Memoir Literature Research Articles

Pamięć o Żydach w wielkich słownikach języka polskiego. Rekonesans. cz. II

REMEMBRANCE OF JEWS IN GREAT DICTIONARIES OF POLISH LANGUAGE: RECONNAISSANCE
 Nine centuries of Polish-Jewish contacts in all spheres of life left a mark in Polish. The author of the article decided to check how great and how durable this trace is, looking in the great dictionaries of the Polish language for units considered as carriers of the memory of Jews. The author asks the question which prejudges the fact that a certain unit of language can be considered as a carrier of the memory of Jews. Also, the author attempts to establish in which linguistic forms this Jewish element can be manifested in dictionaries. The trial analysis examined the presence of 240 carriers of memory (“verbal judaics”), sampled from journals, memoir literature and tourist guides published after 2000, in two dictionaries intended for the mass audience: the Dictionary of Polish edited by M. Szymczak, and An Alternative Polish Dictionary edited by M. Bańko. It turned out that these dictionaries recorded only 25% of the collected corps of verbal judaics, often depriving the definitions of these units of the Jewish component. The author reflects on the social consequences of this state of affairs and its relationship with the “collective narcissism” of the Polish society and the historical policy pursued by the Polish state.

The stay of the 18th Croatian NOU brigade in Posavina in february and march 1944 with special reference to its activities in the area of the present municipalities of Orašje and Domaljevac-Šamac

Significantly decimated in the battles that befell it at the end of 1943 and the beginning of 1944, the 18th Croatian NOU Brigade, after a short consolidation in Semberija, went to Posavina, in order to promote the communist, anti-fascist struggle among the predominantly Croatian population there, and tried to win him over to join her ranks. At the same time, on the military front, the Brigade was supposed to assist the already existing partisan units of the 16th Muslim Brigade and the Posavina-Trebavian partisan detachment in eliminating enemy groups. At that time, there were already well-organized village guards made up of local Ustasha and former home guards in the Croatian villages of Bosnian Posavina, while in the Serbian villages local Chetniks had already been in command for three years, and these two armed groups had a generally correct relationship with each other. The short-term stay of the 18th Croatian NOU Brigade was therefore not overly successful in either of the two mentioned plans, which is why its stay in Bosnian Posavina is reduced to just a few sentences in socialist historiography. Nevertheless, the short stay of the 18th Croatian Brigade in Posavina was not without events. First, on March 4, 1944, the brigade entered the village of Domaljevac, where its members ravaged the parish office of the local pastor, otherwise an ardent supporter of the Ustasha movement, Ante Tepeluk. Bogomir Brajković gave a speech in front of the gathered peasants, which did not bear much fruit. Brajković gave the same speech in the village of Matići a few days later, on March 13 of the same year, but he did not succeed in arousing the interest of the local population there either. The communists within the brigade tried to present themselves to the local Croatian population as a kind of continuation of the pre-war politics of the Croatian Peasant Party, of which individuals, such as the aforementioned Brajković, were indeed members. The Croatian population in Posavina, due to previous experiences fighting against the partisans, had already organized their village guards quite well, so the fighting that took place in mid-March was fierce and disastrous for the partisan brigade. At least nine partisans were killed in the military actions, while around 14 were wounded. The partisans briefly managed to occupy some villages, hold some propaganda speech, but due to the great insecurity, they retreated to the south after that. During the brigade's attack on Orašje, the partisans were joined by some local inhabitants, Bosniaks, which will be the beginning of animosity between Bosniaks and Croats in this area that will culminate in March 1945, but also the creation of connections that will be used in the coming times when a large number of members of the green cadre and members of the SS transferred to the national liberation units. In one military operation, the brigade captured five local legionnaires and sentenced them to death. The sentence was carried out on three, while two managed to escape. The brigade also had several firefights with Chetnik units in Posavina, which were of varying fortunes for them. In one attack, they managed to destroy a small Chetnik headquarters in the village of Batkuši and liquidate the local leader Ignjat Bijelić. In the second skirmish, which took place in the village of Blaževac, Pavle Gajić's Chetniks inflicted a heavy defeat on the brigade. The 18th Croatian Brigade withdrew from Posavina when the German 13th SS Division appeared in these areas. The aim of this work is, on the basis of available historical sources and historiographical and memoir literature, to show in detail the stay of this Brigade in Posavina, with special reference to its activities in the area of today's municipalities of Orašje and Domaljevac-Šamac, that is, the eastern part of Posavina County.

