Memory Area Research Articles

Lesions to Caudomedial Nidopallium Impair Individual Vocal Recognition in the Zebra Finch.

Many social animals can recognize other individuals by their vocalizations. This requires a memory system capable of mapping incoming acoustic signals to one of many known individuals. Using the zebra finch, a social songbird that uses songs and distance calls to communicate individual identity (Elie and Theunissen, 2018), we tested the role of two cortical-like brain regions in a vocal recognition task. We found that the rostral region of the Cadomedial Nidopallium (NCM), a secondary auditory region of the avian pallium, was necessary for maintaining auditory memories for conspecific vocalizations in both male and female birds, whereas HVC (used as a proper name), a premotor areas that gates auditory input into the vocal motor and song learning pathways in male birds (Roberts and Mooney, 2013), was not. Both NCM and HVC have previously been implicated for processing the tutor song in the context of song learning (Sakata and Yazaki-Sugiyama, 2020). Our results suggest that NCM might not only store songs as templates for future vocal imitation but also songs and calls for perceptual discrimination of vocalizers in both male and female birds. NCM could therefore operate as a site for auditory memories for vocalizations used in various facets of communication. We also observed that new auditory memories could be acquired without intact HVC or NCM but that for these new memories NCM lesions caused deficits in either memory capacity or auditory discrimination. These results suggest that the high-capacity memory functions of the avian pallial auditory system depend on NCM.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Many aspects of vocal communication require the formation of auditory memories. Voice recognition, for example, requires a memory for vocalizers to identify acoustical features. In both birds and primates, the locus and neural correlates of these high-level memories remain poorly described. Previous work suggests that this memory formation is mediated by high-level sensory areas, not traditional memory areas such as the hippocampus. Using lesion experiments, we show that one secondary auditory brain region in songbirds that had previously been implicated in storing song memories for vocal imitation is also implicated in storing vocal memories for individual recognition. The role of the neural circuits in this region in interpreting the meaning of communication calls should be investigated in the future.

"Exploring the Potential of Brain-Computer Interfaces in Managing Alzheimer\'s disease: A Review"

Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) have been proposed as a potential therapeutic tool for Alzheimer's disease patients. BCIs use electrodes placed on the scalp to record brain activity and translate it into control signals for a computer or other device. In Alzheimer's disease, BCIs have been shown to improve cognitive function and quality of life, particularly in the areas of memory, attention, and executive function. However, more research is needed to fully understand the potential benefits and limitations of BCIs for Alzheimer's patients.

A cache-efficient reordering method for unstructured meshes with applications to wall-resolved large-eddy simulations

Unstructured meshes provide a distinct advantage for handing complex geometries. However, the low cache utilization due to mesh-related data access patterns raises particular challenges in achieving a high computing efficiency for large-eddy simulations. We propose a geometrical-based mesh reordering method to improve cache utilization. The proposed method utilizes a Hilbert space-filling curve that passes through each cell once, guiding the reordering of the cells of the unstructured mesh. The reordering enables neighboring cells to be stored in contiguous areas of memory as much as possible. The performance of the proposed method is validated by two- and three-dimensional unstructured meshes. According to the memory and spatial distances, the proposed reordering method significantly improves data localities. Consequently, the cache hit rate is increased and the computing efficiency is improved. The proposed reordering method is then applied to large-eddy simulations of flows around an underwater vehicle model with ReL=1.2×106. To fully resolve the near-wall flows, an unstructured mesh consisting of 1.476 billion cells is used, which is partitioned into 12800 subdomains. The computed velocity profiles, pressure and friction coefficients are in good agreement with the experimental measurements. The computational costs are reduced by using the proposed reordering method.

Improving conditions for combined study

Combined study is demanding not only on the time management of the student, who has work and family obligations in addition to the study role. In addition, with increasing age, his cognitive condition decreases, especially in the area of ​​memory, especially if he finished his previous studies several years ago and did not train his memory regularly. So asking students to learn by mechanical reproduction is often insurmountable for them. The school can help them to successfully complete their studies by improving the conditions in the form of specific teaching methods, easing the conditions for completing, for example, professional practice at their place of residence, and all this without reducing the quality of the studies.

