Membership In International Organizations Research Articles

Cluster analysis of travel behaviour threats in chosen European functional urban areas during the economic crisis

Motives: Urban mobility models are constantly changing due to economic, social, infrastructural, and geographical factors. Preferences for transport modes vary by country, region, and city, and transport infrastructure and policy have a significant impact on residents’ choices. Additionally, economic factors such as economic crises, public policy decisions, and events such as armed conflicts have a significant impact on the dynamics of mobility in functional urban areas (FUAs).Aim: The main goal of the research was to create groups of countries (clusters) that have similar priorities regarding travel behaviour threats revealed as a result of the economic crisis resulting from the conflict in Ukraine.Results: The study shows that the main threats during the economic crisis (resulting from the war in Ukraine) are economic factors (e.g., ticket prices, an increase in fuel costs), legal factors (e.g., loss of a driving license or passenger transport license), and infrastructural factors (e.g., poor condition of infrastructure). The analysed countries were grouped based on the hierarchical prioritization of threats, using Ward’s hierarchical clustering method. Interestingly, the distance from the conflict epicentre did not significantly influence the prioritization of threat factors influencing transportation behaviour in FUAs. Instead, factors such as membership in international organizations, energy dependence on Russia, the level of economic growth, and transport infrastructure played a more key role in the priority-setting process.

Impact of the armed conflict in Colombia: consequences in the health system, response and challenges

IntroductionIn Colombia, research on health and conflict has focused on mental health, psychosocial care, displacement, morbidity, and mortality. Few scientific studies have assessed health system functioning during armed conflicts. In a new period characterized by the implementation of the peace agreement with the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) armed group, understanding the effects of armed conflict on the health system, the functions, and institutions shaped by the conflict is an opportunity to understand the pathways and scope of post-conflict health policy reforms. Therefore, this study was conducted to assess the effects of armed conflict on the health system, response, and mechanisms developed to protect medical missions during armed conflict in Colombia.MethodsThis research was conducted using a qualitative approach with semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions. The qualitative guide collected information in four sections: (1) conflict and health system, effects and barriers in health service provision, (2) actions and coordination to cope with those barriers, (3) health policies and armed conflict, and (4) post-accord and current situation. Twenty-two people participated in the interviews, including eight policymakers at the national level and seven at the local level, including two NGOs and five members of international organizations. An academic project event in December 2019 and four focus groups were developed (World Cafe technique) to discuss with national and local stakeholders the effects of armed conflict on the health system and an analytical framework to analyze its consequences.ResultsThe conflict affected the health-seeking behavior of the population, limited access to healthcare provision, and affected health professionals, and was associated with inadequate medical supplies in conflict areas. The health system implemented mechanisms to protect the medical mission, regulate healthcare provision in conflict areas, and commit to healthcare provision (mental and physical health services) for the population displaced by conflict.ConclusionThe state’s presence, trust, and legitimacy have significantly reduced in recent years. However, it is crucial to restore them by ensuring that state and health services are physically present in all territories, including remote and rural areas.

Criminal liability for ecocide under international law

Purpose. The purpose of the article is to determine the legal nature of ecocide in the context of international law as «international crime» or «crime of international nature». Methodology includes the general scientific dialectical method, as well as other methods of scientific knowledge: functional, system-structural, and comparative methods. Results: It was concluded that there is no regulation of ecocide in international law as an international crime outside the context of an armed conflict, which excludes international legal responsibility for its commission, or a crime of international nature (transnational crime), which is due to the limited establishment of criminal responsibility for ecocide in the national legislation of many states. It has been established that ecocide can potentially be recognized as an international crime stricto sensu if the adoption of relevant amendments to the Statute of the International Criminal Court will be, and as a crime of an international nature if the adoption of a multilateral international treaty as universal legal standard will be. It was determined that a separate political and legal instrument of influence on national legislation is the establishment of standards of responsibility for environmental criminal offenses, including ecocide, within the framework of membership in international organizations (Council of Europe) and economic and political unions (EU). It was established that until now the development of the concept of ecocide in international law as an act characterized by signs of "seriousness", "long-term" and "wide-spread" damage to the natural environment is at the stage of development. Originality. The legal nature of ecocide in the context of its belonging to an international crime / a crime of an international character as concepts of international criminal law is studied. Practical significance. The results of the study can be used in educational, law-making and law-enforcement activities in the course of developing the state criminal law policy.