Устная история миграции из Китая в Казахстан в период «культурной революции» (1966–1976 гг.)

The article examines the last stage of interstate migration from China to Kazakhstan in 1950–1970, that is, the period of the so-called “great cultural revolution”, which began in the People’s Republic of China (PRC) in 1966 and lasted ten years. Migration of this period from the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (XUAR) of the PRC to Soviet Kazakhstan was not mass-scale and took the form of groups of young Kazakhs and Uighurs who crossed the Kazakh section of the Soviet-Chinese state border. They were persecuted by the Chinese authorities as “counter-revolutionaries” and “revisionists.” The events related to the escape of some groups of young people to Kazakhstan in the early years of the “cultural revolution” are reconstructed in the article based on oral histories recorded during the implementation of the research project “Oral history of migration in 1950–1970s from China to Kazakhstan”, as well as archival materials and memoir literature. The study of oral histories and other sources revealed specific features of the migration of that time: it affected a limited number of politically active youth from among the local Turkic peoples of the XUAR and represented the spontaneous escape of young people in extreme political conditions, namely, in the conditions of a political struggle for power between different groups of the Communist Party of China (CCP), mass political repression and persecutions. The last group of refugees arrived in Kazakhstan on the eve of 1970, after which the “iron curtain” in Soviet-Chinese relations finally closed.

Some aspects in Azerbaijanian memoir literature

The aim of the article is to review the works of Azerbaijani writers who wrote in the memoir genre, to identify and analyze the elements that reflect the socio-historical and literary-cultural environment in the memoirs of each author we study. The study used the method of analysis of documentary materials related to the historical methodology, as well as the historical and historical-comparative method. The works of well-known figures of literature and culture in Azerbaijani, Russian and world literature, as well as travelers and journalistic memoirists: road records, memoirs were taken as a theoretical base and comparative-welcoming method was used in this process. The novelty of the research. The article examines the memoirs of writers living in exile, both in Azerbaijan and abroad, as the texts belonging to the autobiographical and biographical type of fiction, emphasize imagination and subjectivity in the works, containing reality. Discussion. In the works of Azerbaijani memoir writers to analyze and identify elements of memoirists reflecting the socio-historical environment; elements of the literary and cultural environment; to identify in the analyzed works the reflection of events through memory; to identify the connection between memory and history in the analyzed works.

Świat zmysłów w polskim pamiętnikarstwie XVIII wieku

The article explains how eighteenth-century Polish memoirists perceived the outside world, which they depicted in their accounts. It addresses the question of whether it is feasible to identify in such extensive material, varied in terms of character and subject matter as well as marked by genological diversity, a rule that describes or organizes the external world according to the philosophy of sensualism popular in the Enlightenment. It also shows which senses are most often activated in the descriptions in the memoirs, what is most frequently perceived, how and why. These are the most important issues discussed in the article, which aims to analyse the rich Polish memoir literature of the eighteenth century.

The Memory Trace of Jewishness in the Memoir Literature of Authors of the Late 19th Century

The Memory Trace of Jewishness in the Memoir Literature of Authors of the Late 19th Century

Pamięć o Żydach w wielkich słownikach języka polskiego. Rekonesans

REMEMBRANCE OF JEWS IN THE GREAT DICTIONARIES OF THE POLISH LANGUAGE: RECONNAISSANCE: PART 1 Nine centuries of Polish-Jewish contacts in all spheres of life left a mark in Polish. The author of the article decided to check how significant and how durable this trace is, looking in the great dictionaries of the Polish language for units considered as carriers of memory of Jews. The author asks the question which prejudges the fact that a certain unit of language can be considered as a carrier of the memory of Jews and wonders in which linguistic forms this Jewish element can be manifested in dictionaries. The initial analysis included 240 carriers of memory (“verbal judaics”), sampled from journals, memoir literature and tourist guides edited after 2000, as well as two dictionaries intended for the mass audience: the Dictionary of Polish edited by M. Szymczak and Another Dictionary of Polish edited by M. Bańko. It turned out that these dictionaries recorded only 25% of the collected corps of verbal judaics, often depriving the definitions of these units of the Jewish component. The author reflects on the social consequences of this state of affairs and its relationship with the “collective narcissism” of the Polish society, and on the historical policy pursued by the Polish state.

