Individual Memory Research Articles

The impact of relationship stickiness and memory on the evolution of individual behavior

This study investigates the dynamics of individual behavior and decision-making processes shaped by changes in personal relationships and preferences, using the prisoner’s dilemma game as a framework. The research focuses on the effects of relationship stickiness and memory on behavior evolution and network structural changes, considering two types of initial relationship networks. The findings indicate that as the number of games increases, there is a general trend of gradual increases in the average relationship stickiness, topological changes, and network heterogeneity. Notably, networks with greater initial heterogeneity, such as scale-free networks, better facilitate individual cooperation. Contrary to previous studies, the stable density of cooperators does not consistently increase with higher temptation gains. This suggests that individuals’ adaptive strategies, which include changing neighbors, can foster cooperation even under greater temptations. Additionally, an increase in the sensitivity coefficient correlates with increases in the final cooperator density, network heterogeneity, and topological changes. As individual memory and temptation gain rise, network heterogeneity measures tend to increase, while measures of topological change generally decrease. A sharp decline in the stable density of cooperators coincides almost synchronously with a rapid increase in network heterogeneity and a decrease in topological changes. This research reveals how relationship stickiness and memory impact individual cooperation, enhancing our understanding of the underlying mechanisms driving cooperative behaviors in complex networks.

Dissociative Identity Disorder and Its Relationship with Other Diagnoses

Dissociative identity disorder is the most complex, severe, and chronic condition within the category of dissociative disorders. The core issue in dissociative identity disorder involves significant divisions and discontinuities in an individual's memory, behavior, emotions, consciousness, and identity, which typically function as a cohesive whole. These dissociative experiences lead to impairments in various psychological functions and are often accompanied by other psychological disorders. Compared to other mental health conditions, environmental factors play a more prominent role in the development of dissociative identity disorder. This is primarily because the etiology of dissociative disorders is closely linked to repeated, systematic, and traumatic experiences, particularly during childhood. Historically, dissociative identity disorder has been diagnosed late, and its association with trauma has often been overlooked. The presence of alter identities and the challenges in recognizing dissociative identity disorder have contributed to this oversight, resulting in a delay in exploring the connections between dissociative identity disorder and other diagnoses. This study aims to investigate the history, diagnostic criteria, treatment approaches, and dissociative aspects of dissociative identity disorder, as well as its relationships with other mental health disorders. Notably, dissociative identity disorder has strong associations with conditions such as post-traumatic stress disorder, schizophrenia, borderline personality disorder, somatization, eating disorders, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. The interplay between these diagnoses and dissociative identity disorder is examined through the lens of shared symptoms, comorbidity, etiology, and epidemiology. The delayed recognition of the diagnostic and therapeutic protocols for dissociative identity disorder and the consequent neglect of its relationship with other disorders in the literature underscore the significance of this study. By highlighting these connections, we can enhance our understanding and improve the treatment of individuals affected by dissociative identity disorder and its comorbid conditions.

Space and Memory in Bernardine Evaristo’s Girl, Woman, Other

Bernardine Evaristo’s novel Girl, Woman, Other uses the places “the Greenfield Farm” and “National Theatre” as places imprinted cultural memories. The former symbolizes the equally important roles of reformers and radicals in inspiring intellectual progress and constructing social memory, while the latter signifies the breaking of conventions and the empowerment of those pushed to the margins by patriarchal and white supremacist Britain, both of which complement each other in constructing a historical space dominated by the collective authority of black women in Britain. Combined with Assmann’s theory of cultural memory, collective memory and individual memory, especially the latter, have had a significant impact on the construction of individual and social memory.

