Men's Sports Research Articles

How Gender Biases Blurred. An Experiment with High-Skilled Soccer Players

Whether one looks at revenue, public and private investment, or media coverage; men's sports consistently do better than women's sports. Many people argue that these differences are driven by absolute differences in the quality of athletes in men's and women's sports. We begin by noting that absolute differences in athletic skill often do not drive demand in sports. We then move on to our primary research question: Can people truly see differences in men and women athletes? To answer this question, we use videos of professional women’s and men’s soccer. In some videos the gender of the athletes was clear to see. In other videos, though, the gender of the athletes was blurred. We find that participants only rate men’s soccer videos higher when the gender of the players is visible. These findings reveal a bias in the evaluation of men’s and women’s soccer relevant for many other fields. Our results demonstrate that factors other than performance, e.g., social beliefs and stereotypes, have an important influence on how individuals evaluate women in sports.

A survey study on sports injury by age for male athletes in combat sports

Background: Sports injury is critical for elite athletes, especially those in combat sports, which have high injury risk as the athletes attack their opponents' bodies to win. The purpose of this study was to examine the injury frequency according to the injured area and injury rate on two occasions (training and competitions) by age and sports in male combat athletes. Methods: The subjects in this study comprised 1,263 athletes who were registered as athletes in middle school, high school, university, and professional levels in men's combat sports (boxing, fencing, judo, taekwondo, and wrestling) at the Korean Sports and Olympic Committee. An online-based survey was conducted. We carried out a frequency analysis using the R statistics program, and calculated a 95% confidence interval. Results: The highest injury experience rates were in boxing (59.3%) and taekwondo (72.7%) for professional level, in judo (60.5%) and wrestling (57.7%) for university level, and in fencing (54.8%) for high school level. The results of the analysis showed that injury occurred least frequently in the following body parts: the head in fencing (19.1%) and judo (18.0%), torso in taekwondo (14.1%) and wrestling (18.1%), and lower extremities in boxing (13.7%). The most frequently injured body parts werethelowerextremitiesinfencing(33.1%)andtaekwondo(38.9%), upperextremitiesinjudo(30.5%)andwrestling(31.9%), and head in boxing (37.4%). The injury incidence rates during competitions, by age, were 0.03, 0.11, 0.14, and 0.14 for the middle school, high school, university, and professional levels, respectively. The injury incidence rates during competitions, by sports, were 0.06, 0.07, 0.14, 0.15, and 0.16 in judo, wrestling, taekwondo, boxing, and fencing, respectively. The injury incidence rates during training, by age, were 1.33, 1.46, 1.71, and 1.75 for the middle school, high school, university, and professional levels, respectively. The injury incidence rates during training, by sports, were 1.25, 1.36, 1.57, 1.79, and 1.86 in judo, wrestling, fencing, taekwondo, and boxing, respectively. The overall analysis of injury incidence rate is 0.10 during competitions, and 1.52 during training, irrespective of age and sports type. Conclusion: The area of injury and proportion vary according to the type of sports. However, in accordance with the definition of time loss, the injury incidence rate during training was tenfold compared to the IR during competitions, and the injury incidence rate in striking sports was higher than in grappling sports during both training and competitions.

ПСИХОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ АНАЛИЗ ПРОБЛЕМ ГЕНДЕРА В СПОРТЕ

In this article, we will review the history of women's sports, and also, based on the available research of the authors, we will conduct a theoretical analysis of the influence of gender on sports achievements. Let's touch on such a concept as sexual dimorphism and consider its impact on sports achievements. Women's sports in our time is independent and quite developed, has equal rights and scope, as well as men's sports. However, the scientific community does not proportionately study men and women who play sports. Modern scientists who advocate for women's rights in sports attribute this to social stereotypes and a small percentage of articles written by women about women. Lack of knowledge of issues related to the female body, in turn, can adversely affect the psychophysiology of athletes, as well as the development of women's sports in general. This highlights the relevance, practical and scientific significance of in-depth study of these issues.

