Melt Blending Method Research Articles

Effects of Isothermal Crystallization on Carrier Transport and Breakdown Characteristics of HDPE/LDPE Insulation

In this paper, the influence of the crystalline morphology of high-density polyethylene (HDPE)/low density polyethylene (LDPE) blend on its electrical conductivity, breakdown performance and trap distribution were studied by using the method of isothermal crystallization. Five HDPE/LDPE blends were prepared by melt blending method, and they were cooled to 118°C for isothermal crystallization treatment for 0, 5, 10, 20 and 40 min. The experimental results show that HDPE/LDPE blend with 10min isothermal crystallization time has the lowest conductivity at 70℃, and its conductivity-temperature dependence is also low. As the isothermal crystallization time increases from 0 to 10min, both the DC and AC breakdown strengths of HDPE/LDPE blend increase, and further increase the isothermal crystallization time to 20 and 40min, the breakdown performance of HDPE/LDPE blend decreases significantly. The aggregate structure of HDPE/LDPE blend is closely related to its electrical properties. When the isothermal crystallization time is 10 min, the HDPE/LDPE blend shows a denser crystalline morphology and introduces many of deep traps measured by the isothermal discharge current (IDC) method. Therefore, space charge accumulation and local electric field distortion in the dielectrics are reduced. Also, the breakdown field strength of the HDPE/LDPE blend is improved.

Preparation and thermal properties of novel inorganic-organic eutectic composite material with high latent heat and thermal conductivity based on aluminum sulfate salt

Potassium aluminum sulfate dodecahydrate (Alum) and ammonium aluminum sulfate dodecahydrate (AAS) are two potential inorganic phase change materials with high transformation enthalpy. To make them more flexible to match temperature requirements of various fields, the melting temperature needs to be manipulated but less effect on latent heat. In this work, two novel eutectic mixtures of Alum-E and AAS-E were obtained by adding erythritol (E) with high latent heat into aluminum sulfate salts. The results denoted that the melting temperatures of the two eutectic mixtures were 72.46 °C and 73.20 °C when containing 35 wt% and 37 wt% erythritol, respectively. It was worth noting that they still possessed high latent heat of 243.4 J/g and 257.4 J/g. Considering the stability of NH4+ at high temperature, Alum-E was chosen to fabricate Alum-E/EG (expanded graphite) composite material with high thermal conductivity via melt-blending method. EG not only increased the thermal conductivity from 0.61 W/(m·K) to 10.95 W/(m·K) as an excellent enhanced heat transfer carrier, but also prevented leakage of Alum-E/EG composite material effectively as a porous adsorption carrier when contained 15 wt% EG. Moreover, the thermal stability tests indicated that Alum-E possessed favorable thermal stability after 250 heat-cooling cycles. Above all, the obtained composite energy storage material is a promising candidate for afterheat recovery and medium and low-temperature energy storage areas else.

Mechanical, rheological, and carbon dioxide barrier properties of polyvinylidene fluoride/TiO2composites for flexible riser applications

AbstractNanoparticles can act as a barrier to gas penetration in the polymer matrix. However, the agglomeration of nanoparticles has a negative effect on the comprehensive properties of nanocomposites. We envisioned surface modification of 25 nm TiO2nanoparticles with KH550 to enable better dispersion in the polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) matrix and prepared PVDF/TiO2composites by the melt blending method. The effects of adding modified nanoparticles into the matrix on the thermodynamic, mechanical, rheological, and gas barrier properties were studied. We find that the dispersion of TiO2in the matrix significantly improved after modification, as observed in the SEM images. As a result, the mechanical properties of composites decreased with an increase in the content of nanoparticles, and PVDF/N‐TiO2composites showed better mechanical and CO2barrier properties. The permeability coefficient of PVDF/0.5% N‐TiO2has the lowest permeability coefficient, which is 18.30% lower than primary PVDF. At a high shear rate, the viscosity of PVDF/N‐TiO2with 0.5% and 1.0% content decreased, and the viscosity of 1.5% ratio was higher than that of primary PVDF. PVDF/0.5% N‐TiO2has the best comprehensive performance and also possesses the advantages of simple preparation, low cost, and ease of industrial production.