An Analysis of the the Mutual Construction of Individual Memory and Collective Memory in Atonement

Atonement is one of the masterpieces of British author Ian McEwan, which has attracted a lot of attention since its publication, and this novel won him the Pulitzer Prize for Literature. The novel’s protagonist, Briony, makes a big mistake as an adolescent by indulging her imagination, breaking up her sister Cecilia and Robbie, and sending Robbie to prison. Robbie goes from being an Oxford student to a prisoner, and then he goes to the front line in the midst of World War II to get out of prison early. Cecilia, on the other hand, after known this terrible news, breaks with her family to become a nurse. Cecilia and Robbie are finally reunited at last. Briony finds them and repents deeply, telling the truth and apologizes to her sister and Robbie. It seems like an old fashioned happy-ending novel, except none of this reunion is reality. Just as the readers are immersed in the sense of redemption and happiness, the author ends the book with a meta-fictional message telling the readers that the previous happy ending is just a made-up one by Briony in her head, and she writes it down as if it is truly happened , in order to atone for her own sins. She changes the fate of two people and spends fifty-nine years in penance. Previous research angles of scholars at home and abroad mainly focus on narrative art, metafictional ending, war and trauma, the theme of atonement, etc., and what exactly makes Briony made a big mistake, and how she carries out self-salvation, this will take Briony, the main character of the novel, as the object of study, and use Halbwachs’ theory of individual and collective memory to explore her existential dilemma and her self-salvation through the freedom of choice to her self-rescue from her predicament, aiming to reveal McEwan’s use of memory theory and his thoughts on human nature.

The effects of slow wave sleep characteristics on semantic, episodic, and procedural memory in people with epilepsy.

Slow wave sleep (SWS) is highly relevant for verbal and non-verbal/spatial memory in healthy individuals, but also in people with epilepsy. However, contradictory findings exist regarding the effect of seizures on overnight memory retention, particularly relating to procedural and non-verbal memory, and thorough examination of episodic memory retention with ecologically valid tests is missing. This research explores the interaction of SWS duration with epilepsy-relevant factors, as well as the relation of spectral characteristics of SWS on overnight retention of procedural, verbal, and episodic memory. In an epilepsy monitoring unit, epilepsy patients (N = 40) underwent learning, immediate and 12h delayed testing of memory retention for a fingertapping task (procedural memory), a word-pair task (verbal memory), and an innovative virtual reality task (episodic memory). We used multiple linear regression to examine the impact of SWS duration, spectral characteristics of SWS, seizure occurrence, medication, depression, seizure type, gender, and epilepsy duration on overnight memory retention. Results indicated that none of the candidate variables significantly predicted overnight changes for procedural memory performance. For verbal memory, the occurrence of tonic-clonic seizures negatively impacted memory retention and higher psychoactive medication load showed a tendency for lower verbal memory retention. Episodic memory was significantly impacted by epilepsy duration, displaying a potential nonlinear impact with a longer duration than 10years negatively affecting memory performance. Higher drug load of anti-seizure medication was by tendency related to better overnight retention of episodic memory. Contrary to expectations longer SWS duration showed a trend towards decreased episodic memory performance. Analyses on associations between memory types and EEG band power during SWS revealed lower alpha-band power in the frontal right region as significant predictor for better episodic memory retention. In conclusion, this research reveals that memory modalities are not equally affected by important epilepsy factors such as duration of epilepsy and medication, as well as SWS spectral characteristics.

Kind One by Laird Hunt, or a Tale of a Real Twice Lost: Writing the Individual and Collective Memory of Slavery

This article purposes to examine the specific resources of fiction to overcome the resistance of the real, here the brutal experience of slavery, to convey the extreme character of this experience and to animate the collective memory of it against the risks of denial or forgetfulness.We first examine how the novel draws upon history while ostensibly rejecting its chronological markers and its explanatory discourse, to favor the mediation of story-telling and its dynamics of symbolization. Indeed, Hunt invents a hybrid form of fictional historical testimony in which the expressive power of tales and myths arouses the reader’s imagination while composing a transitional object for the memory of slavery to be evoked and passed on.We then go on to study specific aspects of the novel’s poetics of indirection showing how Hunt resorts to allegories, metaphors and the structural mechanisms of trauma to convey the characters’ experience of “the real”, as they have witnessed the veil of language being torn asunder by traumatic violence.

