Memoir Literature Research Articles

The Rumyantsev Museum’s History in Russian Memoir Sources

The article provides an analytical review of the memoirs on the history of the Moscow Public and Rumyantsev Museum (now the Russian State Library), which started with the collections of count N.P. Rumyantsev. The author considers the memories on the Rumyantsev Museum since its foundation in St. Petersburg in 1828, its transfer to Moscow, the activities of the Moscow Public and Rumyantsev museums from 1862 to 1917. The author notes the role of memoir literature for the study of the history of librarianship. The article gives description of the sources containing the unique bibliogra­phic information, which reflects publications of me­moirs, diaries, letters about the Rumyantsev Museum in St. Petersburg and Moscow. The article presents the history of the transfer of the Rumyantsev Museum from St. Petersburg to Moscow and gives fragments from the memoirs of V.V. Stasov and “Diary” of V.F. Odoevsky about this event. The author also presents publications dedicated to the leaders of the Rumyantsev Museum and analytically discloses the memoirs placed in them. The article gives excerpts from memoirs, diaries, letters, which reflect the events and facts from the history of foundation and formation of the Rumyantsev Museum, the role of individuals who have made great contribution to the development of the Museum and its library. The author presents information from the memoirs, diary entries of readers about visiting the Rumyantsev library, their contribution to the accession of collections. The article also gives information about the publication of memoirs of the descendants of V.D. Golitsyn, the last Director of the Moscow Public and Rumyantsev Museums who became its first Soviet Director. The author reveals the potential of memoir materials for further research of the history of the Rumyantsev Museum and its library, its role in the history of culture and spiritual life of Russian society.

By Force of Power

Patron-client relations were a ubiquitous feature of cultural and academic life under the state socialist social order, as were networks crisscrossing the borderlines between the domains of political power and scholarship. Awareness of and due attention to such relations and networks, this article argues, is a sine qua non of any reliable history of economics in the communist era. Pioneering projects, publications presenting innovative new approaches, individual careers yielding significant works of domestic and international acclaim were as much dependent on the support and protection of the politically powerful as on genuine talent and diligence. State socialism was not the kind of social order that would typically enable a spectacular scholarly development just “by force of thought.” The article focuses on the story of one particularly important patron in Hungary over the field of economics, a true communist grand seigneur: István Friss. It shows how his contribution has been systematically neglected, suppressed by both the historical and the memoir literature, and it presents archival evidence highlighting the vital importance of Friss’s patronage for the work and careers of such leading economists as András Bródy and, particularly, János Kornai.

Historian, Archivist, Bibliographer: P.A. Zaionchkovskij and the Russian State Library

At present, when the majority of users in search for information excessively turn to the Internet as a primary data source, the problem of reliability of the obtained data is particularly acute. Libraries, whose main function is to store and provide access to information existing both in print and electronic forms, traditionally tend to maintain the exceptional level of completeness and validity of the data and sources provided. One of the ways to achieve such reliability is interaction of libraries with scientists in the field of data systematization, verification, storage and access providing. The article analyses the scientific work of the outstanding Russian historian P.A. Zaionchkovskij in the V.I. Lenin State Library of the USSR (now — the Russian State Library, RSL) and considers his scientific cooperaction with the Library for several decades as a successful example of library-scientists’ partnership. In 1944—1952, he served as the Head of the Department of manuscripts of the V.I. Lenin State Library. Under his supervision, the accounting of the Department’s stock was reorganized, preservation of the existing and newly acquired collections was ensured; the user access of researches to the information on the collections’ content and composition was significantly improved; the unique team of scientific personnel was formed. The article gives thorough overview of the scientific and publication activity of the Department during that period. The authors also review the contribution of P.A. Zaionchkovskij to the development of the problem of bibliographic providing for historical science. In the 1960s — 1980s, under his scientific supervision, the bibliographic staff of the V.I. Lenin State Library of the USSR and other major Russian libraries prepared the unique publications — “Reference Books on the History of Pre-revolutionary Russia” and multivolume annotated Index “The History of Pre-revolutionary Russia in Diaries and Memoirs”. P.A. Zaionchkovskij laid the foundation for the lasting many years and still developing project on creation of retrospective scientific auxiliary indices of memoir literature. The partnership of P.A. Zaionchkovskij and the V.I. Lenin State Library is an excellent example of the successful and fruitful interaction of scientists and library staff.

