Onset Melting Temperature Research Articles

Repair Joining of Glass-Ceramic Sealants for SOC Stacks

A new concept has been developed to repair leaking solid oxide cell (SOC) stacks. Conventionally, the stacks are joined with a glass-ceramic sealant before they are taken to operation. Once they start leaking through the sealant, they have become unusable. This approach aims to prevent the scrapping of valuable aggregates.A composite sealing material composed of a glass matrix “H” based on the BaO-CaO-SiO2 system with yttrium-stabilized zirconia fibers as filler material was used for this study. The sealant tends to crystallize slowly at 800 °C forming a multi-component glass-ceramic of a finely dispersed microstructure. The melting temperature of the crystallized material was investigated by means of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Beside of the glass matrix powder which was crystallized by heating to 850°C and dwelling for 100 h, the state-of-art sealing material was used as green foils of the composite mixture with fibers. Sandwiched samples of two Crofer22APU plates of 50x50 mm² were joined with the two types of sealing materials, followed by forcibly breaking of the samples and repair joining at different temperatures between the onset and peak temperature of melting of the glass-ceramic obtained by DSC. Gas-tightness measurement was performed by helium leakage detection at room temperature and the broken samples were investigated by optical microscopy. The optimal thermal treatment parameters were chosen on behalf of gas-tightness and porosity. Cross-sections were prepared after repair joining at 930°C for 10 h and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) was carried out. The microstructure shows a high amount of residual glass phase with clusters formed of zirconia-silicate needles. The reaction zone to the steel is of a similar thickness in comparison to standard joining at 850°C, but is clearly delineated from the sealing material. Close to the three-phase boundaries of metal/glass/air a homogeneously distributed closed porosity is found while the pores have gathered to flattened enlarged voids in the middle of the joining gap.The impact of these microstructural findings on the strength of the joints are now investigated by means of torsion shear tests on hour-glass shaped Crofer22H samples joined in a ring contour. The strength data will be compared to the standard joining procedure and thermally aged samples (800°C for 1000h). Meanwhile an upscaling of the joining geometry using dummy plates of the size of window frame design (H20-design) stacks was performed and the result of gas-tightness measurements will be reported. In case of successful repair of dummy plates, this promising concept will be proofed with a 20-layer stack (internal number: H2020-02), which showed measurable leakage through sealant after start-up procedure.

Thermally conductive microcapsule/high-density polyethylene composite for energy saving and storage

Phase change material (PCM) is useful for the storage and release of latent heat. However, its ability to conduct has hindered its engineering application. This study prepares a novel microencapsulated phase change material (MEPCM) by suspension polymerization. To improve the adhesion between the shell and the inorganic additive, triethoxyvinylsilane was incorporated copolymerizing with methyl methacrylate. Thermally conductive nanographite particle was added. This MEPCM was then incorporated into high-density polyethylene (HDPE) to form a series of thermally conductive PCM microcapsules that approached sphere shapes with diameters less than 2 [Formula: see text]m. Thermal analysis showed that the thermal stability and heat resistance of the microcapsule were improved. The thermal conductivity of HDPE was increased by 39% to 0.6358 W/m[Formula: see text]K, and the surface resistivity was lowered to [Formula: see text]/sq after the addition of MEPCM. The temperature on the top of the composite tested was lower than pristine HDPE. This was close to the onset melting temperature of the MEPCM (38.5[Formula: see text]C), [Formula: see text] lower than pure HDPE. The reduction is a significant improvement in temperature regulation. This enables MEPCMs to store and release heat much more effectively, and can thus be applied to medical construction materials to meet the temperature requirements of COVID-19 patients.