Legal Capacity of Regional Organizations in Indonesian Maritime Modernization: A Momentum and Strength

This paper aims to examine the influences of international cooperation between member states of regional organizations in Indonesia's maritime modernization and dispute resolutions of regional international organizations for international violations. This research uses normative juridical research with a statutory approach and a conceptual approach. The results of the discussion show that sea power is the most important element for the progress and glory of a country, which if the sea power is empowered, it will improve the welfare and security of a country. On the other hand, if this sea power is ignored, it will result in losses to a country or even bring down the country. State power can be represented in state membership in international organizations based on the legal capacity of the organization to achieve the objectives of state interests that cover a very broad range of life. Indonesia's active role in international maritime organizations is a momentum and maritime strength in order to support the progress of Indonesia's maritime modernization as stipulated in Presidential Regulation Number 30 of 2019 and dispute resolution between members of the organization based on article 12 Draft Articles on the Responsibility of International Organizations (DARIO).

METHODOLOGY APPROACH TO STRATEGIC PLAN DEVELOPMENT FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF THE RESEARCH INSTITUTE IN UKRAINE

In the paper it is proposed the methodological toolkit for a strategic plan development of research divisions that is illustrated by the example of the Department of the Ukrainian Research Institute. The result of using the methodology is the development of a roadmap for further development of the research divisions that has determined strategic directions and concrete indicators for monitoring achievement of goals. It is used PESTEL-analysis, Porter's Six Forces of Competitive Position Analysis, ranking method, SWOT-analysis. In the paper it is proposed Internationalization –Application Matrix for research activity analysis and for Department’s strategic scenarios development. The main finding of the article is that using the proposed methodology we have revealed the strongest aspects of the Department’s activity that are national and international theoretical research, and also national applied research in the field of seaside regions’ sustainable development. The further strategy scenario should be aimed at the strengthening of international applied research through such activities as membership in international organizations and editorial boards, publications in media abroad, foreign internships, international grant project implementation

Mission G20: Organizing world politics

While G20 summits receive some overall public recognition, political results are less impressive since the final declarations are merely expressions of intentions with no legal obligations. Against this background one might wonder about the very function of G20. In order to grasp the role of G20 in world politics, this article does not essentialize the G20 but concentrates on how it is organized internally and how it is organizing world politics. It does so by using Ahrne and Brunsson’s (2008, 2011, 2019) approach on organizing outside formal organizations. The article analyzes the role of G20 by differentiating five elements of organization: membership, hierarchy, rules, observation, and sanction. Analyzing the G20 along these five elements, the article explains if and to what extent the elements are reflected in the G20. Interestingly enough, the G20 shows some similarities to formal international organizations but explicitly refuses to organize itself in a formal way. The analysis is based on data gathered through participating observations during the G20 summit in Hamburg 2017 and interviews with various members in the context of G20 such as sherpas and sous-sherpas of participating countries, members of international organizations and engagement groups.

Porous organizational boundaries and associated states: introducing memberness in international organizations.