The ‘exotic’ phenomenon of the American Bar in interwar Berlin and Prague: Re-reading the concept of place

This paper deals with the socio-spatial relations of changes in the concept of place. Since the 1970s, place has been one of the key terms of humanistic geography. Therefore, this paper reflects how the concept of place, its functions and meanings could be applied in the changing space-time and social contexts. The ‘exotic’ phenomenon of the American Bar which had penetrated into Europe in the first half of the 20th century can be regarded as a representative of place when it had emerged during Americanisation as a new cultural element. This article compares the interwar development of this phenomenon in two European capitals (Berlin, Prague) and analyses both differences and the common attributes of the process of forming place. Emphasis is placed not only on the localisation of the American Bar, but also on more complex historical and geographical analysis of its development and perception that were characteristic exclusively for the Central European region. Using the archive materials, the contemporary press, legislative measures and professional and memoir literature, the study confirms that the American Bar phenomenon had acquired different meanings within different contexts which had changed over time and which can be documented through the “spreading” of this phenomenon in space.

ЛИТЕРАТУРНАЯ КРИТИКА НА СТРАНИЦАХ ГАЗЕТ «РУССКОГО ХАРБИНА»

The article is devoted to studying literary criticism and publicism of Russian Harbin of the 1920-1940s. After analysing memoir literature and archival materials, the author introduces information on the literary critics of Russian Harbin daily newspapers “Rupor”, “Russkoye Slovo”, “Zarya” into scientific use. The paper establishes the period of the literary-critical section existence in the mentioned newspapers, characterizes the genre and thematic originality of the literary-critical materials represented in them. The author shows how the value orientations of the Russian Far East émigré community were represented in the subject matter and problematics of the publications - reviews, anniversary articles, biographical surveys, obituaries, and feuilletons.

The Great War (1914-1918) in Lithuanian Memoirs: Memory Discourses, the Case for Independence and the Forgetfulness

The article analyses memoirs by Lithuanians dealing with the Great War (1914-1918). The events of the early 20th century led to the emergence of Lithuanian independent state. They affected the lives of every Lithuanian, and shaped the most important part of individual and collective memory. Many famous political and cultural figures of that time left behind their memoirs. A variety of memoir literature opens a broad panorama of historical events and personal experiences, expressed in a wide diversity of forms. The article presents examples of the most notable memoirs from different fields. Aleksandras Uspenskis served in the Russian Army, Teodoras Reingardas in the Russian Navy, and Jurgis F. Jonaitis fought on the side of the Entente. The situation in occupied Lithuania is told by such authors as Gabrielė Petkevicaitė-Bitė (from North-Eastern Lithuania), priest Pranciskus Žadeikis (from North-West Lithuania) and Antanas Gintneris (from Southern Lithuania). Priest Pranas Bieliauskas writes about life during the war in Vilnius in his Diary of Vilnius. Memoirs by Martynas Ycas, who was the deputy of the Russian State Duma and a chairman of the Lithuanian War Relief Society, provides a detailed account about lives and affairs of Lithuanians who evacuated to Russia and views of Lithuanian intellectuals on the future of their homeland. The article, using methodological concepts of memory discourses (Maurice Halbwachs, Jan Assmann, Aleida Assmann, and etc.), aims to return this significant part of literature to the horizons of historical and cultural memory, and to analyse the interplay of memory vs. forgetfulness as political and social constructs in the context of historical cataclysms of the 20th century. Keywords: history, the Great War, independence, memory discourses, forgetfulness. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15823/zz.2018.2