Synthesis and characterization of new organic phase change materials (PCMs): Diesters of suberic acid

Synthesis and characterization of high-chain diesters have been carried out to investigate their properties for thermal energy storage applications. The synthesized compounds include diesters of octanedioic acid (suberic acid) with 1-dodecanol (lauryl alcohol), 1-tetradecanol (myristyl alcohol) and 1-hexadecanol (palmityl alcohol). While FT-IR, elemental analysis and GC-MS have been intensively used for purity control and verification, differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and thermo-gravimetric analyzer (TGA) are the main instruments for determination of the thermal properties. Properties such as phase change temperature, enthalpy, specific heat (Cp), thermal decomposition temperatures and thermal reliability of the diesters are presented in the paper. Based on the MS data, mass fragmentation fingerprints of the compounds are also presented for chemical characterization. DSC analyses indicate that melting onset temperatures range between 37 and 55 °C and they have phase change enthalpy above 195 kJ/kg. The evaluated chemical and thermal data approve that the investigated high-chain diesters can be utilized for thermal energy storage and they can be named as phase change material (PCM) based on their phase change properties and reliability.

Formulation and Characterization of Solid Dispersion Containing Capsaicin for the Treatment of Diabetes

Background: Chili peppers are widely used in many cuisines as a spice, and capsaicin is the main component. It has been reported that capsaicin acts as an antihyperglycemic agent. However, it shows poor aqueous solubility and bioavailability. Objective: The is to enhance the aqueous solubility and antihyperglycemic activity of capsaicin through solid dispersion formulation. Methods: Solid dispersions were prepared by the solvent evaporation method using polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG 6000) as a hydrophilic carrier. Polymer-drug miscibility and drug crystallinity were characterized through the differential thermal analysis and X-ray powder patterns analysis. Solid dispersions were evaluated for solubility, in vitro drug dissolution and in vivo animal study in rats. Results: Results of x-ray powder patterns analysis showed a considerable reduction of drug crystallinity in solid dispersion. Differential thermal analysis result revealed a complete disappearance of capsaicin melting onset temperature in solid dispersion. From the phase solubility data, it was observed that the aqueous solubility of capsaicin was increased with increasing concentration of PEG 6000. Solid dispersion formulation showed considerable enhancement of in vitro release of drugs in comparison to pure capsaicin. In vivo animal study in rats shows that the solid dispersion containing capsaicin significantly reduced the blood glucose level in comparison to the free capsaicin. Conclusion: Higher anti-hyperglycemic effect of capsaicin loaded solid dispersion in comparison to the pure drug may be due to the enhancement of aqueous solubility of capsaicin. Thus, the solid dispersion of capsaicin showed a simple approach for capsaicin delivery with improved antidiabetic activity.

Consistent DSC and TGA Methodology as Basis for the Measurement and Comparison of Thermo-Physical Properties of Phase Change Materials.

Measuring thermo-physical properties of phase change materials (PCM) in a consistent and reliable manner is essential for system layout of thermal energy storages and correspondingly material selection. Only if basic properties are assessed in a comparable way a selection process leads to the top candidate for any given application and thus enhances market penetration of renewable energy sources coupled with thermal energy storage. In this study, we focus on differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) as basic assessment techniques and develop consistent measurement procedures to create a database with comparable results. We show consistency of the measured results through analysis of coefficient of variation (CV), being in the mean 1.69%, 0.05%, 0.06% and 4.00% for enthalpy, melting onset, melting peak and maximum operating temperature, respectively. Overall, 23 PCM have been measured with the presented methodology, which was mainly possible due to the reduced measurement and preparation time per PCM compared to standard techniques, while achieving similar accuracy and precision.

Effect of titania‐silver nanocomposite particle concentration and thermal cycling on characteristics of sodium dodecyl sulfate added paraffin wax thermal energy storage material

AbstractThe present work focuses on analyzing the thermal properties of 0.5, 1 and 1.5 wt% of titania‐silver nanocomposite particles dispersed paraffin wax (NCDPW) PCM without and with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) surfactant for both non‐cycled and thermal cycled samples. NCDPW without and with SDS was prepared using electromagnetic stirring and ultrasonication process. 1 wt% titania‐silver NCDPW with SDS in the mass ratio of 1:0.25 (NCP:SDS) is identified as optimum with an enhancement in thermal conductivity of 66.59%, better thermal decomposition stability upto 372°C, good physical interaction between nanocomposite particles (NCP) and paraffin wax (PW). Also, an enhancement in thermal storage efficiency (97.15%), reduction in onset melting time (35.50%) and onset freezing time (29.23%) compared to PW even after several thermal cycling process is achieved. Further, it showed a reduction in melting onset temperature to 59.2°C, an enhancement in melting heat capacity potential by 7.2% and freezing heat capacity potential by 7.7% after thermal cycling process. On the whole, the thermal properties of the base PW are increased due to the addition of titania‐silver NCP with SDS proving it, a promising energy storage medium for thermal energy storage.