Morphological, mechanical, and thermal properties of polyurethane nanocomposites co‐incorporated with micro‐ Al 2 O 3 /nano‐ Al 2 O 3 for flexible thermal conductive component applications

Thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) nanocomposites (TPU/μmAl2O3-ACA/nmAl2O3) with excellent mechanical, thermal stability and thermal conductivity were fabricated by co-incorporating aluminate coupling agent DL-411 chemically functionalized micron Al2O3 (μmAl2O3-ACA) and nano-Al2O3 (nmAl2O3) through melt blending method. FTIR analysis indicated that DL-411 has been successfully grafted on the surface of μmAl2O3, which was beneficial to the homogeneous dispersion of Al2O3 particles and enhancements of interfacial interactions between Al2O3 particles and TPU matrix. Adding μmAl2O3-ACA and nmAl2O3 simultaneously showed obvious synergistic effects on improving the mechanical properties of TPU nanocomposites. The optimum mechanical properties were obtained at the mass ratio of μmAl2O3-ACA to nmAl2O3 of 3:1. Both μmAl2O3-ACA and nmAl2O3 particles were homogeneously dispersed, constructing relatively perfect thermal conductivity networks, as verified by FESEM and PLM observations. The thermal conductivity (k) of TPU nanocomposites increased continuously with the addition of μmAl2O3-ACA/nmAl2O3 particles, and the optimal k (0.28 W/m K) was achieved when the mass ratio of μmAl2O3-ACA to nmAl2O3 was 3:1, which increased by 53% compared with pure TPU (k = 0.183 W/m K). TGA showed that, in contrast to those of pure TPU, the maximum decomposition temperature of TPU/μmAl2O3-ACA/nmAl2O3 nanocomposites increased by 77.77°C, and the decomposition activation energy of TPU nanocomposite enhanced by 178%.

Manufacturing and compatibilization of binary blends of superheated steam treated jute and poly (lactic acid) biocomposites by melt-blending technique

This work investigated the effect of superheated steam (SHS) jute fiber and poly (lactic acid) (PLA) having a weight proportion of 30:70 which were synthesized using the melt blending method. The goal of this treatment was to boost up the fiber-polymer interfacial linkage. The action was conducted in a superheated steam oven at various times (30–120 min) and temperatures (170–220 °C). The biocomposites were assessed in terms of mechanical characteristics, dimensional stability and morphological properties. Compared to different treatment temperatures, the results showed that treatment at 210 °C for 60 min offered the best tensile characteristics. Because of the presence of SHS-Jute, the tensile, impact, bending and dimensional stability of the bio-composites have been improved. The FTIR and SEM study revealed progress in the interfacial linkage between SHS-Jute and PLA. This interfacial link improves the bending strength of SHS-Jute-PLA biocomposites by about 15.64%. X-ray diffraction (XRD) investigation also showed an elevation in the crystalline structure with the incorporation of SHS-Jute. The degradation tests of the biocomposite were carried out in deionized water. SHS treatment reduces hemicellulose contents in jute fiber which causes water uptake% reduction is 54% in SHS-Jute-PLA. The SHS-Jute-PLA biocomposite appeared with promising characteristics for utilization as a green and ecological substitute particle board material.

Flexible and fire safe sandwich structured composites with superior electromagnetic interference shielding properties

The integration of outstanding flame retardancy and electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness (EMI SE) in polymers is highly desirable for practical applications. In this work, thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) composites loaded with silicon wrapped ammonium polyphosphate (SiAPP) and short carbon fiber (SCF) were prepared through melt blending method. Then, a novel air-assisted thermocompression technology independently developed by our group was employed to fabricate multifunctional sandwich-structured TPU/SiAPP/SCF/Ti3C2Tx MXene composites. The peak of heat release rate and the peak of smoke release rate of TPU composites containing 20 wt% SiAPP and 20 wt% SCF were decreased by 72.5% and 49.7%, respectively, compared to those of pure TPU. The sandwich structure endowed the TPU samples with high EMI SE. For instance, the TPU/SiAF20/MXene SW-1.02 mm composite inserted with the Ti3C2Tx MXene layer exhibited the averaged EMI SE of 50.5 dB.