The current binary understanding of membership in international organizations (IOs), especially regional organizations (ROs), creates blind spots and biases in our understanding of who matters in IOs, as well as why and how they matter. Existing scholarship primarily looks at full member-states or non-state actors to capture who influences such organizations. Associated states are often portrayed as passive receivers of IO rules instead of active contributors. We address this blind spot and resulting analytical bias by exploring what types of association relationships exist and how they impact IOs. We propose a novel conceptualization of membership that we call memberness. On the level of IOs, memberness is based on the relative openness of organizational boundaries and stratified access via material and ideational contributions. On the level of states, memberness captures associated states' individual choices to contribute materially and/or ideationally to an IO. Memberness moves away from a purely rights-based understanding of membership (or who you are in an IO) to include a capacity-based understanding (or what you do in an IO). This shift in focus uncovers new channels of influence on IOs. Associated states' material and ideational contributions to IOs constitute three memberness types: payroller, sponsor, and advisor. We argue that these memberness types impact IOs' vitality, design, and performance in previously unrecognized ways. We illustrate these types with empirical examples from ROs across the globe and discuss the implications of memberness for IO research programs.

«Երեխաներին կրծքով կերակրման խրախուսման և մանկական սննդի շրջանառության մասին» ՀՀ օրենքի խախտման «նուրբ» արվեստը / "Fine" Art of Violating the RA Law "Օn the Promotion of Breastfeeding and the Circulation of Baby Food"

In the Republic of Armenia, since 2014, breastfeeding of children has been encouraged by the relevant law, which was adopted within the framework of obligations arising from membership in international organizations. Breastfeeding is essential for a baby's survival and health. Breast milk is a safe, natural, nutritious and sustainable food for babies, and it contains antibodies that help protect against many common childhood illnesses such as diarrhea and respiratory illnesses. It seems that breastfeeding is a natural process and should be obtained automatically, without special efforts... But, it wasn’t there ... Even natural phenomena can have a number of nuances and peculiarities, the insufficient mastery of which often leads to seemingly insurmountable problems, encouraging desperate mothers to give up the exclusive gift of breastfeeding. Instead of appropriate specialized support in the given situation, it is often recommended to feed babies with artificial milk in maternity hospitals, which, apart from being a gross violation of the existing law, inadvertently hints at the tendencies to artificially forming an offer for disguised business interests...

Special rules against tax avoidance: Taiwan’s experience

States and the territories implementation their tax rights in relation to the objects of taxation by concepts of taxation is determined. Tax conceptions to be applied primarily in relation to direct taxes are territorial and global. The territorial conception assumes that taxes are levied on the object of taxation originated or received in the state (territory). This conception is addressed to residents and non-residents. The global conception assumes that taxes are levied on the object of taxation regardless of the place of its origin. This conception is addressed to residents. Ideally, states and territories should limit their tax rights to income from national sources. Accordingly, the principle of non-double taxation will not be violated and there is no need for special rules. Initially, states and territories followed the territorial concept, but over time approaches have changed. As a result, the problem of tax avoidance has become the focus of attention. Their unilateral application does not give the desired result, and therefore international treaties are concluded or amended. Special rules against tax avoidance are on the agenda of the authorities of various states, including unrecognized ones. There is a certain specificity in the regulation in relation to unrecognized states and territories with a special status. Some of these entities are even members of international organizations, but do not have an extensive network of treaties containing tax provisions. In the given article, an attempt to systematize special rules against tax avoidance in Taiwan is made.

International legal status of the Free City of Danzig (1920-1939)

The article is devoted to a little-studied page of the history of international law and international legal personality - the status of the Free City of Danzig (now Gdańsk) in 1920-1939. The topic of such state entities with a special international regime of territory and subjectivity is a veryinteresting page of the international experience of settling territorial disputes between states. Unfortunately, their research in the Ukrainian international law (in particular, the international legal status of the Neutral Moresnet and the Free City of Krakow) began to appear only in recent years.
 The article examines the history of Danzig and the circumstances that actualized the issue of its statehood after the end of the First World War. It was emphasized that the decision to create the Free City was a compromise between the interests of Poland and the residents of Danzig on the one hand, and the interests of various victorious states on the other.
 The main sources of the international legal status of the Free City of Danzig are highlighted. The peculiarities of the international legal personality of Danzig in the context of relations between the Free City and Poland and the League of Nations are analyzed. Special attention is paid to various aspects of legal personality, in particular: external relations and membership in international organizations; economic issue; guarantees of the security of the Free City. It is substantiated that, despite the special regime of the territory and the limitation of sovereignty, Danzig was an independent state in the international context.
 The reasons that led to the end of the history of the Free City of Danzig are singled out, in particular: permanent conflicts with Poland; the ineffectiveness of the League of Nations as a key guarantor of the security of the Free City; the coming to power of the Nazis in Danzig and their policy of rapprochement with Nazi Germany. It is shown that in the future the use of such formats for the resolution of international disputes is impractical due to the impossibility of considering the entire set of circumstances.