Freedom from Violence and Lies: Anton Chekhov’s Life and Writings by Michael C. Finke

Reviewed by: Freedom from Violence and Lies: Anton Chekhov’s Life and Writings by Michael C. Finke Carol Apollonio Finke, Michael C. Freedom from Violence and Lies: Anton Chekhov’s Life and Writings. Reaktion Books, London. 2021. 236 pp. Illustrations. Notes. Select bibliography. Index. £25.00. In this essential, gripping book, Michael Finke combines biography and criticism with rare sensitivity and authority within a slight, action-packed 200 pages. Donald Rayfield’s classic 1997 biography, which drew on previously unavailable archival sources to offer readers a fresh, fully human Chekhov, will remain on the scholar’s bookshelf. Finke’s book shows why Chekhov’s life — as a writer, doctor and public figure — matters. Drawing upon new sources — notably the volumes in the second series of the Letopiś zhizni i tvorchestva A. P. Chekhova (2000–16) — and offering fresh readings of the epistolary and memoir literature, he tells the story of a man embedded in the social and intellectual culture of his time, and a writer whose works remain relevant in contexts unimaginable during his lifetime. Finke tells of Chekhov’s medical study and practice, his active social life, and his pathway to fame through the literary institutions of his time. Chekhov long cherished the goal of a scholarly career, which both prevented him from wholly committing himself to fiction during the 1880s and informed his distinctive treatment of narrative point of view as he became a literary master in the 1890s. Finke introduces Chekhov’s three planned dissertation projects — a history of sexual dominance; a history of doctoring in Russia; and the one that was realized, though did not lead to a doctoral degree: his famous research work, Sakhalin Island (pp. 25–26), the medical — Finke emphasizes — study where, [End Page 362] and only where, Chekhov ‘presented himself as the hero of his own narrative’ (p. 85). Despite the writer’s resistance to ‘being seen’ in his works, psychology is ‘the ground floor’ (p. 75). Characters’ utterances function lyrically and musically, ‘pointing to larger hidden complexes’ (p. 12). As early as the 1883 ‘The Death of a Clerk’, plot projects inwards — into the mind (or belly) of one individual, rather than emerging from the actions, reactions and interactions among characters (pp. 39–40). Troubled father-son relationships or absent fathers figure prominently from the early (disputed) play, Fatherlessness, to the late drama (p. 30). In works such as ‘Story of an Unknown Man’ and ‘My Life’, ‘the main character is the son of a dominant father; his life choices involve submissiveness, humiliation and pain’ (p. 155). Finke demonstrates that for Chekhov ideology is secondary to psychology, even in stories which have attracted attention as ‘anti-Tolstoyan’ narratives (p. 156). Finke reads Chekhov’s 1998 ‘Little Trilogy’ as a set of case studies presenting developmental stages a la Freud ‘from which remaining fixations may lie at the core of psychopathology’ (p. 148). The cycle traces a path of decreasing distance between storyteller and subject (neighbour, brother, self): the ‘man in the case’ suffers from a castration complex and obsessional neurosis; the ‘Gooseberries’ protagonist manifests pathological narcissism; and the narrator of ‘About Love’ has fallen into an Oedipal trap (p. 148). Chekhov’s attitude toward Jews evolves throughout his lifetime. Finke offers a nuanced treatment of the theme in life and works — though not, interestingly, in the pages devoted to Chekhov’s friend, the painter Isaac Levitan. Jewish women are prominent in Chekhov’s life, including as sexual partners. Chekhov’s unsavoury, eroticized portrait of a Jewish woman in the 1886 story ‘Mire’ was published, not coincidentally, in the antisemitic Alexei Suvorin’s New Times. Finke’s chronicle introduces welcome subtlety into the story of Chekhov’s ten-year friendship with Suvorin, addressing the complex forces at work for the young writer whose refusal to take political stands earned him the enmity of the liberal literary establishment, and who for some time depended on the wealthy publisher’s financial support — including for his research trip to Sakhalin in 1890, which Finke analyses as a ‘medical geography’. Chekhov’s famous support of Alfred Dreyfus in 1897, Finke shows, was only one of the factors at work as their paths diverged. As Finke...