Effects of amylose and amylopectin chain-length distribution on the kinetics of long-term rice starch retrogradation

Understanding the characteristics of long-term starch retrogradation is critical for developing functional foods with desirable textural attributes. The long-term retrogradation kinetics of 10 different rice starches with a wide range of amylose content were thus investigated in this study, focusing on their relations with the starch chain-length distributions (CLDs). Correlation analysis between the retrogradation parameters from differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) with starch CLDs showed for the first time that the amylose content had a parabolic relationship with the melting conclusion temperature and enthalpy of long-term retrograded starches, indicating that the amylose component has a bi-directional effect on the long-term amylopectin retrogradation property. Furthermore, the amount of amylose short-medium chains and amylopectin medium chains were negatively and positively correlated with the melting onset temperature of long-term retrograded starches, respectively. The information learnt from this study could be applied in the rice industry to improve the textural attributes of cooked rice.

Decimal Solvent-Based High-Entropy Electrolyte Enabling the Extended Survival Temperature of Lithium-Ion Batteries to −130 °C

Freezing and crystallization of commercial ethylene carbonate-based binary electrolytes, leading to irreversible damage to lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), remain a significant challenge for the survi...

Structural Evolution of LLDPE-LMW/HMW Blend during Uniaxial Deformation as Revealed by In Situ Synchrotron Radiation X-ray Scattering

The structural evolutions of LLDPE-LMW/HMW blend during uniaxial deformation at temperatures of 80 and 120 °C were investigated by the in situ synchrotron radiation small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering (SR-SAXS/WAXS). The magic sandwich echo (MSE) sequence was used to detect a virtually dead-time-free induction decay (FID) for solid-state NMR analysis. The thermal property of the blend was first checked by DSC, and the temperature dependence of the overall crystallinity was obtained by MSE-FID. The onset melting temperature is determined to be 116 °C (DSD), and the enhanced π-flip motions in the crystalline domains are clearly observed at T > 60 °C by MSE-FID. For deformation at 80 °C, the lamellae become staggered in the strain-softening region as shown by the four-point SAXS pattern, whereas further deformation leads to the melting-recrystallization in the strain-hardening region. For deformation at 120 °C, the six-point SR-SAXS signal appears just after the four-point SR-SAXS signal, which indicates the formation of new lamellae along deformation direction. In addition, no phase transition occurs in the whole deformation process at both temperatures. Current work shows the detailed temperature dependence microstructural evolution of LLDPE-LMW/HMW blend. This is expected to provide more structural information for correlating microscopic structure with macroscopic mechanical performance.

Degradation study of polyester fiber in swimming pool water

The disinfection of swimming pool water is vital to maintain water quality. The chemicals used in this practice can damage the fabrics of bathing suits and shorten the shelf life of the textile substrate. The degradation of polyester, a polymer that is widely used in bathing suits for swimming pools, was investigated. For this, a 23 factorial design was employed for the experimental methodology. The effect of several variables was analyzed in a simulated swimming pool batch, such as textile-exposure time, concentration of the used disinfection product, and batch temperature. The response variables were enthalpy of fusion ΔHm, melting temperature and crystallinity (obtained by differential scanning calorimetry), percentage of weight loss, temperature of maximum rate of weight loss, onset temperature and endset temperature (measured through thermogravimetric analysis), and Young's modulus values (measured in strain-stress tests in the row and column directions). The factors of temperature, time, and the concentration of disinfectant were significant for melting temperature, crystallinity, onset temperature, and Young's modulus for columns. The analyses of variance were obtained using software Design-Expert DX7. Attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis showed changes in band intensities at 695 cm−1, which were attributed to ester groups, as well as a decrease of the carbonyl band at 1712 cm−1, which was attributed to the hydrolysis of the material. Analysis through scanning electronic microscopy images showed the appearance of stretch marks in the constituent filaments of the tested textiles, which suggests a surface degradation occurred.