Effect of transcranial direct current stimulation on prospective memory in healthy individuals: A double-blind randomized sham-controlled trial

Aim: Prospective memory (PM) has an immense role in the activities of daily living and deficits of PM are common in various neuropsychiatric disorders. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a neuromodulatory technique that yields favorable outcomes yet only a few studies concerning PM with hindering results exist. The present double-blind cross-over randomized sham-controlled study aimed to assess the effect of a single-session of left-righr/sham tDCS over the prefrontal cortex on event-related PM in healthy individuals. Materials and Methods: 24 participants were administered a single session of 2 mA 20-minute left/right anodal or sham tDCS segregated by 7 days. An event-based PM task was utilized before and after tDCS every week to evaluate PM. Results: No effects of tDCS on PM were found. Conclusion: The present results argue against the effect of a single-session of tDCS over the prefrontal cortices on event-related PM. TDCS studies adopting divergent parameters are required.

Portuguese Pedagogue of the Escola Nova in the 1st Republic (1910-26), Military Dictatorship (1926-28) and New State (1928-1974): Joaquim Tomás (1873-1973)

Study of a historical-documentary and/or bibliographical nature around the pedagogical figure of Joaquim Tomás, using hermeneutic methodology in the analysis and interpretation of sources (primary, secondary), complemented with interviews with a relative of his, which allowed us to historically reconstruct the life path and primary school teacher/inspector, admirer of the ideals of the New School and innovative school experiences in Europe. The hermeneutic method, indebted to the text/language and mediator in the research and interpretation of documentary sources, made us contextualize this figure of pedagogue in the socio-historical and political time in which he lived. We were guided by the following objectives: analyzing the work and actions of J. Tomás in the historical period of his life; understand in light of the time (context), the author, documentary authenticity and reliability, the nature of the argumentative interpretation related to education/teaching and modern pedagogy; identify J. Tomás within the ideas of the Escola Nova movement; value this pedagogical figure for the History of Education. In this rescue of individual memory for the collective in the field of Education, we wanted to deepen J. Tomás' contributions to the History of Education in Portugal and, mainly, his didactic-pedagogical aspect of primary education.

Alpha neurofeedback training improves visual working memory in healthy individuals.

Neurofeedback (NF) training is a closed-loop brain training in which participants learn to regulate their neural activation. NF training of alpha (8-12 Hz) activity has been reported to enhance working memory capacity, but whether it affects the precision in working memory has not yet been explored. Moreover, whether NF training distinctively influences performance in different types of working memory tasks remains unclear. Therefore, the present study conducted a randomized, single-blind, sham-controlled experiment to investigate how alpha NF training affected the capacity and precision of working memory, as well as the related neural change. Forty participants were randomly and equally assigned to the NF group and the sham control group. Both groups received NF training (about 30 min daily) for five consecutive days. The NF group received alpha (8-12 Hz) training, while the sham control group received sham NF training. We found a significant alpha increase within sessions but no significant difference across sessions. However, the behavioral performance and neural activity in the modified Sternberg task did not show significant change after alpha NF training. On the contrary, the alpha NF training group significantly increased visual working memory capacity measured by the Corsi-block tapping task and improved visual working memory precision in the interference condition in a color-recall task. These results suggest that alpha NF training influences performance in working memory tasks involved in the visuospatial sketchpad. Notably, we demonstrated that alpha NF training improves the quantity and quality of visual working memory.

Talking with images: collecting and displaying private photographs and testimony in Imperial War Museums’ Holocaust Galleries

ABSTRACT This article examines the Imperial War Museums’ (IWM) engagement with Holocaust survivors and their photographs. A key concern is photographs and testimonies' roles in the transformation of individual memory into the cultural memory of the Holocaust. Of concern is why and how private photographs are used as a significant resource in IWMs Holocaust Galleries and the impact that on the museum’s narrative of Jewish life before, during, and after the Holocaust. The article acknowledges the challenges faced by curators as they strive to accommodate the expectations of stakeholders whilst simultaneously maintaining historical accuracy and engaging the reflective capacities of visitors.