Мотив міста: художній час у мемуарній літературі

Мотив міста: художній час у мемуарній літературі

The Struggle for a Political Economy from Gorbachev to Putin

The Struggle for a Political Economy from Gorbachev to Putin Oscar Sanchez-Sibony Chris Miller, The Struggle to Save the Soviet Economy: Mikhail Gorbachev and the Collapse of the USSR. xvi + 244 pp. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2016. ISBN-13 978-1469630175. $29.95. Chris Miller, Putinomics: Power and Money in Resurgent Russia. xv + 217 pp. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2016. ISBN-13 978-1469640662. $28.00. For at least the last decade and a half, the different post-1980s fates of the Soviet Union and China have been an object of fascination and debate, both within academia and even more extensively without, reaching a crescendo perhaps ten years ago. The consensus conclusion has become a mantra of our age: Gorbachev's stress on political pluralism in tandem with economic liberalization was a failure; Deng Xiaoping's wager on marketization coupled with continued political repression and control was the winning ticket. The assumptions underlying this consensus are only recently being reconsidered. In light of the recrudescence of Chinese authoritarianism, that metonym for good governance, the "market," has turned out not to be the miracle producer of democracy and liberal emancipation of so much political science theory. But a different assumption has made a smokescreen of this question. The debate assumed that the defining feature of both societies, the reason they belonged within the same analytical framework, was an ideological commitment to communism. This is a reasonable enough assumption, but it shunts aside issues of demographic and economic development that scholarship and common sense usually make central to social analysis [End Page 655] everywhere else.1 The last debate of the Cold War was used to confirm assumptions about the economy that have lived in the shadow of an overdetermined preoccupation with ideology. Both the growth of communist China and the collapse of the Soviet Union are stories of great complexity that will continue to bear fruitful scholarship for decades to come. Framing the comparative outcomes within an ideological premise will only ever be of limited use. The foundation for any analysis of this comparison, however, is not complicated: the Soviet Union had urbanized and radically transformed over the previous decades; China had also changed but had yet to be built.2 The starting points in the 1980s of these two communist societies were fundamentally and incommensurably different. Chris Miller's The Struggle to Save the Soviet Economy: Mikhail Gorbachev and the Collapse of the USSR does not make this its starting point, but the book owes something to this structural distinction. He argues that entrenched economic interests within the Soviet Union, acting as what he sees as lobbies in Moscow, scuttled all of Gorbachev's attempts at reform, leading to Gorbachev's effort to buy off the opposition through money creation that eventually led to budgetary chaos, inflation, and collapse. In Miller's analysis, the question of whether Gorbachev could have followed a Chinese path to reform and stable growth is a moot point; the recalcitrant system of political economy in place in the late 1980s made it so. A fully built, industrial environment requires governance, and opaque, authoritarian governance has often managed to entrench obdurate interest groups. Miller's assumptions are in the right place. This is a potentially interesting venue of analysis. Unfortunately it is here rendered fallow by a lack of concern in investigating and documenting the reality of the society's political economy,3 and by a distracting but insistent narrative line about the Chinese intellectual origins of Gorbachev's reform efforts. We will get to that Chinese dimension later. The linchpin of the argument is the existence of what Miller calls lobby groups in the Soviet Union. It is these, rather than Gorbachev, that the book makes accountable for the collapse of the Soviet Union. Their power and intransigence made reform impossible, Miller argues. Given the book's reliance on memoir literature and [End Page 656] published Politburo transcripts—that is, on the voices of Gorbachev and his team—this is perhaps no great surprise. Miller speaks of three lobby groups in particular: the military-industrial complex, the collective farm lobby, and the energy industry. These entities, however, remain...