Emotion in “The Diary” by Samuel Maskievič

Basing on the material of the “Diary” Samuel Maskievič, the article deals with the modes of presentation of the emotion as an essential sign of the author’s subjectivity in Belarusian literature of the first part of the 17th century. Emotionality is considering as the marker of an art and aesthetic level of the work. Specific textual manifestation of the emotionality in its explicit and implicit forms has been demonstrated, as well as its role in exposing of psychological situations, in coloured descriptions of exotic customs, and in its estimation by the author, too. The specific features of the author and of his work in Belarusian memoir literature of the period are defined.

MILITARY EDUCATION OF UKRAINIAN YOUTH OF GALICIA IN PLASTUN CIRCLES BEFORE THE FIRST WORLD WAR

The article examines the military education of Ukrainian youth in Galicia before the First World War. The main emphasis in the study was given to Ukrainian plastun organizations. The first national military formations were created on the example of these paramilitary groups, which organized and trained Ukrainian youth to fight for national interests during the First World War. Members of the societies became the basis of the first armed Ukrainian formation of the 20th century – the Legion of Ukrainian Sich Riflemen. It should be noted that the idea of military training of young people was not positively received by the entire Galician society, part of which was against military methods of struggle. So, since its inception, the first important period in the history of Plast fell on the three pre-war years. It was testified that the Scout idea found fertile ground on Ukrainian soil. It was emphasized that due to the peculiarities of historical development, Plast took deeper roots only in Galicia. It was determined that from the time of its creation and the closer the time was to the war, the more stages of militarization of Plast there were. It is highlighted that before the war, Plast movement was mainly viewed as a military preparatory factor. At the same time, its essence was determined by the fact that the nation could win victory for statehood only by force of arms. Continuing the topic of the place and role of Plast in Ukrainian society, we note that, according to its ideological and worldview guidelines, the formation of not only people of a new generation, but also people's leaders, the national elite was foreseen. For this, Plast had to raise an energetic person with a willful character and a deep sense of national dignity. It was emphasized that one of the tasks of Plast was to reach the consciousness of the entire Ukrainian nation through educated youth and to awaken its own identity in it, and it was concluded that the deep intention of Plast was to subordinate all the activities of its members to the needs of the Ukrainian nation. So, let's summarize that the ultimate goal of the Plastun circles was the only one – the acquisition of their own state. The examination of the topic in the context of military-historical and memoir literature was traced, in which scientific materials were found on the role of Plast members in ideological, organizational and military education. Keywords: Plast, Galicia, military school, the Legion of Ukrainian Sich Riflemen, youth organizations.

Timkovsky: the first mentor of Ushinsky

Introduction. The problem of mentoring is one of the most urgent in pedagogical science. It′s important to take into account the positive experience previously developed by Russian and foreign science and educational practice, through the efforts of prominent teachers of the past, such as Ilya Fedorovich Timkovsky (1772-1853), who left his own unique mark in the history of the Russian enlightenment. He was the first mentor of the great teacher Konstantin Ushinsky. The purpose of the article is to show the importance of Ilya Timkovsky personality in the development of education. The objectives of the research are to create a biography of Timkovsky based on little–known sources, to characterize his activities in connection with the historical situation and the state of school affairs in the first half of the twentieth century in Russia. Materials and methods. Research methods – analysis of historical and pedagogical, methodological and memoir literature on the research topic, biographical, historical and comparative methods, axiological (value) approach to the study of historical and pedagogical material. Results. Ilya Timkovsky carried out active, fruitful organizational and administrative activities during the preparation for the opening of Kharkiv University and as the director of the Novgorod-Seversk Gymnasium, and also made a significant contribution to science and memoiristics. Memories of Timkovsky, left by his students K. Ushinsky and M. Chaly, allow us to imagine the personality of this outstanding figure of education. The memoirs of Timkovsky himself make it possible to more clearly present the historical events that he was a participant and witness. Conclusion. The personality of Ilya Timkovsky is one of the most significant in the history of Russian education and needs further study by historians of pedagogy. The article was prepared in connection with the 250th anniversary of Ilya Timkovsky.