More than myalgia: An unusual presentation of exertional rhabdomyolysis

Exertional or exercise-induced rhabdomyolysis (ER) is a condition in which excessive and unaccustomed physical activity results in skeletal muscle damage. The ER is a relatively uncommon condition but can have very serious consequences such as acute renal failure, severe electrolyte abnormalities, acid base disturbances and death if not recognised and managed appropriately. The risk factors for rhabdomyolysis exist in our local setting, hence, it is paramount that healthcare practitioners (GPs) in our settings be made aware of ER, its prevention and symptoms. Cases of ER are often reported in sports men or women. Here, we report a case of a 33-year-old healthy female, with clinical and serological presentation, which is typical of ER following the commencement of a regimen of exercise to lose weight.

Unbiased Decisions Among Women's Basketball Referees.

Decisions often reflect implicit biases. Ethnic, racial, and gender traits are associated with stereotypes that may influence the decision-making process. Previous research shows that referees’ decisions in men’s professional sports are often biased in favor of racial and nationalistic in-groups. This study examined if similar biases exist in women’s professional sports. Additionally, this study analyzed the potential influence of the gender composition of referee teams on rapid decisions. We gathered data on referee foul calls in women’s professional basketball in Spain, 2014–2019 and defined important decisions (fifth fouls) and stressful situations (one-possession matches). The main finding is that out-groups based on racial (i.e., Black players) and nationalistic (i.e., foreign players) criteria did not differ in number of foul calls received. In stressful situations, foreign players actually received fewer fouls than Spanish players. Similarly, there was no evidence of bias due to the gender composition of referee teams: foul calls did not differ between all-male and mixed teams. Implications for race and nationality as dynamic social constructs within ethnocentric and social identity theories are discussed.

Women executives and off‐the‐job misconduct by high‐profile employees: A study of National Football League team organizations

SummaryThe risk of off‐the‐job misconduct by high‐profile employees is a serious concern of top management in professional sport organizations, media and entertainment companies, and public‐facing entities in the government and education sectors. Yet there is little research on how to prevent or mitigate this form of misconduct in organizations. Utilizing upper echelons theory and the literature on demographic composition, we examine the relationship between the gender composition of executives of team organizations in a men's professional sport league and subsequent misconduct by players on those teams. Specifically, we employed multilevel and logistic regression analyses to unique data on U.S. National Football League team organizations, and we found that firms with a critical mass of women executives experienced fewer player arrests. No support was found for executive power as a moderator of this relationship. We discuss the implications of our findings for the demographic composition literature. We also offer guidance for preventing and managing off‐the‐job misconduct by high‐profile employees.

Somatotype Pemain Bola Voli Indoor Putra Pekan Olahraga Mahasiswa Nasional Kontingen Sumatera Barat

This study aims to determine the somatotype of indoor men's volleyball players national sports week contingent of West Sumatra in 2019. The measuring instrument used in this study uses a scale to measure weight, a meter to measure height, skinfold caliper to measure fat thickness, calipers to measure the width of bones and lila bands to measure the circumference of the arms and calves. This research is descriptive research. The method used is a survey method with data collection techniques using anthropometric tests and measurements. The population in this study were 14 male indoor volleyball players. the data analysis technique used descriptive percentage analysis. The results of this study show that male indoor volleyball somatotype players have 7 players somatotype or body type mesomorph ectomorph or 50%, mesomorphic ectomorph body type as many as 5 players or 36%, balanced ectomorph body type as much as 1 player or 7%, and body type ectomorph as many as 5 players Endomorphic ectomorph body as much as 1 player or 7%. In conclusion, the indoor men's volleyball player at the National Student Sports Week is already suitable for volleyball.
 Keywords: Somatotype, Volleyball, POMNAS

Young men in sports are at highest risk of acromioclavicular joint injuries: a prospective cohort study