A two-year prospective longitudinal study of the dynamics of cognitive functions in different periods of stroke

To examine the dynamics of cognitive functions 3, 6, 12, and 24 months after ischemic stroke (IS). The study included 32 patients (women 21.4%), aged 40-71 years (mean age 58.7 years), with IS less than 3 months old and a moderately pronounced decrease in activity in everyday life. At four visits (baseline, after 12, 36, 84 weeks), a neuropsychological examination of cognitive functions was carried out using a 10-point system (1 point - maximum impairment, 10 points - no impairment), testing according to the Barthel scale, the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), the modified Rankin scale (mRs). During the study, patients received unified basic therapy and underwent multimodal rehabilitation courses. When assessing cognitive functions in the period 3-6 months after IS, there was a significant (p<0.05) improvement in memory (6.5±0.62 to 8.0±0.74 points), attention (5.7±0.58 to 7.2±0.73 points), praxis (7.9±0.78 to 9.1±0.85 points), speech (6.5±0.67 to 7.5±0.87 points); a significant increase in the average Barthel score (65.8±5.4 to 89.2±8.6) was accompanied by a significant decrease in neurological deficit (7.7±0.51 to 5.3±0.33 NIHSS points and 3.9±0.28 to 2.6±0.15 mRs points). In the period 6-12 months after IS, significant disturbances were detected in the areas of memory, attention and thinking. Cognitive function continued to deteriorate 12-24 months after IS. In the period 6-24 months after IS, no significant changes in the average values on the Barthel, NIHSS, and mRs were detected. The most favorable interval for the recovery of cognitive functions in patients after IS is the early recovery period. As the time after a stroke increases, the ability to recovery cognitive functions decreases.

Memory, aging and the brain: Old findings and current issues

In this article I reprise some selected findings and issues from my previous behavioural work on age-related differences in memory, and relate them to current work on the neural correlates of encoding, retrieval and representation. In particular, I describe the case study of a woman who had persistent experiences of erroneous recollection. I also describe the results of a study showing a double dissociation of implicit and explicit memory in younger and older adults. Finally, I assess recent work on loss of specificity in older adults’ encoding and retrieval processes of episodic events. In all cases I attempt to relate these older findings to current ideas and empirical results in the area of memory, aging, and the brain.

Temporal and spatial dimensions of the discourse of loneliness in Christopher Isherwood’s “A Single Man”

The article analyses the peculiarities of the discourse of loneliness in its connection with the categories of time and space in Christopher Isherwood’s A Single Man (1964). The relevance of the research is conditioned by the general tendency to revise the canon of modernist literature with a special focus on its ‘minor’ voices. Neither the novel chosen as the object of research nor Isherwood’s literary heritage in general is sufficiently represented in Ukrainian studies of Anglo-American literature. The purpose of the study is to identify and characterize the main forms through which the discourse of loneliness is actualized in the dimensions of time and space. The complex methodological approach applied in order to reach the objective involves hermeneutic analysis, close reading, aspects of genre studies (D. Higdon’s concept of the circadian novel) and narratology (G. Genette’s paratext theory). As a result of the study, it is discovered that loneliness in the novel is represented as a complex multidimensional phenomenon motivated by multiple factors of various origins. The analysis of paratextual elements allows for interpretation of loneliness as a key category of the text. The existential plane functions as the conceptual dominant, around which the entire discourse of loneliness is organized. The forms of realization of loneliness in the categories of time and space are reviewed and a distinction is made between their external and internal variations. External time is characterized as the novel’s historical and sociocultural background, connected with the consumerization and simulacrization of American society. At the internal level, the features of the circadian novel construction are defined: the chronological frame, limited not only by the physical boundaries of day but also the conceptual separation of the past and the future; the narrative focus on the present; the sensation of the moment; the effect of recursive repetition. External space is divided into local, represented by a multitude of small loci (the house, the hospital, the gym, etc.), and global, incarnated in the opposition of natural and urban. The internal spatial dimension has areas of memory, trauma, liberation, eschatology, which in various combinations actualize loneliness in the external spaces.

Genealogical Imagination as an Area of Conflicted Memories: A Post-Sarmatic Case Study

In this article, I will discuss two levels of memory conflicts in family genealogies: internal – intimate and private, involving mainly taboos in genealogical practices, and external, which come from broader realms of memory, such as national myths and other collective patterns of imagining the past. The leading story in this article is a multidimensional genealogical narrative provided by an amateur genealogist Iwona Sudnik from Pęgowo near Wroclaw. Her genealogical imagination as a form of living “over [family] time” (Jackson 2021) is considered here as an area of accumulated memories that intermingle, complement, or compete with one another, providing background against which conflicts of memory can be studied in the course of in-depth ethnographic research.