SOME FEATURES OF SUCCESSION PROBLEMS IN THE COMMONWEALTH OF INDEPENDENT STATES

Author gives the analysis according to the peculiarity of the formation of new independent states in the space of the former USSR lies in the fact that they simultaneously go through a complex and specific process of transition to market relations and declare themselves in the international arena. The article explains that within the framework of the CIS, multilateral agreements were concluded on the issues of succession of states in relation to international treaties, state property, archives, debts, membership in international organizations, ratification of a number of international treaties relating to security.

INTERNATIONAL LEGAL GUARANTEES OF THE STATE’S OBLIGATIONS TO ENSURE FREEDOM OF ENTERPRISE

In the article it is determined that the system of international legal guarantees of the state’s obligations to ensure the freedom of entrepreneurial activity consists of such elements as the conclusion of international treaties by the state, the state’s membership in international organizations and the right of persons to apply to international courts. It has been established that in Ukraine, in fact, half of these international treaties have not an definite legal status, so government officials do not know how they should react to these acts: implement or ignore. It was established that the system of international treaties in Ukraine is undergoing active changes: some of them have been denounced; others – lost their validity due to the withdrawal of Ukraine from them; the third ones are «on pause» because they have no practical significance, so they are not used; the fourth - approved by the state and society, therefore concluded and ratified in accordance with the constitutionally defined procedure. The principle of freedom of entrepreneurship is regulated by EU legislation. This principle applies not only to persons who have the citizenship of one of the EU states, but also to citizens of other states, in particular, those who «have a permit to work in the territory of the member states». This principle actually ensures the equivalence of freedom of entrepreneurship for residents and non-residents of EU states. The principle of freedom of entrepreneurship is standardized by the legislation of Ukraine and the EU, however, neither international nor national legislation regulates a special mechanism for ensuring that the state fulfills its constitutional obligations in the field of ensuring freedom of entrepreneurial activity, which partially crush these obligations. Key words: international law, international agreements, freedom of entrepreneurial activity, guarantees of freedom of entrepreneurial activity.

A Friend like Me: The Effect of International Organization Membership on State Preferences

Do international organizations (IOs) have an independent effect on state preferences? Despite the importance of this question in the international relations literature, isolating the causal effect of IO membership has proved difficult because of endogeneity concerns. This article offers a novel empirical approach to identifying the causal effect of shared membership in IOs on member state preferences. We exploit the fact that states joining the European Union obtain automatic membership in several other IOs through the European Union’s membership in these organizations. We then use a difference-in-differences strategy to estimate the effect of automatic membership in IOs on preference similarity with other members versus preference similarity with nonmembers. We demonstrate that shared IO membership leads to an increase in preference similarity. This approach offers a useful way to disentangle the effect of IO membership from selection effects that lead states to join IOs.

URGENSI PENGGUNAAN TELEX RELEASE DALAM PROSES PENYELENGGARAAN PENGANGKUTAN BARANG MELALUI LAUT DI INDONESIA

Indonesia is one of the countries that has implemented the telex release process in the implementation of the transportation of goods by sea. Telex release is the process of digitizing the bill of lading because the delivery of the document is sent via email from the carrier to the sender. However, the regulations governing the operation of sea transportation in Indonesia have not explicitly accommodated telex releases, even though in practice telex releases have been used in the implementation of sea transportation in Indonesia. Efforts that can be made to optimize the use of telex releases are by accommodating the principles contained in international instruments related to sea transportation law, making rules and norms related to the use of telex releases, considering Indonesia's membership in international organizations in the field of sea transportation, and creating the process of organizing sea transportation in Indonesia becomes more effective and efficient through the use of telex releases.