PurposeTo study the incidence of acromioclavicular joint injuries in a general population.MethodsAll acute shoulder injuries admitted to an orthopaedic emergency department were registered prospectively, using electronic patient records and a patient-reported questionnaire. The regional area was the city of Oslo with 632,990 inhabitants. Patients with symptoms from the acromioclavicular joint without fracture were registered as a dislocation (type II–VI) if the radiologist described widening of the joint space or coracoclavicular distance on standard anteroposterior radiographs. Patients without such findings were diagnosed as sprains (type I).ResultsAcromioclavicular joint injuries constituted 11% of all shoulder injuries (287 of 2650). The incidence was 45 per 105 person-years (95% confidence interval [CI] 40–51). 196 (68%) were diagnosed as sprains and 91 (32%) as dislocations. Median age of all acromioclavicular joint injuries was 32 years (interquartile range 24–44), and 82% were men. Thirty percent of all acromioclavicular joint injuries were registered in men in their twenties. Sports injuries accounted for 53%, compared to 27% in other shoulder injuries [OR 3.1 (95% CI 2.4–4.0; p < 0.001)]. The most common sports associated with acromioclavicular joint injuries were football (24%), cycling (16%), martial arts (11%), alpine skiing and snowboarding (both 9%), and ice hockey (6%).ConclusionOur study suggests that in the general population, one in ten shoulder injuries involves the acromioclavicular joint and young men in sports are at highest risk. A prognostic level II cohort study.

Perception of Stakeholders on Factors Responsible for Sports Facilities Defects in Selected Universities in South Western Nigeria

The study assessed the perceptions of stakeholders on factors causing sports facilities defects in selected universities established between 1957 and 1962 in South-West Nigeria by examining the strength of the identified factors responsible for sports facilities’ defects in the selected universities. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire which was administered on sports men and women and maintenance personnel. The study incorporated all the fifteen sports featured at the Nigeria University Games Association (NUGA) competitions. Three federal universities were purposively selected because these have facilities for all the fifteen sports and have hosted national and international sporting events. Data obtained were analysed using frequency distribution, percentages, mean response analysis and factor analysis. Using the mean response analysis, the result showed that the most severe factors responsible for sports facilities’ defects were design deficiencies (3.67), intensity of use (3.53), level of exposure to climatic condition (3.41), inadequate maintenance funding (3.19), vandalism (3.18), moisture (3.17) and inadequate cash flow analysis (3.16). The study recommends that users of the facilities should be carried along at the designs stage to minimize design errors and also adequate fund should be provided to maintenance unit to guarantee adequate maintenance of sports facilities for optimal performance.

Hockey: A Global History by Stephen Hardy and Andrew C. Holman

Reviewed by: Hockey: A Global History by Stephen Hardy and Andrew C. Holman J. Andrew Ross Hardy, Stephen, and Andrew C. Holman – Hockey: A Global History. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2018. Pp. 582. While most scholars agree that the modern sport of ice hockey was born in Montreal in or about 1875, Stephen Hardy and Andrew Holman, the authors of Hockey: A Global History, point out that the story is not so simple: the sport had antecedents, so Montreal should more accurately be seen as the place of "the game's re-invention" (p. 36). The city had a vibrant bourgeois club culture and institutions such as the Montreal Amateur Athletic Association (MAAA) and the Victoria Skating Rink, where early progenitors such as James Aylwin Creighton, an engineer from Halifax, adapted rugby, field hockey, and lacrosse rules to a pre-existing informal stick-and-ice game and made it popular. For the authors, the publication of a set of rules and the formation of a McGill University hockey club in 1877 marks the birth of what became known as the "Montreal Game," and subsequent commercialization drove the sport's rapid development, building on tournaments at regional events such as the Montreal Carnivals of the 1880s to the Stanley Cup competitions of the 1890s. Hardy and Holman frame the overall history of hockey as an oscillation between convergence and divergence over time and geography, with "contingency, individual interest, and luck" (p. 65) being crucial variables, especially before 1920. They identify four vectors of development: without the social groups of the "middle classes" aspiring to manly pursuits, without rail links to join their activities, and without indoor rinks to host them, hockey might not have flourished. And without the hockey evangelists who spread the gospel of the Montreal Game, hockey would not have become a global game. [End Page 694] By the First World War, the game was poised for growth, with a focus on speed, skill, "star" players, and not a little on-ice savagery, along with accompanying innovations in technology (equipment and ice), organization (the corporate form), and marketing (the press). One of the highlights of the book is a rare analysis of playing styles, which in this era featured experimentation with on-ice strategies and tactics, such as positional alignments and combination plays. The authors perhaps miss an opportunity here to link the on-ice specialization to larger trends in industrial process evolution (Taylorism, for example). They do, however, highlight the strangest aspect of hockey—its normalization of workplace violence. Indeed, the authors argue that "mayhem" was an essential element of commercial hockey, one that, when added to individual skill and combination play, produced "a trinity of appeal" (p. 147) for spectators. The authors explain how the dominant form of hockey, which came to full flower in the 1920s in the form of the "major-league" NHL, primarily reflected white male social and economic power, but they also devote substantial space throughout the book to consider the class, language, race, and gender implications of the sport, and in particular the ways in which various groups expressed their own versions of the game. First, commercialization quickly brought proletarianization of hockey, as winning demanded recruitment outside the preferred bourgeois classes, who would rarely relinquish their day jobs for the itinerance of a hockey career. Francophones in Montreal also broke through, establishing their own clubs and a foothold in the NHL, supported by the consumer preferences of the large francophone market. Others were less fortunate. A player of First Nations descent, minor-pro player Bud Maracle (Haudenosaunee), had a difficult time breaking out of the category of racial novelty, as did whole clubs like the St. Catharines Orioles, which played only briefly in the Ontario Hockey Association. Women also had a hard slog. Although they had been participants from the beginning, and women's and girls' teams and leagues had a local and regional presence—and their own stars—the cultural equation of the game as a man's sport "cast a long shadow" over the women's game (p. 158) and limited its growth. (It continues today.) The book shines in providing the global perspective. When Canada features...