FORMATION AND ACTIVITY OF MILITARY AVIATION IN THE UKRAINIAN ARMY (1918–1920): A HISTORIOGRAPHICAL ESSAY

The article deals with the issues of formation, organizational structure, activities of aviation units of the West Ukrainian National, Hetmanate and the Directory of the Ukrainian People's Republic (1918–1920) in memoir literature and scientific historiographic studies of the 20s of the 20th and the beginning of the 21st century. In these writings of Ukrainian diaspora and domestic authors, the emphasis is on the role of aviation of Ukrainian independent state formations in protecting their sovereignty, territorial integrity and economic interests. A new direction in the study of historiography on this subject is the work devoted to the biographies of Ukrainian aviators of that period. Further scientific developments in this direction will serve as a thorough study of various aspects of the Ukrainian statehood of the first half of the twentieth century. Key words: aviation, Western Ukrainian People's Republic, Hetmanate, Ukrainian People's Republic, memoirs, historiography, independence, flights, military operations, aviators, Poland, bolsheviks, planes, army, Ukrainian scientists.

Beyond Binaries: Economics of the Family

Beyond Binaries:Economics of the Family Sarah E. Wobick-Segev (bio) Riv-Ellen Prell's essay centers on the firm assertion that "virtually all scholars writing in the vein of the economic turn in American Jewish history have marginalized, or simply erased, women as subjects and actors in history" (484). Yet, as she explains, the problem is not simply resolved by integrating women into narratives of economic history. Rather, since "Jewish men emerge again not only as the assumed norm, but as the primary actors in history," gender as an analytical category itself has been erased or ignored, and men and women (when acknowledged) are assumed to engage in the economy in ways that do not reflect gender roles. While we can take scholars to task for this omission, I would suggest that economic history is not exceptional. Across the field of Jewish studies, we can note how attention to gender has made deeper inroads into cultural and social history than in other subfields, especially intellectual, religious and, yes, economic history. What is to be done? According to Prell, studies of consumption emerge as one of the most productive lines of analysis with which historians can return gender to center-stage. Yet, despite Prell's earlier call to interrogate binaries, this change of perspective and historiographical corrective are themselves predicated on a gender binary, namely that, "Jewish men are overwhelmingly associated with economic behavior focused on production, and Jewish women tend to play a far greater role in any analysis of consumption because of their key roles historically as consumers in most societies" (485). Although focusing on consumption certainly can aide scholars in uncovering women's perspectives and roles in the economy, we must be cautious not to reproduce the very entrenched stereotype about consumption being a necessarily female activity. Production has long been valued as an inherently positive, active and creative (read, male) endeavour. While someone inevitably must consume what is produced, consumption, by contrast, has been typically presented as a more passive (literally, less productive) activity; one that can be even threatening when not controlled or engaged in cautiously.1 Much like female sexuality, unbridled consumption is seen as dangerous and destabilizing to the family and to society. In short, consumption has been [End Page 527] clearly gendered female and in the process has been downgraded in its importance within the field of economic history. Herein lies, I would argue, the very answer to Prell's question: "Why has this scholarship written Jewish women out of most of this history, and why has the study of consumption, which was so critical to including women as historical actors with agency, often been neglected?" (504). As scholars, we would do well to interrogate these stereotypes and shed these biases. This is not to say, however, that consumption is not a fertile perspective from which to study Jewish economic history. Indeed, it has already enriched the field substantially. Yet here I would sharpen Prell's point about how the history of consumer culture can serve as an avenue to write women back into studies of Jews and the economy, and take this call further still. For the matter is not merely about the absence or presence of women in narratives of Jewish economic history. Studies of consumer culture can help unearth the roles of women, men, children, and family units in the economy, offering a varied, nuanced and more complete perspective on gender. The binary of male production and female consumption hides important conclusions that we can draw when we investigate, for example, male consumer patterns. After all, no one today would deny men's claims to economic and social power behind the conspicuous consumption of custom tailored-suits, expensive designer watches, the latest electronic gadgets, and luxury cars. And sources on male consumption are readily available, particularly through memoir literature. To offer but one particularly telling example, in writing about the well-known and very rich diaries of Victor Klemperer, Guy Miron has noted Klemperer's unusual decision to learn how to drive in late 1935 and buy a car in 1936, all this after being fired from his job. As historians of the economy, we can use such insights...