Following the black spiral: Old voices, new life (Towards the history of the early commercial gramophone records in Bulgaria)

The earliest surviving sound evidence of music and musicians from Bulgaria is on commercial gramophone records from the early XX century. Although unique sources for ethnomusicological and historical research, these commercial recordings are little known and almost unexplored. The proposed text sets out to collect and describe information on the first decade of commercial gramophone recordings in Bulgaria. The basis for the research is sound evidence from scholarly and museum archives and private collections; music company catalogues, labels on gramophone records, discographies; and supporting information - texts and advertising images from newspapers, memoirs and memoir literature as primary and secondary sources. The sought ethnomusicological approach is achieved through a combination of different research methods: ethnographic, historical, discographic, cultural, anthropological. The results of the research present the role of commercial recordings in musical and popular culture in Bulgaria in the years leading up to the First World War, cultural life, musical history, musicing, intercultural interactions, the cultural choices of Western and local, Slavic and Balkan, traditional music in non-traditional modern contexts, art music in popular contexts, and the role of professional musicians.

The Russian Conquest of Central Asia: A Study in Imperial Expansion, 1814–1914 by Alexander Morrison

Reviewed by: The Russian Conquest of Central Asia: A Study in Imperial Expansion, 1814–1914 by Alexander Morrison Ian W. Campbell (bio) Alexander Morrison, The Russian Conquest of Central Asia: A Study in Imperial Expansion, 1814–1914 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021). 613 pp., ill. Sources and Bibliography. Index. 978-1-107-03030-5. Thirty years have passed since the collapse of the Soviet Union and, with it, a revolution in Western studies of the Russian Empire. Increased access to local and regional archives and greater attention to the study of non-Russian languages have yielded important insights about the relationship of territories and people on the periphery to the imperial core. The study of Central Asia has especially benefited from these new opportunities. A particular strength of this recent scholarship is its extensive engagement with the historiography of other European empires, at times from a comparative perspective. As a result, recent Western scholarship on tsarist Central Asia has usually followed trends and concerns in the broader scholarship, focusing on cultural matters and questions of identity. Yet, if in the scholarship on European imperialism, political, economic, and military history came to seem passé in part because many major questions in these areas were settled or exhausted, scholars of the Russian Empire have not always been able to build their own work on such a strong empirical foundation. In these matters, Western scholars have more often than not relied on the conclusions of Soviet scholarship, empirically rich but stretched and chopped to fit ideological requirements. In this magisterial and much-anticipated book, his second, Alexander Morrison aims to create a new narrative of the tsarist conquest of Central Asia, to escape the shackles of the extant historiography by dint of deep empirical research. Eschewing overarching explanations in favor of a series of microhistories in which the particularities of environment and personality come to the fore, he succeeds admirably in his task. Morrison sets out to destroy before he builds, with an introduction that comprehensively does away with the most common explanations for the conquest: that it was the product of the "Great Game" rivalry with the British Empire; a drive to secure Central Asian cotton for Russian textile manufacturers; or the impulsive actions of ambitious "men on the spot" acting without state approval. The "Great Game" paradigm, he notes, ascribes practically no agency to Central Asian states and peoples, who become in such accounts little more than the chessboard on which European statesmen and generals made their moves; it also assumes the feasibility of movements that [End Page 312] proved to be logistically impossible and founders on the "fundamental fact … that British influence in [Central Asia] was negligible" (P. 13). The most that can be salvaged from this paradigm is a sense that Russia sought "Great Power" status equivalent to Britain's and chafed when the prospect of achieving it seemed remote. Nor do economic explanations for the conquest hold up to scrutiny; the Central Asian trade market was relatively small, and the temporary shortage of American cotton on the global market ended with the Civil War, whereas cotton was not "widely cultivated in Turkestan until the 1890s" (P. 15). The famed "men on the spot" were too dependent on a grindingly slow approval process for the basic stuff of a military campaign–ready money to purchase food, fodder, and above all camels–to act without consulting their superiors. Morrison proposes, instead, that we must change our methods and shift our chronology to understand the conquest. Following on the classic work of Ronald Robinson and Jack Gallagher, he attends to the "official mind" of the Russian Empire, that is, a "bundle of prejudices, assumptions, ambition and ignorance, generally with very imperfect access to information, deeply affected by rumour, often reacting wildly and erratically to the pressure of 'events'" (P. 24) that was neither uniform nor dominated by the ministries of the imperial center. He reconstructs this official mind through the dogged and masterful use of official correspondence from more than a dozen archives, while also attending carefully to the voluminous memoir literature left by officers who campaigned in Turkestan. His use of Central Asian sources originally written in Persian and Chaghatai...