SPORTS CULTURE AS A MEANS OF IMPROVING THE INTEGRITY OF SPORTS PERSONALITY: PHILOSOPHICAL-CULTURAL AND ANTHROPOLOGICAL ANALYSIS

The article presents an analysis of cultural personality development in sports foundations, which hardens a person both physically and spiritually; it is substantiated that in philosophical and anthropological analysis sport context of acts as an appropriation process of immanent human forces; it is proved that anthropological examination of the sports world is the completion of the objectification process, ie acts as a self-reflection kind of man, aimed at the integrity formation; sexual dimorphism issue, whichis the basis of socio-cultural (gender) differences in men's and women's sports, has been clarified. It is proved that sports culture is an physical and spiritual expression values of a sports personality; expression of the generic essence of sports personality competitiveness. Directions for sports culture development in modern society have been developed.

RETRACTED ARTICLE: ArticleNoteResearch on physical education system model using multimedia technology

At present scenario technology advancement in physical education is not encouraged due to conventional method of education as prevailed as common perspective in teaching. There is a huge scientific gap occur between physical education teachers and students due to traditional conceptual theoretical mode of daily practice. This article mainly focused to provide various tools and practice which has been used to improve present physical education system through technology enhanced innovative scientific approach using integrated multimedia technology in Information and Communication Technology (ICT). In the recent past deficiency in significant nutrients leads to deterioration of organs which creates various health problems, particularly for the sports men/ women which has not been identified by teachers through their traditional way of handling students. Due to the importance of physical education system, children and adolescents physical activities should be continuously monitored for eliminating difficulties in their life using smart multimedia environment system. As physical education teachers are unaware about the various multimedia technologies and its significance in physical education system, this article provides suitable knowledge about the technological advancement in physical education system which helps to learn and apply in to their teaching system. Experimental analysis has been taken on various sports person datasets based on the usage of multimedia technology and its improvement in monitoring sports person has discussed significantly in this research.

Epidemiology of Shoulder Instability Injuries in Collision Collegiate Sports From 2009 to 2014