Patients With Prenatal Alcohol Exposure Frequently Misdiagnosed, Face Multiple Challenges

Patients With Prenatal Alcohol Exposure Frequently Misdiagnosed, Face Multiple Challenges

The (Non)Memory of “Ethnic Childhood” as a Dimension of Cultural Heritage

Today, ethnic minorities have entered the second wave of emancipation. They are fighting for the right to cultural autonomy, the right to have their own past, history and social memory. The aim of the article is to learn how ethnic minorities “recover” lost social memory in the area of childhood memory and how they work to create ethnic identity again. The text is composed of four parts. The first presents selected aspects of childhood culture. The second is presents Pierre Nora’s concept of memory. The third is presents the results of research on selected ethnic literary texts (Kashubian and Silesian). The author’s conducted semantic and structural analyzes (in the approach of Roland Barthes and Paul Ricoeur). The analyzes allowed us to recognize ethnic childhood as a space of existential suffering and a time of loss of ethnic identity. The answer – in childhood and adulthood – are specific identity strategies. they are aids in constructing a new ethnic identity. The fourth part is Summary and reflection closing the text.

Constantinople. Ritual, Violence, and Memory in the Making of a Christian Imperial Capital by Rebecca Stephens Falcasantos

Reviewed by: Constantinople. Ritual, Violence, and Memory in the Making of a Christian Imperial Capital by Rebecca Stephens Falcasantos Sarah Bassett Constantinople. Ritual, Violence, and Memory in the Making of a Christian Imperial Capital. By Rebecca Stephens Falcasantos. [Christianity in Late Antiquity Series, 9.] (Oakland: University of California Press. 2020. Pp. xii, 221. $95.00. ISBN: 9780520304550.) This study addresses the Christianization of Constantinople from its foundation by Constantine in 324 to the death of Theodosios II in 450. It examines the growing presence of Christianity within the framework of three intertwined areas of theoretical inquiry, viz., ritual, conflict, and memory, to suggest three phases of Christian development. The first, in the 320s and 330s, saw Christianity as one cult among many. In a second, late-fourth-century phase, Christianity was the dominant religion. By the mid-fifth century, it predominated. The purpose in charting this course is twofold: to analyze public ritual activity in Constantinople and to create a model for addressing Christianization elsewhere (p. 9). Five chapters document this progression. Chapter One examines the religious landscape of late antiquity and continuities between pagan and Christian practice. Chapter Two considers these practices in the context of Constantinople, arguing that the city was not a Christian foundation. Chapter Three looks at violence among the city’s Christian factions, and Four outlines the ways in which ritual performance established individual religious communities within the city. Finally, Chapter Five observes the emergence of a specifically imperial Christianity. The book is puzzling. Although well-grounded in theoretical approaches, its historiographical understanding is problematic. The author emphasizes that the [End Page 174] city was not a Christian foundation, and claims that this study is the first to challenge the idea of Constantinople as such (p. 180). This assertion is incorrect. Arguments over the nature of the foundation go back to the nineteenth century. More recently, others, this reviewer included, have made the case for a non-Christian foundation.1 Source materials are also misrepresented, as with the assertion that the fifth-century Notitia Urbis Constantinopolitanae omits the Column of Constantine (pp. 104–05). It does not. The column appears in the sixth region as “Columnam purpuream Constantini.”2 There is also misunderstanding of the city’s topography in the assertion that pagan temples would have loomed over the city center (p. 80). While it is true that temples survived in Constantinople, most stood on the slopes leading down to the sea. They would not have been visible from the higher, enclosed space of the Augusteion, nor do they appear to have been on Christian processional routes. The more interesting question with respect to such activity is what the backdrop of the city’s monumental colonnaded boulevards, classic examples of empire architecture, or the presence of a Capitolium along the Mese, a well-trodden processional route leading away from the city center, brought to Christian urban movement. These mistakes matter because argumentation hinges upon them. At the same time, they reflect a laudable desire to engage the material evidence for Constantinopolitan topography. It remains therefore all the more unfortunate that attention to evidence for and scholarship pertinent to the built environment was not more careful, as this material would have bolstered the book’s claims. For example, the fifth century saw an increase in church building documented not only in the Notitia, but also by archaeological excavation.3 Misunderstandings aside, the sense of Christianity’s growing presence and its increasingly imperial manifestation is convincing. In this respect the book achieves its end and stands as a welcome contribution to the understanding of Constantinople’s early development. Sarah Bassett Indiana University Footnotes 1. Sarah Bassett, The Urban Image of Late Antique Constantinoplem (Cambridge, 2004), pp. 17–18, for historiographical discussion. 2. 7.7 in Otto Seeck, Notitia Dignitatum (Berlin, 1876), p. 230. 3. Thomas Mathews, Early Churches of Constantinople: Architecture and Liturgy. University Park, PA. Copyright © 2023 The Catholic University of America Press ...

