold value of the serum magnesium index in the study was 0.796 mmol/l with the sensitivity and specificity of the proposed prognostic model of 80.6% and 81.4%, respectively.Conclusion. Determination of the level of magnesium in the blood serum of women at the stage of pre-pregnancy counseling is of particular importance. Despite the fact that all the examined women had serum magnesium levels within the range of its normal values, significantly lower serum magnesium levels were found in women with adverse pregnancy outcomes in the anamnesis, which necessitates prescribing magnesium-containing medications to such patients at the stage of pregnancy planning. For the prevention of miscarriage within the framework of preconception preparation with serum magnesium values ≤0.796 mmol/l, the intake of organic magnesium salts is recommended.