Memoirs of P. Bilon on the revolutionary events of 1918-1919. In Ukraine

The article, based on the memoirs of P. Bilon, highlights the process of formation and development of the armed forces of the UPR (Ukrainian People's Republic) Directory (1918-1919). Such phenomena as “atamanism”, the unification of the Galician army and the UPR army, and the creation of Ukrainian military aviation are considered. The importance of studying memoirs as a unique source on the history of the Ukrainian revolution is noted. Military memoirs in fact often is the only source for the history of certain military units, conducting combat operations and their direct participants. Considered is the degree of understanding in the memoirs transformational processes of the Ukrainian revolution under the influence of domestic- and foreign-policy situation during of 1918-1919. Lighting of the period of the Ukrainian revolution of 1917-1921 through the prism of memoir literature, comparing it with data from other information sources, and most importantly with official historical doctrine of both the Soviet and modern periods, not only provide a qualitative highlight the main aspects of the research, but also to reveal the "moral feature" of the era. Namely, the mood of specific individuals who have left us memoirs. Thanks to them you can see the many facets of the mentality of that society, which fell into the whirlpool of tumultuous political events. It is noted that the active involvement of the memoir heritage will contribute to a maximum of an objective picture of historical events, to intensify the study of processes in early XX century by representatives of academic historical scholarship.

Growing up in Interwar Iraq: The Memoirs of Naim Kattan and Heskel Haddad

Growing up in Interwar Iraq: The Memoirs of Naim Kattan and Heskel Haddad Nadia Malinovich (bio) In recent years, the historical Jewish presence in Arab lands has become a contested site of memory, with contemporary disagreements over the merits of the Zionist project, the continuing Arab–Israeli conflict, and the legacy of European colonialism informing the ways in which different groups reconstruct their collective past. Among the Jews of Arab lands, Iraqi Jews were distinguished both by their high level of cultural integration into Iraqi society, as well as the abrupt and traumatic nature of their departure from the country after 1948. These dramatic extremes have made Iraqi-Jewish history particularly subject to politicized narratives. Some point to the history of Muslim anti-Judaism and relegation of Jews to second-class dhimmi status as paving the way for the rise of an Iraqi nationalism that was both sympathetic to Nazi Germany and virulently anti-Zionist. For others, both European colonialists and Zionists share much of the blame for the Jewish exodus, as they created rifts between Jews and Muslims who had traditionally enjoyed harmonious relations. Memoir literature written by the last generation of Iraqi Jews enables us to flesh out our understanding of how the social fabric of Jewish life in Iraq actually functioned in the interwar years. In so doing, these memoirs can also play an important role in mitigating contemporary polemics around the telling of the Iraqi-Jewish past. After a brief overview of the history of the Jews of Iraq and the historiographical issues that surround it, this article will focus on two memoirs—those of Naim Kattan and Heskel Haddad—both of which provide nuanced evidence of the multifaceted identity of the last generation of Iraqi Jews. Born only two years apart, both Kattan and Haddad grew up in Baghdad in the 1930s and 1940s and, unlike the vast majority of Iraqi Jews who lived in Israel after 1951, had resettled in North America by the early 1950s. As we shall see, despite the many differences in the sensibilities, career paths, and political orientations of Kattan and Haddad, there are a number of similarities in their memoirs that testify to the rupture with traditional modes of identification and ways of relating to the surrounding society that were taking place in Iraq of their day. These memoirs convey the painful reality of Iraqi Jews coming of age in the interwar years, who were [End Page 19] both fully embedded in Arab Iraqi society, and increasingly faced with the impossibility of carving out a future for themselves within it. The Distinctive History of the Jews of Iraq In order to understand the particularities of the Jews of Iraq, we must turn briefly to the larger social, political, and cultural context in which that community evolved in the modern era. Whereas patterns of acculturation differed widely across class and geographic boundaries, for most Jews in the Middle East and North Africa in the colonial era, modernization became synonymous with Westernization. The Jews of Iraq offer a notable exception: although a part of the Ottoman Empire since the early sixteenth century, the Turkish administration had little influence over the region until the Tanzimat reforms. Intended to modernize the empire along Western lines, these mid-nineteenth-century reforms strengthened the powers of Turkish administrators and guaranteed all religious communities equal protection under the law.1 These changes paved the way for the entry of the Alliance Israélite Universelle (AIU or Alliance) into Iraq, providing educational opportunities to Jews that, as elsewhere in the Arab world, gave them an advantage over their Muslim brethren in terms of the acquisition of European languages and familiarity with European cultural mores.2 By the late nineteenth century, a number of Jews had obtained positions in the Ottoman administration, and increasing British influence in the region brought opportunities for Jews to become major players in the burgeoning world of banking and commerce.3 Importantly, however, for the Jews of Iraq, these economic and political changes were not accompanied by the kind of cultural transformation that we saw elsewhere in the Arab world. While distinguished from non-Jews by their dialect, their dress, their religious observance...