One-step construction of novel phase change composites supported by a biomass/MXene gel network for efficient thermal energy storage

Phase change composites with excellent light-to-thermal capacity can enhance the utilization efficiency of solar energy and reduce the energy crisis immensely. Current methods for constructing phase change composites include aerogel-based vacuum impregnation, melt blending, and other complex multi-steps methods, hindering their large-scale practical application in solar thermal storage. Here, we report an ingenious one-step strategy to construct sodium alginate (SA)/MXene-wrapped polyethylene glycol (PEG) crosslinked with calcium ions (Ca 2+ ) to form a gel network, resulting in shape-stable biomass/MXene phase change composites (SMPCCs). The SMPCCs exhibit excellent solar thermal conversion capability and thermal reliability that the temperature will elevate significantly to 75.4 °C in 780 s and storage solar energy as latent heat during illumination. Furthermore, the neglectable decline of thermal energy storage property for the SMPCCs is less than 1% and 2.9% even after 100 cooling-heating and 20 light-thermal cycles, respectively. Thus, this work proposes a simple and effective approach for fabricating biomass-based phase change composites with good shape stability and excellent thermal energy storage performance, which have great potential for solar thermal energy storage applications. • A novel phase change composites (PCCs) supported by a biomass/MXene gel network was developed via a one-step strategy. • The PCCs show high relative enthalpy efficiency, superior thermal reliability, and light-thermal cycling stability. • The PCCs have excellent thermal energy storage and conversion performance.

Thermal and flame-retardant properties of multilayered composites prepared through novel multilayering approach

Thermal and flame-retardant properties of traditional composites have limitations that are not satisfied for the various applications. Multilayered materials have great potential to improve material properties. The present paper focused on designing new multilayering approach to fabricate flame retardant multilayered materials with a very basic instrument and several simple steps. Montmorillonite nanoparticles filled maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene composites were prepared by the melt-blending method, and the multilayered composites with polypropylene alternating multilayers were fabricated by the quadruple-layering approach. The multilayer structure was characterized by the scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive spectrometer. The influence of layer structure on the thermal stability, thermal conductivity and flame-retardant properties was investigated by the comparison with the conventional composites. Multilayered composites showed enhanced flame-retardant properties with lower peak heat release rate and better char formation compared to conventional composites with the same mass fraction of montmorillonite. Multilayered composites had higher mass fraction of montmorillonite in filled layers and no fillers in other layers, which caused the unequal distribution of montmorillonite, resulting in changes of thermal and flame-retardant properties of the materials especially in the perpendicular direction to the film surface. This study demonstrates a unique multilayering approach that has potential to be used in variety applications such as food and medical packaging.

Preparation of 4-formylphenylboronic modified chitosan and its effects on the flame retardancy of poly(lactic acid)

A boron-based biological flame retardant phenylboronic acid functionalized chitosan (B-CH) was prepared by reacting chitosan (CH) with 4-formylphenylboronic acids. The structure characterization was carried out by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. B-CH was added into polylactic acid (PLA) by the melt blending method to improve the fire performance of the composite. The results showed that the peak heat release rate (PHRR) of PLA-7% B-CH decreased to 432 kW·m−2 from 564 kW·m−2 of control PLA. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) was increased from 19.1% to 26.2%, and the vertical burning test (UL-94) could reach a V-0 rating. The B-CH participated in the char formation process, which could generate a continuous compact char layer during the combustion to effectively protect the PLA matrix. This work provided an effective strategy to develop environmental friendly flame retardant PLA composites.