Air Power, International Organizations, and Civilian Casualties in Afghanistan

Can the presence of international organizations reduce civilian deaths caused by aerial bombing? This commentary examines this question in the specific context of the U.S.-led war in Afghanistan. We evaluate this based on interviews conducted with members of international organizations that were present in Afghanistan during the conflict, existing intergovernmental organizations, nongovernmental organizations, and government reports, and with quantitative data on civilian casualties between 2008 and 2013. We conclude that there is tentative evidence from Afghanistan that international organizations can in fact reduce the severity of civilian killings that result from the use of air power. However, there is much need for greater data sharing to more fully answer this important question.

SOSYAL BİLGİLER DERS KİTAPLARINDA YER ALAN ULUSLARARASI ÖRGÜTLER KONULARINA DAİR BİR ANALİZ

In today's age of technology, international organizations have become an indispensable element for all states by increasing their importance in the international system. States become members of international organizations for various purposes such as the continuation of their own systems and the establishment of relations with other states and to find solutions to existing common problems. For this reason, there are many international organizations of which every state is a member. In our country, the definitions and aims of international organizations are discussed in Social Studies textbooks by associating them with 'achievements'.
 In this study, it is aimed to analyze the way in which international organizations in the Social Studies textbooks at the primary and secondary school level are handled, with which subjects they are associated and what kind of examples are given about these organizations. In this study, in which the qualitative research method was adopted, the document analysis method was used. Based on the data obtained, it has been seen that the textbooks include various newspaper news prepared for the purpose of providing information about international organizations, reading texts in which the reports published on the work of international organizations are subject, and supporting questions about them. It has been concluded that international organizations are mostly included in the "Global Connections" section, which is the last learning area of ​​the textbooks, and UNESCO, which is affiliated to the United Nations, is the most discussed among these organizations.

Political and Legal Determinants of Economic Cooperation between Belarus and Poland

The legal and political sphere consists of legislative regulations, resulting from the policy of the state in which the businesses operate. The aim of the study is to verify the research hypothesis according to which political and legal factors significantly determine the mutual economic cooperation between Belarus and Poland in the period 2016 - 2020/21. The article places particular emphasis on the analysis of political and legal factors on the side of Belarus, due to the current political and legal crises. Against this background, the analogous political and legal set-ups in Poland are also presented. The analysis took into account, in particular: political stability, democratic nature of the state policy, level of corruption of public authorities, membership in international organizations, stability of legislative structure, the independence and efficiency of the judiciary. The results of the conducted research indicate that the nature of Belarusian-Polish relations is significantly influenced by the political situation in Belarus and the authoritarian way of appeasing power by the president of this country. Without fundamental changes in the internal situation in Belarus, it is difficult to expect spectacular breakthroughs and changes in Belarus' relations with Poland.

Overview of basic methods for exiting the barrier impasse in international trade

The purpose of this article is to systematize the main approaches to solving the problem of foreign trade barriers. The search for ways out of the barrier impasse in foreign trade is carried out through a review analysis of scientific papers focused on studying such a problem, and building a classification of the main ways to prevent barriers based on the results of a review analysis of scientific literature. The latter showed that the scientific literature mainly identifies four significant areas for preventing trade barriers: membership in international organizations, preferential trade agreements, trade facilitation, and the use of trade compensation funds aimed at mitigating future foreign trade losses. Membership in international organizations is considered the most standard solution to the problem of barriers to international trade, but today, in the face of trade wars, it is insufficient to prevent barriers to foreign trade. The latter, in particular, is explained by the fact that in the world between different organizations there is a problem of heterogeneity of normative acts, which significantly slows down the movement of foreign trade flows. Thus, countries around the world need to focus on the use of preferential trade agreements and various methods of facilitating trade procedures in foreign trade practice. In addition, trade compensation and accumulation funds should also be formed to compensate for future trade losses and increase foreign trade flows of the countries of the world community. The use of review analysis made it possible to build a systematic classification of methods for overcoming the barrier impasse in the framework of international trade between countries of the international community.