Изображение монархов в русской мемуарной литературе XVIII века: в поисках образа идеального правителя

Изображение монархов в русской мемуарной литературе XVIII века: в поисках образа идеального правителя

Английские «рыцари плаща и кинжала» при дворе Екатерины II

The article is devoted to the unexplored problem in the historiography of intelligence activities of British ambassadors at the court of Catherine the Great. Modern historians do not pay enough attention to the study of the "secret war", most likely due to the lack of necessary sources. Based on diplomatic correspondence and memoir literature of ambassadors John Buckinghamshire, George Macartney, Сharles Cathcart, James Harris, the author covers the unofficial, secret activities of diplomats. It turns out that the most important for the ambassadors were information about the Army and Navy of the Russian Empire, as well as information about the state of affairs in Russia and the first persons of the state - Catherine II, and her Ministers and confidants. It is emphasized that to collect such information was entrusted to the ambassadors by the reigning king George III. The author comes to the conclusion that diplomats were often informed by high-ranking Russian officials, including well-known statesmen N. Panin, G. Potemkin, who due to selfish motives or "special" disposition to Britain – anglophiliya, supplied ambassadors with secret information, thereby causing obvious harm to their state. Information about the Army and Navy of the Russian Empire occupied a primary place in the intelligence of ambassadors. Important for the British government, and hence for the ambassadors, was also information about the first persons of the Russian state. Therefore, each of the ambassadors felt it necessary to inform London about their observation of the activities of the Empress and her entourage of ministers, the courtiers. All diplomats saw them as a potential source of information that could be used in the interests of the Great Britain.

Український закордонний паспорт періоду Української революції (1917–1924 рр.): за матеріалами відділу зарубіжної україніки Інституту книгознавства Національної бібліотеки України імені В. І. Вернадського

The article is devoted to the review of the literature of the department of foreign Ukrainica of the Book Science Institute of Vernadsky National Library of Ukraine on the study of the Ukrainian international passport throughout its period of its existence and use: from the moment of making a proposal for its introduction – on November 28, 1917, and until the time of the existence of diplomatic missions issuing Ukrainian passports – in 1924. Its main focus is on memoirs of contemporary events: diplomats, statesmen, creative intelligentsia. The analysis of memoir literature suggests that it has important scientific significance, since it contains documentary evidence of the use of Ukrainian international passports for the departure of Ukrainian citizens, including Jews, to various European and American countries; highlights the existence of both diplomatic and ordinary Ukrainian international passports of various state entitiesof the period of the Ukrainian Revolution – the Ukrainian State, headed by hetman Pavlo Skoropadsky, the Ukrainian National Republic, and the Western Ukrainian National Republic. In addition, the article deals with a considerable amount of details about the Ukrainian international passport in the literature of the Ukrainians abroad of the 1920’s and 2000’s. It focuses on highlighting the activities of Ukrainian diplomatic missions and consulates, their period of existence and the specifics of work, examples of Ukrainian passports and describes their appearance and meaning in the history of the development of Ukrainian statehood.