Optimizing Inter-Core Communications Under the LET Paradigm using DMA Engines

Modern automotive applications are increasingly characterized by the need to transfer massive amounts of data in a predictable and deterministic way, possibly leveraging the Logical Execution Time (LET) paradigm. However, current proposals for LET communications are limited to core-commanded data transfers, which may result in large delays for data-intensive systems. To address this issue, we explore the use of Direct Memory Access (DMA) to handle LET communication with improved parallelism. Each DMA transfer operates on a contiguous memory area, thus calling for an optimized memory mapping to maximize performance. Modern DMA engines offer also advanced configurations, such as linked-lists of data transfers, which may provide more flexibility at the expenses of an increased (initial) programming overhead. Leveraging all such features of DMA engines, we propose a set of designs and protocols for LET communications with trade-offs between latency and space requirements. For each option we present the formulation to compute the optimal scheduling and memory allocation solution as a mixed-integer linear programming problem. Experimental results show the feasibility of the approach and a comparison of the solutions obtained using the proposed methods, showing a considerable improvement in terms of data acquisition latency when compared to LET communication without DMA.

Improving conditions for combined study

Abstract: Combined study is demanding not only on the time management of the student, who has work and family obligations in addition to the study role. In addition, with increasing age, his cognitive condition decreases, especially in the area of ​​memory, especially if he finished his previous studies several years ago and did not train his memory regularly. So asking students to learn by mechanical reproduction is often insurmountable for them. The school can help them to successfully complete their studies by improving the conditions in the form of specific teaching methods, easing the conditions for completing, for example, professional practice at their place of residence, and all this without reducing the quality of the studies.

Neuromarketing Study: The Effect of Jingle on Consumer Behavior

Manuscript type: Research Article Research Aims: This research investigates the impact of a jingle associated with a top-brand product on consumer behavior, as assessed through short-term memory activity in the brain. Design/methodology/approach: Data were collected from six participants, three men and three women aged 19-24. The Contec KT88-1016 Digital 16-Channel EEG machine and the Mapping System device were used to retrieve the data. The channel selection was employed to identify the optimal channel based on L2-norm energy calculations performed on the EEG channels within the short-term memory area. Research Findings: The frontal area exhibited higher energy levels than other areas, with the highest point observed in channel F4. A jingle in a product was found to stimulate short-term memory, influencing consumer behaviour. This influence was evidenced by the representation of channel energy in the EEG, showing a higher value compared to the average energy value in general. Theoretical Contribution/Originality: This study successfully demonstrated that EEG signals stimulated by jingles could assess consumer behaviour responses when provided with auditory incentives. The findings are explicitly linked to activating the brain's short-term memory area. Practitioner/Policy Implication: Brands with top brand categories have higher signal energy than non-top brands. Research limitation/Implications: Only limited to the data collection process carried out by environmental engineering, which is made closer to the actual situation.

A proposed attention-based model for spatial memory formation and retrieval.

Animals use sensory information and memory to build internal representations of space. It has been shown that such representations extend beyond the geometry of an environment and also encode rich sensory experiences usually referred to as context. In mammals, contextual inputs from sensory cortices appear to be converging on the hippocampus as a key area for spatial representations and memory. How metric and external sensory inputs (e.g., visual context) are combined into a coherent and stable place representation is not fully understood. Here, I review the evidence of attentional effects along the ventral visual pathway and in the medial temporal lobe and propose an attention-based model for the integration of visual context in spatial representations. I further suggest that attention-based retrieval of spatial memories supports a feedback mechanism that allows consolidation of old memories and new sensory experiences related to the same place, thereby contributing to the stability of spatial representations. The resulting model has the potential to generate new hypotheses to explain complex responses of spatial cells such as place cells in the hippocampus.

