Resistance Of Members Research Articles

Component testing and multi-level seismic design of steel braced frames with high post-yielding stiffness and two-phase yielding

Using induction heat (IH) treatment to locally transform one half of a steel brace section to high-strength steel section as well as inducing intentional eccentricity along the brace length has been experimentally proven to increase the limited post-yielding stiffness exhibited by conventional steel braces. This paper develops a multi-level seismic design method for intentionally eccentric IH-treated steel braced frames (IH-FIEB) to support their implementation in building structures. More specifically, experimental results on the cyclic behaviour of IH-treated steel braces with intentionally eccentricity (IH-BIEs) are presented giving an emphasis in quantifying member's resistance to local buckling and fracture initiation. A theoretical model is developed on the force-deformation relationship of the bracing system which is validated with test results and results obtained from a parametric finite element analysis study. On the basis of theoretical model, design expressions that describe the mechanical two-phase yielding behaviour of the bracing system controlled by the alternated flexural-axial behaviour are developed. The high post-yielding stiffness and controllability of the brace response through eccentricity provide the brace the capability of satisfying multiple strength performance objectives simultaneously. Time-history analysis results under three seismic hazard levels demonstrate that IH-FIEBs assure a more uniform overstrength and plastic engagement between each story than the conventional steel braced frames. IH-BIEs smoothly transition into post-buckling response and engage plastically at low drift demands, while seismic forces developed are well controlled and close to the values expected from the design procedure. A significant reduction of the residual deformation is observed at high seismic intensity levels indicating that IH-FIEBs may be able to reduce post-hazard damage compared to conventional braced frames.

MENANGANI PENOLAKAN KARYAWAN MELALUI ADKAR MODEL

More and more organizations today face a dynamic and changing environment. This, in turn, is requiring these organizations to adapt. “Change or die" is the rallying cry among today's managers worldwide. There are many forces that are acting as stimulants for change such as socio-cultural, technological, economic, and political. But the question is “what can a change agent change?1' The options essentially fall in four categories : structure, physical setting, technology, and people. The application of planned changed is not a simple way and sometimes create many resistances for many reasons. Resistance is not always a negative perspective. The member's resistance can be positive perspectives because it provides a degree of stability and predictability to behavior. There are many tactics have been suggested for use by change agents in dealing with resistance to change. One of the best suggestions is ADKAR MODEL (Awareness, Desire, Knowledge, Ability, and Reinforcement). The advantages of this model are ability to identified why the change is not running well and suggestions to handle it, ability to identify the changing of many levels (individual, group, inter-group, and organization). and the impact of change relatively permanent. The optimal results can be reached if every step in this model is running well and fully supported by all management teams (in system and financial).