Усна історія Голодомору:специфіка наративу усноісторичних джерел

The goal of the research is to reveal peciliarities of Holodomor oral history sources through the prism of oral history theory and trauma studies. Methodology of the research is built on the principles of historicism, systematic and structural approaches in combination with the elements of such methods, as source heuristics, comparative, historical-chronological analysis; extrapolation, textological and terminological analysis. Scientific novelty is revealing of the peculiaritites of Holodomor oral history as a historical source basing on the analysis of oral history sources. Conclusions. The article suggests a set of signs of Holodomor oral history, established with the help of approahes, used in oral history theory in three angles. The first sign is tied with coexistence of two spheres «official history/personal narrative». The author concludes that taking into account pressure of the state, caused by the ideological factors, information pressure of the state became visible in 2000s, when a reasonable part of oral history testimonies had been already written; and politics of the state on ban of presence in public sphere of information about the famine had resulted into reverse reaction – rootenization of famine in individual memory. In the frames of block “time/memory” the article separates age and gender specificity. The author points that the earlier a testimony is separated, the more details and social life of a village can be received; about mostly children memories with their specificity (fragmentary, with fixation on smell-taste-colors). The article points at distinctions of female (emotional and family oriented) memories from male (try to define experience of survival of a community, with attempts to provide background of events). The majority of peculiarities is revelaed in the spheres of «trauma/recalling» – five: specific terminology («graze», «to die out», «kurkul», about food); emotionality that blocked the road as a historical source to academic studies and information field; frequent articulation or observation of high traumatism of seen and lived through during the famine; victims as almost exceptional authors of the narrative; unification of narrative that allows separation of factographic core and reflexive component of oral history source.

Further clarification of cognitive processes of prospective memory in schizophrenia by comparing eye-tracking and ecologically-valid measurements

The aim of this study is to compare ecologically-valid measure (the Cambridge Prospective Memory Test, CAMPROMPT) and laboratory measure (eye-tracking paradigm) in assessing prospective memory (PM) in individuals with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSDs). In addition, eye-tracking indices are used to examine the relationship between PM and other cognitive domains in SSDs patients. Initially, the study sample was formed by 32 SSDs patients and 32 healthy control subjects (HCs) who were matched in sociodemographic profile and the performance on CAMPROMPT. An eye-tracking paradigm was employed to examine the differences in PM accuracy and key cognitive processes (e.g., cue monitoring) between the two groups. Additional 31 patients were then recruited to investigate the relationship between PM cue monitoring, other cognitive functions, and the severity of clinical symptoms within the SSDs group. The monitoring of PM cue was reflected in total fixation time and total fixation counts for distractor words. Cognitive functions were assessed using the Chinese version of the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB). The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) was applied to assess psychopathology. SSDs patients exhibited fewer total fixation counts for distractor words and lower PM accuracy compared to HCs, even though they were priori matched on CAMPROMPT. Correlation analysis within the SSDs group (63 cases) indicated a negative correlation between PM accuracy and PANSS total score, and a positive correlation with working memory and attention/vigilance. Regression analysis within the SSDs group revealed that higher visual learning and lower PANSS total scores independently predicted more total fixation counts on distractor words. Impairment in cue monitoring is a critical factor in the PM deficits in SSDs. The eye-tracking laboratory paradigm has advantages over the ecologically-valid measurement in identifying the failure of cue detection, making it a more sensitive tool for PM deficits in patients with SSDs.