O nurcie białoruskim w polskiej prozie emigracyjnej

Celem prezentowanego szkicu jest dostrzeżenie i wyróżnienie bardzo ważnego nurtu w polskiej powojennej prozie emigracyjnej. Nurt „powrotu do małych ojczyzn”, bardzo istotny w polskiej prozie powojennej, zaowocował wieloma dziełami wspomnieniowymi. Najważniejsze z nich poświęcone zostały ziemiom ukraińskim i białoruskim. Wspomnienia i powieści na temat życia na ziemiach białoruskich włączane są zwykle do nurtu litewskiego z powodu ich historycznej przynależności do Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego. Prezentowany szkic stanowi próbę ustanowienia właściwej hierarchii. Autorowi tekstu zależy na oddaniu ważności kultury białoruskiej dla polskiej literatury emigracyjnej, ale także na ujawnieniu budzenia się białoruskiej tożsamości narodowej. Albowiem w nurcie białoruskim napięcie między polskością i białorosyjskością odgrywa ważną rolę. I ten aspekt nie może zaginąć w refleksjach nad literackimi wspomnieniami polskiego życia na ziemiach białoruskich.

Dravska banovina u Aprilskom ratu 1941. godine

Prostor Dravske banovine u Aprilskom ratu do sada nije bio predmet posebnog istraživanja. Zbog toga smo se odlučili da na osnovu neobjavljenih izvora pohranjenih u Vojnom arhivu Ministarstva odbrane Republike Srbije u Beogradu, objavljenih izvora, relevantne memoarske i istoriografske literature pokušamo da odgovorimo na niz pitanja: Kakav je bio strategijski položaj Dravske banovine, kakve su ratne pripreme izvršene na tom prostoru, kako su tekle ratne operacije i kakvo je bilo delovanje civilnih (banskih) vlasti u toku rata?

Eklof, Ben Saburova, Tatiana A Generation of Revolutionaries: Nikolai Charushin and Russian Populism from The Great Reforms to Perestroika (review)

REVIEWS 577 like Conta and Eminescu are directly intertwined with, if not dependent on, Western philosophical models. As she states in her conclusion, Romanian philosophy’s focus on questions of self-identity in fact represent not a closingoff from Western traditions but ‘a very European contribution’ to a common set of problems and a general phenomenon of self-interrogation. Folschweiller’s work could have engaged slightly more with existing secondary literature: other studies on the contribution of different academic disciplines to the development of theories of Romanian identity, including the history of sociology, historiography and literary theory, are only intermittently referenced. Comparison with contemporaneous developments elsewhere in Eastern Europe would also have been useful to readers. And overall, the strong emphasis on Maiorescu’s admittedly dominant school perhaps occludes other traditions: we hear little, for example, either about theology or folklore, or about the discussion of socialist ideas which was quite active and fruitful already before World War One, even if they were excluded from the mainstream university curricula. Otherwise, Folschweiller’s is a detailed and accurate account of major philosophical trends and debates in Old Kingdom Romania. University of Amsterdam Alex Drace-Francis Eklof, Ben and Saburova, Tatiana. A Generation of Revolutionaries: Nikolai Charushin and Russian Populism from The Great Reforms to Perestroika. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN, 2017. xi + 394 pp. Maps. Illustrations. Notes. Biographical sketches. Selected bibliography. Index. $40.00: £33.00 (paperback). Many historians of nineteenth-century Russia will be familiar with the memoirs of Nikolai Charushin, who was a member of the Chaikovskii circle of the early 1870s, which played such an important role in shaping the character of Russian Populism (narodnichestvo). Charushin’s memoirs were written in the 1920s and early 1930s as part of a ‘second wave’ of testimonies designed to secure the place of the narodniki in the struggle against tsarism, at a time when the Bolshevik regime was increasingly trying to create a revolutionary narrative congruent with its own conceptions of the past and ambitions for the future. At the heart of A Generation of Revolutionaries is an attempt to understand whether there was a distinctive revolutionary ‘generation’ of the 1870s, bound together both by personal experience and intellectual affinity, or whether it was instead a more disparate group of men and women whose shared identity was constructed later as part of a struggle to create a collective memory of the past. Ben Eklof and Tatiana Saburova’s book deftly weaves together material SEER, 96, 3, JULY 2018 578 drawn from the archives with a judicious reading of the memoir literature to offer new and valuable insights into the nature of Russian Populism. The structure of the book is broadly chronological. After an initial chapter that traces Charushin’s upbringing in Viatka province, the following chapters examinehisroleintheChaikovskiicircle,histimeinprisonandhisexperiences inexileinSiberia,wherehewascondemnedtohardlabourinKarafollowingthe trial of the 193. There is also an interesting chapter on the role played by female members of the Chaikovskii circle, including Charushin’s own wife, Anna Kuvshinskaia. These chapters mainly rely on a careful reading of the memoir literature and a large range of published primary sources (the archival material for this period is much scantier than for the later period). Eklof and Saburova take the line that there was a common core to the ideology of the Chaikovtsii, rooted less in definite views about the radical character of the peasant mir or the potential for Russia to bypass a capitalist stage of development, and more in a shared commitment to a kind of ethical rationalism (albeit one that was often only semi-articulated). The ‘populism’ of men and women like Charushin and Kuvshinskaia appears from this perspective to be a kind of personal stance — a useful reminder that previous generations of historians have perhaps focused too much on ideas alone when trying to define the character of narodnichestvo. The chapter on Siberia is of particular interest in its focus on the complex and contradictory nature of exile. Charushin wrote surprisingly positively about his time in Siberia, describing how the exiles there created their own distinctive communities, while also praising the way in which some tsarist officials treated both prisoners and exiles. Charushin himself when released from hard labour status...