To describe the types, mechanisms, and severity of shoulder instability injuries in collegiate collision athletes during the 2009-2010 through 2013-2014 academic years using the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program; to compare the injury incidence between men's collision sports and their women's non-collision counterparts, when possible; and to compare injury outcomes between Divisions I, II, and III. Data regarding men's football, wrestling, ice hockey, and lacrosse, as well as women's ice hockey and lacrosse, were obtained. Injuries requiring attention from a health care provider were reported. Incidence rates per 100,000 athlete-exposures (AEs) were calculated with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Analysis of variance was used to compare time loss (TL), and χ2 analysis was used to compare surgery rates between divisions. A total of 445 shoulder instability injuries occurred in 1,421,561 AEs from 2009-2010 to 2013-2014 (incidence rate, 31.30 injuries/100,000 AEs; 95% CI, 28.4-34.21 injuries/100,000 AEs). Subluxation accounted for 59.1% of injuries, with anterior subluxation (35.3%) being the most common injury. Dislocation resulted in the most TL per injury (17.58days). Mean TL for all injuries was 8.17days (standard deviation, 7.21days). When non-time-loss injuries were excluded from analysis, players experienced a mean TL of 18.34days (standard deviation, 8.44days). Divisions I (4.77days), II (20.52days), and III (11.23days) differed significantly in mean TL (P= .01). Of the injuries, 29.3% required surgery. The surgery rates for Divisions I (32.9%), II (38.1%), and III (19.4%) also differed significantly (P= .04). Men's ice hockey and lacrosse players sustained a 2.17-fold (95% CI, 1.04-4.50) higher incidence of shoulder instability than their female counterparts. Anterior subluxation and dislocation accounted for 52.1% of all shoulder instability injuries. Injured athletes missed 8days on average, and nearly 30% of injuries required surgery. Surgery rates and TL were significantly different between Divisions I, II, and III. Female athletes playing non-collision ice hockey and lacrosse experienced significantly lower shoulder instability rates than their male counterparts. Level III, retrospective cohort study.

Characterizing Craniomaxillofacial Injuries in American Professional Sports Leagues

The purpose of this study was to characterize the types of craniomaxillofacial (CMF) injuries that occur in professional sports leagues and the associated recovery times. A retrospective cohort study was designed and implemented using the Pro Sports Transaction Archive. The database was queried for all registered CMF injuries in the 4 main men's major professional sports leagues in the United States from 2013 to 2018. The sport, injury location, and season were the predictor variables, and the frequency and length of time on the injured list were the outcome variables. Descriptive statistics were computed, and Fisher's exact tests were used to determine the association between the predictor and outcome variables. Analysis of variance was used to compare the injury frequency and duration. Of the 198 injuries that met the inclusion criteria, 60 were from Major League Baseball (MLB) (30%), 49 from the National Basketball Association (25%), 8 from the National Football League (4%), and 81 from the National Hockey League (NHL) (41%). Injuries to the midface were most common (mean, 25.2±3.6 injuries per season; P<.001) compared with the upper face (mean, 6.0±2.0 injuries per season) and lower face (mean, 8.4±2.3 injuries per season). The mean time on the injured list after CMF trauma was 8.4±10.4days, with MLB injuries requiring the shortest duration (mean, 3.9±6.6days; P=.001). A significant association was found between the injury location and sport (P<.001). However, no statistically significant difference was found in the number of injuries per season from 2013 to 2018 for each league (P=.818). Midface trauma was significantly more common than upper or lower face trauma in professional sports leagues during the past 5 seasons. The NHL had the greatest injury rate, even after adjustment for games played.

Life Expectancy of White and Non-White Elite Heavyweight Boxers

BackgroundIn post-industrial countries, ethnic minorities suffer poorer health and premature deaths. The present study examined ethnic differences in life expectancy and related features among elite heavyweight boxers.MethodsDates of birth and death, anthropometry, and championship years were gathered from media archives for champions and challengers (never been a champion) between years 1889 and 2019. Cox regression adjusted for age at contest, nationality, BMI, champion/challenger status, and number of contests was used to assess survival.ResultsAll 237 boxers, 83 champions (37.3% whites) and 154 challengers (61.0% whites), who contested for heavyweight championships were identified. By 2019, 110 (75 whites, 34 non-whites) were known to have died. Non-white boxers died at an earlier age than whites boxers (mean ± SD = 59.8 ± 14.2 years versus 67.3 ± 16.4 years, p = 0.018) and had shorter survival: HR = 2.13 (95% CI = 1.4–3.3). Among non-white boxers, deaths were higher from neurological disorders: OR = 8.2 (95% CI = 1.3–13.5) and accidents: OR = 15.1 (95% CI = 2.3–98.2), while death from natural causes was lower: OR = 0.2 (95% CI = 0.03–0.8). After boxing careers, fewer non-white boxers had non-manual jobs (34.4% versus 71.8%) than manual (34.4% versus 19.7%) or were unemployed (28.1% versus 2.8%). Reported substance abuse was similar across ethnicity (8.0% versus 8.8%) but conviction rates were higher among non-white boxers (17.6%) than white (1.3%).ConclusionsCompared with white boxers, non-white boxers tend to die younger with excess neurological and accidental deaths, and they have lower social positions in later life. Sporting authorities should reappraise the wisdom of permitting head injuries in sport and monitor and support the health and wellbeing of sports men and women after retirement.