ВОСПОМИНАНИЯ ПОЛИТИЧЕСКИХ ЛИДЕРОВ СССР И ГДР 1960–1980-Х ГГ.: ДОЛГИЙ И ТРУДНЫЙ ПУТЬ К ЧИТАТЕЛЮ

The article deals with the memoirs of the political elite of the USSR and the GDR in the 1960s – 1980s. The memoir literature of that period was under a strict ideological control, having a dualistic nature at its core. On the one hand, the control was expressed in a series of prohibitive measures that really led to the restriction of the publication of any memoirs in general and the political ones in particular. On the other hand, it was during those years that two large-scale image campaigns were held, in which the party and the state promoted their ideology through the artificial creation of the memoirs of the highest representatives of the political elite. It concerned the memoirs of the general secretaries: of the Central Committee of the CPSU – Leonid Brezhnev (USSR), and of the Central Committee of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany – Erich Honecker (GDR). Of particular interest is the fact that the memoirs of Brezhnev and Honecker were written by a team of professional “ghostwriters” – and not by the nominal authors whose names were on the book covers. The article describes the chronology of the clash of state ideology and memoir prose, and also analyzes the causes and consequences of that clash. For the first time, the article uses the documents from the former Archives of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Central Committee of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany, which makes the article especially interesting.

REFLECTION OF SOCIO-HISTORICAL AND LITERARY-CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT IN AZERBAIJANI MEMOIR LITERATURE

The purpose of the research is to review the works of Azerbaijani writers who wrote in the memoir genre, to identify and analyze the elements that reflect the socio-historical and literary-cultural environment in the memoirs of each author we study. The basis of the memoirs involved in the article is the reflection of events through memory. Our goal is to present this reflection not as a completely identical reproduction of the past, but as a practical activity and creativity of the memoirist. Discussion. In the works of Azerbaijani memoir writers analyze and identify: – elements of memoiristics reflecting the socio-historical environment; – elements of the literary and cultural environment; – the reflection of events through memory in the analyzed works; – the connection between memory and history in the analyzed works. The methods and methodology of the research. The study used the method of analysis of documentary materials related to the historical methodology, as well as the historical and historical-comparative method. The works of wellknown figures of literature and culture in Azerbaijani, Russian and world literature, as well as travelers and journalistic memuarists: road records, memoirs were taken as a theoretical base and comparative-welcoming method was used in this process. The novelty of the research. The article examines the memoirs of writers living in exile, both in Azerbaijan and abroad, as the texts belonging to the autobiographical and biographical type of fiction, emphasize imagination and subjectivity in the works, containing reality. Conclusions. The article examines the works of Azerbaijani writers in the memoir genre, analyzes the memoirs of each author we study, revealing elements that reflect the socio-historical and literary-cultural environment. In the works we researched in the article, the basis of memoirs is the reflection of events through memory. Analyzing the works of Azerbaijani writers in the memoir genre, we have come to the conclusion that the memories have acquired a new meaning along with the continuation and development of past traditions, enriched by the results of each author’s personal creative initiative. Memoir literature plays an important role in the more accurate and detailed study of the memoirs of Azerbaijani writers, their lives and activities, as well as in the documentary coverage of the socio-historical and literary-cultural situation of the period.

SOVIET HOUSES OF SCIENTISTS: PRACTICES OF CAPTURING THE SOVIET CULTURAL SPACE BY THE UNIVERSITY INTELLIGENTSIA OF THE 1920s–1930s

The article considers the history of the first years in organizing and functioning of cultural institutions – Houses of Scientists – as a specific form of institutionalization of Soviet cultural traditions. The Houses of scientists from the moment of their creation were designed to cultivate the Soviet way of life. Attention is focused on creating new forms of leisure activities on weekdays and holidays. The activity of the Houses of Scientists was strictly regulated. The work of special cultural commissions, organization and holding Soviet holidays within the walls of the Houses of Scientists were supposed to contribute to the erasure of old traditions and the formation of new/Soviet ones. On the basis of archival sources and memoir literature, an attempt is made to study the reflection of the intelligentsia on the actions of the authorities. The specific position of the intelligentsia on the emergence of new cultural traditions is traced. A diverse palette of moods of the university intelligentsia is shown, which is based not only on the attitude to the new government, but on socio-psychological motivation as well. Various social practices of scientists and the degree of their influence on the formation and activity of newly created cultural institutions are considered. Using the example of the work carried out in the Houses of Scientists, the process and specifics of the “transition” of the universities intelligentsia to the Soviet norms and traditions are considered. The emphasis is placed on the peculiarities of functioning of the Houses of Scientists as a new cultural space in which the “Soviet” and pre-revolutionary traditions of the life and activities of the university intelligentsia collided and intertwined in a bizarre way. The place of the Houses of Scientists in the first post-revolutionary decades (1920s–1930s) was determined, which, as a result of the scientists’ activities, became centers not only and not so much ideological, but rather cultural and educational activities. The paper traces the direct connection between the policy of the Soviet government in the field of higher education and the transformation of the socio-cultural space of the university intelligentsia as a whole. The paper emphasizes a special influence of the socio-professional and cultural space on the formation of intelligentsia’s ideological positions in the 1920s–1930s. Ultimately, fundamental questions are raised about the place and the role of the university intelligentsia in the early Soviet period.