Education for an ex-role: Perceptions of schooling from the newly un-orthodox

ABSTRACTThis article seeks to demonstrate that in the burgeoning spiritual memoir literature of those leaving Ultra-Orthodoxy, scant attention is paid to the negative impact of schooling, yet it may be a significant contributing factor to the decision to leave traditional practice and community. Differing educational expectations for girls and boys—an amplified focus on modesty for females and scholarship for males—can become constricting and, ultimately, oppressive. Highlighting these inequities in other similar parochial systems or traditional but more progressive schools may shed light on how specific messaging may work counter to desired educational outcomes.

The Greek Catholic Сlergy of Eastern Galicia in the Context of the Development of Art as an Important Factor in Deepening the National Consciousness of Ukrainians in the Cultural and Creative Expanse of the Region (in the 20th century 20s-40s)

The aim of the article is to demonstrate the influence of the Greek Catholic Clergy of Eastern Galicia on the development of theater and cinema of the region in the 20th century between 20’s and the first half of the 40’s.Research methodology. Scientific papers, memoir literature on the subject have been reviewed. Much of the source materials (letters, appeals, reports) can be found in the funds of the Central State Historical Archive of Ukraine in Lviv and the press of that time.Results. It has been determined that the priests organized amateur groups at the branches of the Prosvita Society whose repertoire included multi-act performances by predominantly Ukrainian classic writers. The Polish Authorities sought to prevent the work of amateur groups in every possible way. The priests sought permission from the Polish Authorities on the staging the plays, and also supported the activities of professional actors who created works of religious and national-patriotic themes. The Society of St. Mary (cinema division) distributed among young people movies based on religious high morality, the revenues were intended for the poor and the needy. The opening of the foundation of the Assumption Temple of the 12th century on the territory of the capital of the Principality of Galicia–Volyne, funded by the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, became the basis for the creation of the color film «Krylos» by the Galician artists. The film was not completed due to the start of the Second World War.Novelty. For the first time an attempt has been made in this paper to reveal the activities and repertoire of amateur theater groups at the branches of the Prosvita Society of Eastern Galicia under the direction of local priests. Also, for the first time an attempt has been made to highlight the role of the Greek Catholic Clergy in cinema in the region and in the specified period.The practical significance. The results of the article can be used in lectures on the Ukrainian theater, Ukrainian cinema, Ukrainian culture. Researchers may find the information contained in this paper useful for writing the biographical publications on the Greek Catholic Clergy of Eastern Galicia.