Self-reported eating disorder risk in lean and non-lean NCAA Collegiate Athletes.

The purpose of this present study was to examine gender differences in overall scores on the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26) in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) college athletes in "lean" sports versus "non-lean" sports. Using a self-report survey design, this study examined eating disorder risk in 121 NCAA college athletes, using the EAT-26. We expected that female athletes and athletes in "lean" sports would report higher scores on the EAT-26. There was a significant effect of sport type (lean vs. non-lean) on eating attitudes and behaviors, with those in non-lean sports reporting higher scores, on average, on the attitudinal measure and those in lean sports reporting, on average, higher scores on the behavioral measure. There was an interaction between gender and sport type (lean vs. non-lean) on eating attitudes and behaviors. Male athletes in non-lean sports had the highest overall average scores on the attitudinal portion of the EAT-26, and males in lean sports had the lowest scores. However, on the EAT-26 behavioral portion, men in lean sports reported significantly higher scores than did men in non-lean sports. Female athletes, regardless of sport type, reported similar scores on both the EAT- 26 attitudinal and behavioral sections. Our findings suggest that athletes, regardless of sport type and gender, may be affected by eating disorder symptomatology. Gender differences may be smaller in athletic populations than previously thought. Sport type may affect whether disordered eating symptomatology presents as attitudinal or behavioral in nature, especially in male athletes. Descriptive study, Level V.

Jewish Girls, Gender, and Sport at the Chicago Hebrew Institute: Athletic Identity in Jewish and Cultural Spaces

Jewish Girls, Gender, and Sport at the Chicago Hebrew Institute: Athletic Identity in Jewish and Cultural Spaces Linda J. Borish (bio) Introduction The development of physical exercise and sport for Jewish girls at the Chicago Hebrew Institute (CHI), founded in 1903 to serve Jewish immigrants, expanded sporting opportunities for Jewish girls. Located on Chicago’s lower West Side, and a forerunner of the Jewish Community Center (JCC), CHI promoted the moral, physical, religious, and civic welfare of Jewish immigrants and residents. The institute combined physical and spiritual training in its Americanization programs for Jewish girls. In its early years, the CHI instituted a program of physical education and paid particular attention to the need for physical culture for Jewish boys and girls. This paper explores how gender and ethnicity shaped sport for Jewish girls at the CHI in the early twentieth century.1 Proponents of Jewish girls playing basketball, engaging in swimming, and running track and field, and Jewish girls themselves, acted as agents of change to gain access to cultural spaces and sports instructors. Using archival records, annual reports, scrapbooks, the American and Jewish press, and material culture sources, this essay examines the significance of Jewish girls at CHI in sport in gender and ethnic contexts. Gender, Jewish girls, and sport have received little attention from scholars in American Jewish history, women’s and sport history, and gender history. The research that has been done in gender, ethnicity, and sport indicates the important place of Jewish girls and women in American Jewish history and sport history.2 In the study of American sport and ethnicity, historians must include Jewish women’s experiences. As sport historian Jennifer Hargreaves has written, “There is a tendency for generalizations to be made about all women in sports from examples of white women,” and these stereotypically refer to white, Western, bourgeois women.3 In fact, studies of sport and Jews typically focus on the male gender and how American Jewish men participated in certain sports to demonstrate masculinity and to challenge the stereotype of the weak, frail, non-athletic Jew portrayed [End Page 149] in accounts of white middle-class Protestant viewpoints in the Progressive Era. As scholar Alan Klein asserted, “Popular cultural conceptions of Jews have them about as far removed from the sporting soma-type as one can imagine.” In terms of gender, “the historical tendency to bifurcate genders (masculine as contrasted with feminine) and to assign a range of traits to each has . . . led to placing Jewish men in the feminine camp.”4 In his study, Klein thus discusses Jewish men: “I show that in the U.S., Jews used sport as a vehicle for assimilation and in certain sports put up impressive numbers. The first half of the twentieth century had Jews performing at an elite level in boxing and basketball.” This refers certainly to “Jewish men” who “made names for themselves”; Klein remarks that “the continuation of perceptions of them as weak and unfit serves as a sober reminder that prejudice is immune to rational argument.”5 Moreover, in such publications as Jews and the Sporting Life: Studies in Contemporary Jewry, An Annual (2008), almost all the articles focus on Jewish men in sport. Editor Ezra Mendelsohn commented, “For the young American Jewish community . . . interest and participation in local sports activities was a hallmark of acculturation, and the heroics of Jewish sportsmen a source of ethnic pride on the part of a people often derided for its lack of physicality for its ‘softness’ and its ‘femininity.’”6 The emphasis in scholarly works typically spotlights the male gender in Jewish sport history. Historian Steven Riess explains, “Sport was regarded as almost inherently a male sphere, inappropriate for Victorian women, and the contemporary press described nearly all sports as manly.” Manliness and sport identity went hand in hand so that middle-class men developed their physical and spiritual self in building character and building their bodies. Riess states, “Sport boomed as a middle-class recreation in the late nineteenth century and contributed significantly to the redefinition of middle-class manliness.”7 However, Jewish women, as well as men, strove to participate in a range of sports as part of gaining access...