Recyclable polymer functionalization via end-group modification and block/random copolymerization

Recyclable polymers offer a great opportunity to address the environmental issues of plastics. Herein, functionalization of recyclable polymers, poly ((R)-3,4-trans six-membered ring-fused GBL) (P ((R)-M)), were reported via end-group modifications and block/random copolymerizations. Di-n-butylmagnesium was selected to catalyze ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of (R)-M in the presence of a series of functional alcohols as the initiators. Block/random copolymerizations of (R)-M and ε-caprolactone (ε-CL), l-lactide (L-LA) and trimethylene carbonate (TMC) were performed to control the onset decomposition temperature (Td), melting temperature (Tm) and glass transition temperature (Tg). These functionalized recyclable polymers would find broad applications as the sustainable plastics.

Understanding on ignition mechanism of Mg-xAl (x=0, 3, 6 and 8wt. %) alloys in atmospheric environment

The ignition and onset melting temperatures, surface morphologies before and after ignition, as well as combustion products of Mg-xAl (x = 0, 3, 6 and 8 wt.%) alloys were investigated. The results demonstrate that ignition process of Mg-xAl alloys in this research, take to be pyrolysis/gasification and piloted ignition of pyrolysis volatiles. Besides, Mg-0Al and Mg-3Al alloys gasification mainly occur in solid state and burning occur in the solid state. Whereas Mg-6Al and Mg-8Al alloys gasification mainly occur in liquid state, and burning also occur in the liquid state. So with Al content increase, burning occurred state changes from solid to liquid.

Partially hydrolyzed polyvinyl alcohol for fusion-based pharmaceutical formulation processes: Evaluation of suitable plasticizers.

The present study evaluates the effect of several pharmaceutical plasticizers on the thermo-physical and physicochemical properties of partially hydrolyzed poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) used in fusion-based pharmaceutical formulation processes. Specifically, the effect of mannitol (MAN), sorbitol (SOR), sucrose (SUC), anhydrous citric acid (CA), triethyl citrate (TEC) and low-molecular weight polyethylene glycol (PEG400) on PVA's melting properties, physical state and thermal degradation was evaluated via differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), powder X-ray diffractometry (pXRD) and thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA). Results showed that the use of MAN, SOR, SUC and PEG400 led to the reduction of PVA's melting onset temperature, while MAN, SUC, CA and SOR were amorphously dispersed within PVA's matrix, and the addition of SUC and CA resulted in significant reduction of PVA's crystallinity. TGA results showed the formation of thermally highly unstable PVA mixtures in the cases of CA and TEC (degradation started from ~150°C and ~125°C, respectively), while significant molecular interactions were identified by FTIR in the cases of PVA-MAN, PVA-SOR and PVA-SUC. Hot-stage polarized microscopy (HSM) revealed PVA's melt miscibility only with MAN and SOR, while melt flow index (MFI) measurements showed that the use of MAN, SOR and PEG400 resulted in a significant improvement of PVA's melt flow properties. Finally, MD simulations were in close agreement with the experimental observations, indicating that they can be considered as a promising tool for the theoretical modelling of such systems.

Fabrication of phase-change core/shell nanofibers based on a eutectic fatty acid mixture to control body temperature fluctuations

A sustainable eutectic mixture of two fatty acids, i.e. Lauric acid (LA) and Palmitic acid (PA), was produced as Phase Change Materials (PCMs) to control body temperature fluctuations. Based on thermodynamic calculations and related experimental analyses, the mass ratio of the mixture was chosen as LA:PA = 69:31. A core-shell structure was prepared through coaxial electrospinning, so as to prevent the leakage of PCM during phase change from the solid state to liquid one. Nylon 6 covered the core as the shell of the prepared nanofiber. The optimized nanofibers were obtained with the diameter of 152.7 nm. The produced PCM possessed an onset melting temperature of 32.17 °C, which was close to the normal body temperature (i.e., 37 °C). Thermal performance of PCM in the nanofiber core-shell structure analyzed by an image processing technique showed that the sample containing PCMs exhibited enhanced thermal properties during the cooling down process.