The perniciousness of discussions on the reconsideration of international law in the field of protection from torture in the global media space

Introduction. The article reveals the inconsistency of the tendency in the international media space to question the universal principles of international law on the example of the discussion on the preservation of the provision of protection against torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment and punishment of people in the context of global terrorist threats. The activity of international governmental and nongovernmental organizations in the fight against torture is analyzed. The main emphasis is placed on the peculiarities and law enforcement practice of international legal legislation in the area of prohibition of the use of torture. Problems related to the prevention and spread of torture are studied, the dynamics of the development of national legislation in some states regarding the legalization of torture is examined, an example of violation of the prohibition of torture is given, as well as the position of the European Court of Human Rights regarding the use of torture.Materials and methods. The author of the article carries out a systematic analysis, comparative and formal legal methods of international legislation against torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. Scientific and general scientific methods of cognition of the specifics of international legal legislation in the field of prohibition of the use of torture and the death penalty as a capital punishment, - namely descriptive, - are applied in this article.Results. For several decades, a system of international law has been created, which has given an interpretation of the concept of "torture", has introduced a complete ban on the use of torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. The prohibition of torture is absolute. Torture is prohibited by international law, the laws of most countries in the world, the UN Convention against Torture, the Geneva Conventions and other international documents. This prohibition is absolute and does not allow any exceptions, which, however, is not always the case, giving rise to national and world media outlets to intensify discussions on the admissibility of revising these norms of international law in the interests of countering terrorist threats.Discussion and Conclusion. Despite the development of legislation in the field of combating torture, there are a number of problems of compliance with this norm of international law. Among them: the problem of defining the concept of "cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment", the problem of violation of international legal acts in this area, the ethical factor in the use of torture and others. An important problem is the issue of classifying the death penalty as the highest measure of torture and punishment, discussions about which will continue for a long time. In this situation, the important priority areas of the UN and other international organizations are the fight against the use of torture, the call for the introduction of a complete ban on torture, the strengthening of guarantees of the rights of citizens to be protected from them or the right to humanitarian, economic and psychological assistance in the event of torture in relation to him, encouraging the conduct of awareness-raising activities at the civil level, explaining their unconditional legislative prohibition, immorality and inhumanity. An important task for all states is to continue work to achieve a universal and complete prohibition of torture, protect the rights of citizens and build an inclusive, multilateral and trusting dialogue between all states, members of international organizations, as well as its provision at the federal, regional and local levels with the use of information and communication media policy tools and with the participation of the entire civil society.

Myths of Multipolarity: The Sources of Brazil's Foreign Policy Overstretch

AbstractIn this article, we provide a framework to analyze the foreign policy overstretch of middle powers, that is, their recent tendency to expand foreign policy goals and ambitions beyond their capabilities. We propose that overstretch results from the interaction of permissive international environments and the collusion of domestic actors to produce foreign policy myths. These myths, in turn, justify unsustainable swelling of foreign policy expenditures until they are shattered. After laying out our theory, we test it against the case of twenty-first-century Brazil. First, we document how interest groups logrolled to foster and capitalize on a “myth of multipolarity,” which, once entrenched in elite discourse and public opinion, resulted in a tangible overgrowth of foreign policy. Second, we show the extent of overstretch across four indicators—number of embassies, participation in peacekeeping operations, membership in international organizations, and aid projects overseas—using the synthetic control method to compare Brazil with a plausible counterfactual.