Kontrola kvaliteta odeće primenom AQL metode

Today's competitive advantage of the apparel industry stems from the ability to quickly identify and follow new fashion trends with high quality products. The paper presents the quality control procedure for men's sports shirts. The sampling method allows a decision to be accepted or refused. The basic set is evaluated with one or more samples, while the sample is representative of the whole series. The AQL method controls a portion of randomly selected units. The results indicate that better interfacial control in the sport shirt fabrication process should be introduced. The sampling procedure, type and method of inspection, as well as the procedures for testing discrete elements by attributes, are carried out on the basis of ISO 2859-1 and the request of the client.

Sexual Prejudice in Sport Scale: A New Measure

ABSTRACTThis study describes the process of developing and validating the Sexual Prejudice in Sport Scale (SPSS), which is a multidimensional instrument developed to assess attitudes toward lesbians and gay men (LG) in sports. The authors conducted two studies: first, to establish the factor structure of the SPSS on 297 heterosexual athletes; and, second, to test the reliability and validity of the resulting 19-item scale on a sample of 311 heterosexual and 160 LG athletes. Exploratory factor analysis of an initial item pool yielded three factors: open rejection, which assesses the blatant prejudice expressed toward LG people; denial of visibility, which evaluates attitude toward the coming out of LG people; and gendering performance, which corresponds to gender stereotypes about performance/skills of LG people. A confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to assess the stability of the SPSS. The authors documented internal consistency, test-retest stability, and convergent/divergent validity. Implications and directions for future research are discussed.

Body Dissatisfaction in Collegiate Athletes: Differences Between Sex, Sport Type, and Division Level

Body dissatisfaction is associated with marked distress and often precipitates disordered eating symptomology. Literature on body dissatisfaction in athletes appears to be mixed, perhaps because athletes vary along several key characteristics related to how they experience their bodies. This study sought to investigate group differences in body dissatisfaction between sex (men vs. women), sport type (lean-promoting vs. non-lean-promoting), and division level (Division I vs. Division III). Collegiate athletes (N = 191) completed a self-report measure of body dissatisfaction, demographics, and sport characteristics. A factorial ANOVA revealed that women reported greater body dissatisfaction compared to men regardless of division level and sport type. There was an interaction between sex and sport type such that men in lean-promoting sports reported greater body dissatisfaction than men in non-lean-promoting sports. Findings suggest that some athletes participating in lean-promoting sports may be at risk of developing significant body dissatisfaction. Research on body dissatisfaction in collegiate athletes can be used to develop clinical interventions that aim to reduce body dissatisfaction and the potential of developing disordered eating and related psychopathology.