NONFICTIONAL LITERATURE: NATURE, TYPOLOGY, TERMINOLOGY

The article is devoted to the reviewing of theoretical aspects of nonfiction literature. Similar in semantic content, but not identical terms as nonfictional literature, nonfictional writing, literature of fact, factography, fiction-documentary literature, fiction-documentary prose, fiction-documentary writing, literary nonfiction, literature of non-fiction, nonfictional prose, factual narrative, which have become commonly used in American, Spanish, Ukrainian, French, Slavic terminology, are analyzed. All these terms refer to a set of texts written on the basis of real events without the use of fiction. Typical features of this type of literature are the synthesis of documentary components and fiction, veracity, factuality, authenticity, objectivity, the use of real names, dates and geographical indications. At the same time, the reflection of real events and their participants is presented through the prism of the author’s self, and therefore subjectivity, personal component, merging of images of the author and the narrator are added to the leading features of nonfiction literature. The article focuses on the main structural and typological branches of nonfiction literature – historical nonfiction, literary biography, fictional journalism and memoirs. In compiling this classification, the main object of the non-fiction narrative was taken into account in the first place; sources of documentary information; varieties of author's presence in the text (in particular, as an outside observer, witness or main character); subjective factor of personal participation in the events described in the work, or personal acquaintance with the direct participants in the events; genre-typological characteristics of nonfictional works. The article highlights the main typological characteristics of each type of non-fiction, analyzes their genre system, presents the characteristics of varieties and subvarieties. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of memoirs, which is a complex and multilevel type of non-fiction, which, in turn, consists of several subvarieties – the memoirs, the autobiography, the diary, the epistolary. The article differentiates the subvarieties of memoir literature, considers options for the synthesis of its types and forms.

TRAVEL NOTES OF DAGESTAN MUHAJIRS: THE IMAGE OF THE HISTORICAL HOMELAND

The subject of the research in this article is the travel notes of representatives of the Dagestan diaspora in Tur-key. A new impetus for the development of this genre of memoir literature came in the second half of the twen-tieth century. It is associated with the name of Ahmed Avaroglu, a well-known figure of the diaspora, poet and publicist, author of the first travel note of the period under study. The central theme of the travel notes is Dage-stan, the historical homeland of the muhajirs. The study focuses on the problems, the poetics of the notes, the author's position as the main driving force of the plot.

Creation and Operation of Main Railways in Bukovina

This study aims to review the socio-political and economic preconditions of creation and beginning of operation of main railways in Bukovina. The analysis of scientific and memoir literature, recollections, review of archival sources allowed establishing the fact that the problem of formation and beginning of operation of the network of railways in Bukovina of the Austro-Hungarian period was not a subject of systematic and integral investigation. It was shown that the idea of building railways in Bukovina was also in the political and socio-economic interests of Austria in the south-eastern region of Europe because by laying railways, the imperial government provided itself with a favourable strategic position in the region. Based on the results of the study, it was established that with the construction of the Lviv-Chernivtsi-Iași railway, railway communications came to first place in the Austrian-Hungarian Empire in terms of material, technical, defense and economic potential.

Бытование религиозных практик в жизни народа в советское время в исторической динамике

The purpose of the study is to identify dynamics and features of religious practices functioning during the Soviet era. Scientific novelty is associated with involvement of latest and ethnographic materials and memoir literature that have not received wide coverage in scientific field yet. The researcher reveals continuity of the people’s religious tradition in its various forms, in particular interaction of the laity and representatives of the starchestvo - the phenomenon of eldership - existing in the national culture. As a result of the study, it is found that in the conditions of religious persecutions during the Soviet era, in addition to established religious practices, new ones appeared.