Facile synthesis and thermal performance of cety palmitate/nickel foam composite phase change materials for thermal energy storage

Cetyl palmitate (CP) was thermally synthesized using binary 1-hexadecanol (HD) and palmitic acid (PA) mixture as the starting materials in nitrogen with the absence of any catalyst. The molecule structure, thermal property, thermal stability and reliability of as-prepared cetyl palmitate was studied by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), Fourier transformation infrared (FT-IR) spectrometer, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA), respectively. 1HNMR and FT-IR confirmed the as-prepared product under 350 °C for 30 min was CP with high purity. According to the DSC measurements, the onset melting temperature and latent heat of fusion for the as-prepared CP was 52.3 °C and 180.9 J/g, respectively. Results showed that the synthesized cetyl palmitate was favorable used as phase change material (PCM) owing to its desirable thermal properties, excellent thermal stability and reliability. Due to the low thermal conductivity of CP, it was impregnating into nickel (Ni) foams with different pore sizes to make CP/Ni foam composite PCMs (CPCMs). Compared with pure CP, thermal conductivity of CP/Ni foam (70, 90, and 110PPI) CPCMs were increased by 1.88, 2.02 and 4.86 times, respectively. The CP/Ni foam CPCMs displayed appropriate thermal properties for latent heat energy storage applications.

Интервалы плавления гетерофазных систем Zr – Si – ZrB2 – ZrSi2 – MoSi2 и Zr – Si – HfB2 – HfSi2 – MoSi2

The work is devoted to studying the melting ranges of the base Zr – Si eutectic composition depending on the content of the heterophasic powder component in the ZrB2 – ZrSi2 – MoSi2 and HfB2 – HfSi2 – MoSi2 systems in an amount of 30 – 90 % obtained by the method of self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS). The melting range of the mixture Zr – Si was 1420 – 1440 °C, while the addition of SHS-powders ZrB2 – ZrSi2 – MoSi2 led to an increase in the melting onset temperature Тmelt.onset to 1460 – 1560 °С and the complete melting temperature Tmelt.complete to 1480 – 1670 °C. The addition of HfB2 – HfSi2 – MoSi2 powders had a weak effect on the values of Тmelt.onset (1390 – 1430 °С), but led to an increase in the values of Tmelt.complete to 1510 – 1550 °С. X-ray phase analysis showed that the remelted samples contained ZrB2/HfB2, ZrSi2/HfSi2, MoSi2 phases and Si, with the number of phases being directly proportional to the content of SHS powders in the composition of the Zr – Si mixture. The ingots were characterized by a homogeneous structure consisting of a silicon matrix, ZrSi2/HfSi2, MoSi2 disilicide grains, with ZrB2/HfB2 diboride inclusions.

Hybrid nanobiocomposites based on poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) – characterization, thermal and mechanical properties

Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) is a biopolymer used to production of implants in the human body. On the other hand, the physical and mechanical properties of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) are compared to the properties of isotactic polypropylene what makes poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) possible substitute for polypropylene. Unfortunately, the melting point of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) is almost equal to its degradation temperature what gives very narrow window of its processing conditions. Therefore, numerous attempts are being made to improve the poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) properties. In the present work, hybrid nanobiocomposites based on poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) as a matrix with the use of organic nanoclay - Cloisite 30B and linear polyurethane as a second filler have been manufactured. The linear polyurethane was based on diphenylmethane 4,4'-diisocyanate and diol with imidazoquinazoline rings. The obtained nanobiocomposites were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning and transmission electron microscopies, thermogravimetry, differential scanning calorimetry and their selected mechanical properties were tested. The resulting hybrid nanobiocomposites have intercalated/exfoliated structure. The nanobiocomposites are characterized by a higher thermal stability and a wider range of processing temperatures compared to the unfilled matrix. The plasticizing influence of nanofillers was also observed. In addition, the mechanical properties of the discussed nanobiocomposites were examined and compared to those of the unfilled poly(3-hydroxybutyrate). The new-obtained nanobiocomposites based on poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) containing 1% Cloisite 30B and 5 wt. % of the linear of polyurethane characterized the highest improvement of processing conditions. They have the biggest difference between the temperature of degradation and the onset melting temperature, about 100 °C.