Virtual prototyping of complex optical systems on multiprocessor workstations

Nowadays, optical designers often use multiprocessor workstations for the virtual prototyping of complex optical systems. Modern workstations may have several CPUs with up to 128 virtual cores each and a non-uniform access speed to different memory areas. Effective implementation of virtual prototyping methods and algorithms requires the development of special methods for efficient algorithm parallelization and shared memory access. As a basis for the virtual prototyping, we proposed a progressive backward photon mapping method that allows for reducing the amount of data used by photon maps, speeding up the luminance calculation process, and estimating the luminance errors for the resulting image. The main algorithmic complexity of this method is the need to synchronize data when calculating and accumulating the luminance of indirect and caustic illumination. The authors propose the three-level semi-synchronous parallelization method, which consists of fully synchronous, semi-synchronous, and asynchronous levels with illumination processing effectively distributed among the computation threads. The main benefit of the developed method is that it does not require additional synchronization when accumulating luminance, thus increasing the image synthesis speed. The designed three-level method can also be used in distributed systems with good scalability. The results obtained with virtual prototypes of complex optical systems are presented.

Cooking up food memories: A taste of intangible cultural heritage

In this study, the author conceptualizes food memories as a form of intangible cultural heritage: an immaterial inheritance enacted and ritualized in everyday foodways. Informed by Marcel Proust's literary writings on food and memory alongside David Sutton's gustemology, this study investigates how a community's local residents construct food memories as forms of intangible cultural heritage. The author conducted a fifteen-month qualitative inquiry with eight local families in Oklahoma, United States. Specifically, the author applied a series of ethnographic methods and cooking as inquiry: a qualitative method using foodmaking as a collaborative activity during the fieldwork. Findings show food memories entail a narrative structure revolving around five constructs: people and communality, foodmaking and the body, sense and synesthesia, emotional reveries, and evocative sceneries. Contributions related to areas of intangible cultural heritage, food memories, gustemology, and practice are discussed.

АППАРАТНАЯ ЗАЩИТА UEFI-ПРОШИВКИ И NVRAM-ПАМЯТИ ЭВМ С ПОМОЩЬЮ РЕЗИДЕНТНОГО КОМПОНЕНТА БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ

The issue of protecting the firmware and the memory area for storing variables (NVRAM - Non Volatile Random Access Memory) of the UEFI (Unified Extensible Firmware Interface) system are discussed in the paper. The research methodology is a deduction. The problem of trusted computer loading, in particular, the proprietarity of the UEFI stage, is relevant in the field of computer security. For an introduction to the context and subject field, the components and environment of the UEFI system, attack vectors on the system, the consequences of successful attacks for the user and built-in security tools are briefly described. The advantages and disadvantages of using two memory areas with different access modes as a way to protect critical UEFI system data are considered. As a memory area with a configurable access policy, it is proposed to use the hardware implementation of the resident security component (HRSC). Finally, the functionality of the HRSC and the applicability of this solution for ensuring the security of the UEFI system are considered. As a result, the justification of the applicability of the HRSC as a tool for differentiating access to critical parts of UEFI firmware and NVRAM was obtained. In addition, the advantages of using the HRSC as a memory area with a configurable access policy are identified. In particular those are the ease of implementation, variability of access differentiation and platform independence from the model and architecture of a computer with UEFI.

Preference for prior probabilities of positions under incongruent visual information.

People's expectations help them make judgments about the world. In the area of spatial memory, the interaction of existing knowledge with incoming information is best illustrated in the category effect, a bias in positioning a target toward the prototypical location of its region (Huttenlocher et al., 1991). According to Bayesian principles, these biased judgments are weighted averages of a target's metric code (incoming data) and spatial categorical code (prior expectation). While previous research in the category effect generally focused on presence and reliability of different sources of information, we examined a scenario in which prior expectation is violated. Specifically, we investigated the role of prior expectations in location memory when these conflict with visual perception. We found that people favored their previous knowledge about where a target ought to be over the visual data on the actual target location. Hence, our work contributes to the literature by demonstrating the dominance of prior expectations over incongruent visual cues, and the data extend the context effect to spatial memory. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Synaptic Plasticity in the Pain-Related Cingulate and Insular Cortex.

Cumulative animal and human studies have consistently demonstrated that two major cortical regions in the brain, namely the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and insular cortex (IC), play critical roles in pain perception and chronic pain. Neuronal synapses in these cortical regions of adult animals are highly plastic and can undergo long-term potentiation (LTP), a phenomenon that is also reported in brain areas for learning and memory (such as the hippocampus). Genetic and pharmacological studies show that inhibiting such cortical LTP can help to reduce behavioral sensitization caused by injury as well as injury-induced emotional changes. In this review, we will summarize recent progress related to synaptic mechanisms for different forms of cortical LTP and their possible contribution to behavioral pain and emotional changes.