Increases in pre-stimulus theta and alpha oscillations precede successful encoding of crossmodal associations

A central aspect of episodic memory is the formation of associations between stimuli from different modalities. Current theoretical approaches assume a functional role of ongoing oscillatory power and phase in the theta band (3–7 Hz) for the encoding of crossmodal associations. Furthermore, ongoing activity in the theta range as well as alpha (8–12 Hz) and low beta activity (13–20 Hz) before the presentation of a stimulus is thought to modulate subsequent cognitive processing, including processes that are related to memory. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that pre-stimulus characteristics of low frequency activity are relevant for the successful formation of crossmodal memory. The experimental design that was used specifically allowed for the investigation of associative memory independent from individual item memory. Participants (n = 51) were required to memorize associations between audiovisual stimulus pairs and distinguish them from newly arranged ones consisting of the same single stimuli in the subsequent recognition task. Our results show significant differences in the state of pre-stimulus theta and alpha power between remembered and not remembered crossmodal associations, clearly relating increased power to successful recognition. These differences were positively correlated with memory performance, suggesting functional relevance for behavioral measures of associative memory. Further analysis revealed similar effects in the low beta frequency ranges, indicating the involvement of different pre-stimulus-related cognitive processes. Phase-based connectivity measures in the theta band did not differ between remembered and not remembered stimulus pairs. The findings support the assumed functional relevance of theta band oscillations for the formation of associative memory and demonstrate that an increase of theta as well as alpha band oscillations in the pre-stimulus period is beneficial for the establishment of crossmodal memory.

How emotional contexts modulate item memory in individuals with high and low negative affect and worry.

Emotional stimuli are usually remembered with high confidence. Yet, it remains unknown whether-in addition to memory for the emotional stimulus itself-memory for a neutral stimulus encountered just after an emotional one can be enhanced. Further, little is known about the interplay between emotion elicited by a stimulus and emotion relating to affective dispositions. To address these questions, we examined (1) how emotional valence and arousal of a context image preceding a neutral item image affect memory of the item, and (2) how such memory modulation is affected by two hallmark features of emotional disorders: trait negative affect and tendency to worry. In two experiments, participants encoded a series of trials in which an emotional (negative, neutral, or positive) context image was followed by a neutral item image. In experiment 1 (n = 42), items presented seconds after negative context images were remembered better and with greater confidence compared to those presented after neutral and positive ones. Arousal ratings of negative context images were higher compared to neutral and positive ones and the likelihood of correctly recognizing an item image was related to higher arousal of the context image. In experiment 2 (n = 59), better item memory was related to lower trait negative affect. Participants with lower trait negative affect or tendency to worry displayed higher confidence compared to those with high negative affect or tendency to worry. Our findings describe an emotional "carry-over" effect elicited by a context image that enhances subsequent item memory on a trial-by-trial basis, however, not in individuals with high trait negative affect who seem to have a general memory disadvantage.

Detriments and Benefits in Collaborative Memory of Social Information: Insight From Gender Stereotypes

Abstract Stereotypes are well documented to elicit stereotype-consistent effects in individual memory. Additionally, collaborative memory can result in detrimental collaborative inhibition and 2 beneficial effects: error pruning and postcollaborative memory benefit. We examined whether the stereotype-consistent effect can be expanded to the context of collaborative memory. Additionally, we examined whether the effects observed in collaborative memory also apply to the memory for social stereotypes. This study applied positive, neutral, and negative gender stereotype words and engaged participants in an individual study and 2 recall tests. Recall 1 was completed either individually or collaboratively, whereas Recall 2 was always performed individually. The recall was to remember both the studied words and the speaker's gender associated with them, testing both item memory and source memory. (a) We expanded the stereotype-consistent effect to both ongoing and postcollaboration situations, affecting both item memory and source memory. Additionally, in the word gender–speaker inconsistent situations, there was an involuntary bias to remember the sources of own-gender stimuli. (b) We extended the detrimental and beneficial effects of collaboration into the domain of gender stereotypes. The detrimental effect of collaborative inhibition was sensitive to both memory tasks and the emotional valence of stimuli. This indicates that when dealing with social stimuli, the disruption of preferential strategies is not confined. The beneficial effects acted as a function of the memory task, providing evidence for the conditional application of the mechanisms of the retrieval strategy disruption hypothesis and the processes of dual process theory in social memory processing.