Study on thermal storage properties of microencapsulated organic ester as phase change material for cooling application

ABSTRACT The phase change materials (PCMs) are latent thermal energy storage materials to store and release energy in the form of latent heat with a change in internal energy. The microencapsulation technique overcomes the limitations faced by the PCMs during energy storage and release. In this study, the new ester-based non-paraffin PCM was microencapsulated into an organic shell using in-situ polymerisation technique. The as-prepared MPCMs was characterised using the field emission electron microscope (FESEM), fourier transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) techniques. The results show that the MPCM characterised using FESEM has exhibited a good morphology. The chemical stability studies carried using FTIR spectroscopy also confirmed the formation of microcapsules was only by physical interaction. The DSC test results also signify that microcapsules have a latent heat of enthalpy of 65.32 kJ/kg, with onset melting temperature of 8.57°C. Thus, this ensures the MPCM to be considered as a potential candidate for the CTES application.

Structural evolution of hard-elastic polyethylene cast film in temperature-strain space: An in-situ SAXS and WAXS study

Hard-elastic polyethylene (HEPE) cast films are the key intermediate product for producing PE microporous membranes (dry process) used as separators in Lithium battery. The effects of temperature on the deformation mechanisms of HEPE cast films are systematically studied with in-situ synchrotron radiation small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS/WAXS) techniques during stretching in a wide temperature range from 25 to 135 °C. The structural evolutions and mechanical behaviors show three distinct features, which contribute to the rough divisions of the temperature space into three regions (I/II/III) with α-I relaxation temperature (TαI) and the onset melting temperature (Tonset) as the boundaries. On the basis of the evolutions of the structural parameters like long period (Lm), micro-strain (εm), orientation parameter (f200), crystallinity (Xc), and etc., lamellar separation is the main deformation mode in the linear elastic strain zone. And microphase separation of interlamellar amorphous, lamellar crystal slipping and melt-recrystallization are proposed to determinate the later non-linear mechanical behaviors in the three temperature regions, respectively. The full view of deformation mechanisms in the 2D temperature-strain space aids to deepen the understanding of the nonequilibrium structural evolutions in hard-elastic polyethylene films and guide the manufacture of high-performance microporous membranes with dry process.

Characterization of three varieties of Malaysian rambutan seed oil

Introduction: Rambutan seed is considered a waste by-product of fruit processing. The seed waste is usually discarded or disposed in a large amount without an economic value which has become an issue that needs to be solved. However, the seed contains a considerable amount of crude fat. Aim: the purpose of this study was to characterize the physicochemical properties of oil of the seeds of three varieties of Malaysian rambutan fruit (R4, R7 and Serjan) for potential application. Materials and methods: In this study, colour, refractive index, viscosity, free fatty acid content, peroxide value, p-anisidine value, iodine value, saponification value, unsaponifiable matter, fatty acid composition, thermal behaviour, melting point, and solid fat content of rambutan seed oil from three varieties were used to characterise physicochemical properties of rambutan seed oil. Results: No significant differences (p > 0.05) were observed for free fatty acid content, peroxide value, p-anisidine value, saponification value, unsaponifiable matter, colour, viscosity and refractive index among three varieties. There are significant differences (p < 0.05) in the iodine value and melting point among the rambutan seed oil of three varieties. Varieties R7 and R4 seed had the highest (37.62 ± 0.10 %) and lowest (34.25 ± 0.07 %) crude fat content, respectively. Oleic (37.75-40.58 %) and arachidic (35.24-36.89 %) acids were the major fatty acids in the oil. Both melting and crystallization curves showed that the oil exhibited three distinct peaks. The complete melting and crystallization onset temperatures of the oil were 24.76–26.57°C and 21.19–22.79°C, respectively.Conclusions: This study reveals that the rambutan seed oil has potential to be used in various sectors of food industry. Therefore, rambutan seed can be fully utilized and, subsequently, the amount of waste can be minimized.