ПОДХОДЫ К РЕШЕНИЮ ПРОБЛЕМЫ ДОСТОВЕРНОСТИ ВОСПОМИНАНИЙ О ПЕРЕЖИТОМ В ДЕТСКОМ ВОЗРАСТЕ ЖЕСТОКОМ ОБРАЩЕНИИ

The article provides an overview of the theoretical foundations that allow a reasonable approach to assessing the reliability and accuracy of memories of traumatic events, in particular, abuse experienced in childhood. Solving the problem of accuracy and reliability of memories of abuse experienced in childhood requires simultaneous taking into account both the patterns of functioning of autobiographical memory and the peculiarities of the formation of individual traumatic memory. The most plastic components of autobiographical memory are the temporal localization of specific memories and the plot sequence of individual events within an entire episode. Autobiographical recollections of characters within a certain personally significant situation in the past are little subject to change. Victims of repeated violent acts may not remember the details of each specific episode, but they form a kind of ‘scheme’ or ‘script’ that includes characteristic elements of what happened to them. Such a ‘script’ has a high degree of accuracy and is subject to little change over time. The study of the basis for assessing the accuracy and reliability of memories of traumatic events is relevant for various areas of science and practice: from statistical estimates of the prevalence of violence against children and adolescents to law enforcement practice in situations of violent acts against children.

Physical activity improves the visual-spatial working memory of individuals with mild cognitive impairment or Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.

Our network meta-analysis aimed to ascertain the effect of physical activity on the visual-spatial working memory of individuals with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease as well as to propose tailored exercise interventions for each group. Employing a frequentist approach, we performed a network meta-analysis to compare the effectiveness of different exercise interventions in improving the visual-spatial working memory of individuals with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. Subsequently, we explored the moderating variables influencing the effectiveness of the exercise interventions through a subgroup analysis. We included 34 articles involving 3,074 participants in the meta-analysis, comprised of 1,537 participants from studies on mild cognitive impairment and 1,537 participants from studies on Alzheimer's disease. The articles included exhibited an average quality score of 6.6 (score studies) and 6.75 (reaction time [RT] studies), all passing the inconsistency test (p > 0.05). In the mild cognitive impairment literature, mind-body exercise emerged as the most effective exercise intervention (SMD = 0.61, 95% CI: 0.07-1.14). In Alzheimer's disease research, aerobic exercise was identified as the optimal exercise intervention (SMD = 0.39, 95% CI: 0.06-0.71). The results of the subgroup analysis suggest that the most effective approach to enhancing the visual-spatial working memory of individuals with mild cognitive impairment entails exercising at a frequency of three or more times per week for over 60 min each time and at a moderate intensity for more than 3 months. Suitable exercise options include mind-body exercise, multicomponent exercise, resistance exercise, and aerobic exercise. For individuals with Alzheimer's disease, we recommend moderately intense exercise twice per week for over 90 min per session and for a duration of 3 months or longer, with exercise options encompassing aerobic exercise and resistance exercise.

The Effects of Different Exercise Interventions on Patients with Subjective Cognitive Decline: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis

Background and ObjectiveExercise is a promising non-pharmacological therapy for subjective cognitive decline, but it is unclear which type of exercise is most effective. The objective was to assess the comparative effects and ranks of all exercise-based interventions on cognitive function in patients with subjective cognitive decline (SCD).MethodIn this network meta-analysis, Online databases for Web of Science, PubMed, Embase, Medline, Cochrane Library and PsycINFO were searched from inception to April 30, 2023. The included studies are randomized controlled trials assessing the efficacy of exercise interventions for individuals with SCD. The primary outcome measure is memory, while secondary outcome measures encompass executive function, attention, verbal fluency, and global cognitive function. Represented using Standardized Mean Differences (SMDs) along with their 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs). Bias assessment was conducted in accordance with the ‘Cochrane Risk of Bias Assessment Tool, 2nd Edition’ (RoB 2). Pairwise meta-analysis was carried out using the ‘meta-analysis’ module within STATA 14.0, and network meta-analysis was performed using the ‘mvmeta’ and ‘network’ packages available in STATA 14.0. Registration number CRD42023289687.ResultThis study included a total of 11 randomized controlled trials, encompassing 1,166 patients. Mind-body exercise was found to be efficacious in enhancing or sustaining memory (SMD: 0.58, 95%CI: 0.06 ∼ 1.10) and executive function (SMD: 0.41, 95%CI: 0.09 ∼ 0.73) in individuals with subjective cognitive decline. Furthermore, mind-body exercise exhibited the highest probability of being the most effective measures for improving or preventing the decline in memory (surface under cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA) value: 90.4) and executive function (SUCRA value: 91.8). The second-ranked moderate-intensity aerobic exercise has also shown a positive effect on the improvement of executive function in patients with subjective cognitive decline (SMD: 0.23, 95%CI: 0.03 ∼ 0.43, SUCRA value: 68.2). However, we did not observe a significant effectiveness of exercise interventions on verbal fluency, attention, and overall cognitive function in subjective cognitive decline.ConclusionMind-body exercise may potentially be the optimal strategies for enhancing memory and executive function in individuals with subjective cognitive decline. Additionally, moderate-intensity aerobic exercise has shown a modest positive effect on executive function in subjective cognitive decline. When resources permit, practical application of these findings may be considered. Nevertheless, further support for the conclusions of this study is warranted through larger sample sizes and well-designed multicenter trials.

Context Enhanced Transformer for Single Image Object Detection in Video Data

With the increasing importance of video data in real-world applications, there is a rising need for efficient object detection methods that utilize temporal information. While existing video object detection (VOD) techniques employ various strategies to address this challenge, they typically depend on locally adjacent frames or randomly sampled images within a clip. Although recent Transformer-based VOD methods have shown promising results, their reliance on multiple inputs and additional network complexity to incorporate temporal information limits their practical applicability. In this paper, we propose a novel approach to single image object detection, called Context Enhanced TRansformer (CETR), by incorporating temporal context into DETR using a newly designed memory module. To efficiently store temporal information, we construct a class-wise memory that collects contextual information across data. Additionally, we present a classification-based sampling technique to selectively utilize the relevant memory for the current image. In the testing, We introduce a test-time memory adaptation method that updates individual memory functions by considering the test distribution. Experiments with CityCam and ImageNet VID datasets exhibit the efficiency of the framework on various video systems. The project page and code will be made available at: https://ku-cvlab.github.io/CETR.

Low-intensity transcranial ultrasound stimulation improves memory in vascular dementia by enhancing neuronal activity and promoting spine formation

Memory is closely associated with neuronal activity and dendritic spine formation. Low-intensity transcranial ultrasound stimulation (TUS) improves the memory of individuals with vascular dementia (VD). However, it is unclear whether neuronal activity and dendritic spine formation under ultrasound stimulation are involved in memory improvement in VD. In this study, we found that seven days of TUS improved memory in VD model while simultaneously increasing pyramidal neuron activity, promoting dendritic spine formation, and reducing dendritic spine elimination. These effects lasted for 7 days but disappeared on 14 d after TUS. Neuronal activity and dendritic spine formation strongly corresponded to improvements in memory behavior over time. In addition, we also found that the memory, neuronal activity and dendritic spine of VD mice cannot be restored again by TUS of 7 days after 28 d. Collectively, these findings suggest that TUS increases neuronal activity and promotes dendritic spine formation and is thus important for improving memory in patients with VD.