Influence of ammonium octamolybdate on flame retardancy and smoke suppression of PVC matrix flame retardant composites

Abstract In order to improve the flame retardancy and smoke suppression of polyvinyl chloride (PVC), ammonium octamolybdate (AOM)/nano-antimony trioxide (nano-Sb2O3)/dioctyl Phthalate (DOP)/PVC composites were prepared by high energy ball milling and melt blending methods using AOM as the smoke suppressant. The effects of AOM on the flame retardancy and smoke suppression of the PVC composites were studied by means of vertical burning tests (UL-94), limiting oxygen index (LOI), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and cone calorimetry (CCT). The results showed that the flame retardancy of PVC composites containing AOM was improved, namely the UL-94 grade of the composites reached the V-0 grade and the LOI increased from 22.3% to 30.6%, whilst the heat release rate (HRR), total heat release (THR), smoke production rate (SPR), total smoke production (TSR) and smoke factor (SF) decreased significantly. In addition, AOM could promote the dehydrochlorination reaction of the PVC composites at lower temperature, resulting in more compact and continuous char residues. Therefore, AOM is an effective smoke suppressant and has a good synergistic flame retardant effect with nano-Sb2O3 in flame retardant PVC matrix composites.

Effect of Hybrid Fillers of Bamboo Fiber and Commercial Glass Fiber on High Density Polyethylene Matrix

The focus of this research work is to study the effect of hybrid fillers of bamboo fiber and commercial glass fiber on high density polyethylene (HDPE) matrix without interfacial coupling agent. The hybrid composite was formed through melt blending method using two-roll mixing mill at temperature of 160 oC and was shaped using compression molding machine. The highest value of Tensile Modulus at break and Hardness were obtained at hybrid ratio of 70 % of HDPE/ 15 % bamboo/ 15 % glass particles (H/B15/G15). However, the inclusion of the hybrid fillers did not show any significant difference in Impact strength from the molded blank HDPE samples (H/B0/G0) while the percentage water absorbed by the samples predominantly decreased as the content of the commercial glass filler was increase in the HDPE matrix.

Cooperative Effect of ZIF-67-Derived Hollow NiCo-LDH and MoS2 on Enhancing the Flame Retardancy of Thermoplastic Polyurethane.

In this work, a novel three-dimensional (3D) hollow nickel-cobalt layered double hydroxide (NiCo-LDH) was synthesized using zeolitic imidazole framework-67 (ZIF-67) as a template, and then utilized to functionalize molybdenum disulfide (NiCo-LDH/MoS2) via electrostatic force. Flame retardant thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) composites were prepared by the melt blending method. Compared to pure TPU, NiCo-LDH/MoS2 filled TPU composite was endowed with a decrease of 30.9% and 55.7% of the peak heat release rate (PHRR) and the peak smoke production rate (PSPR), respectively. Furthermore, the addition of NiCo-LDH/MoS2 can significantly improve the thermal stability and char yield of the TPU composite. The catalytic carbonization effect and dilution effect of NiCo-LDH, and the barrier effect of MoS2 nanosheets enable TPU composites with excellent flame retardancy and toxic gas suppression ability.

Mechanical properties of 3D printed micro‐nano rice husk/polylactic acid filaments

AbstractIn this study, micro‐nano rice husks (MNRH) fibers are compounded in polylactic acid (PLA) to produce 3D‐printed filaments by using melt blending method, and some properties of the printed samples of different surface treatment processes are measured. Two silane coupling agents of KH550 and KH570 are severally used on MNRH and PLA to mitigate the surface quality deficiencies for an intimate interfacial bond. Microstructural analysis shows that the MNRH fibers of the composites treated by silane coupling agent have a better dispersing performance. Fourier transform infrared illustrates that the KH550 and KH570 are successfully grafted onto PLA and MNRH fibers. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA/DSC) suggests that the thermostability and crystallinity of the composites treated by silane coupling agents are enhanced. Water absorption experiments shows that the water resistance of the composites is greatly increased by KH550 and KH570. In comparison with pure PLA, the tensile strength, tensile modulus, bending strength and bending modulus of the 6 wt.% MNRH/PLA composites that treated by KH550 and KH570 are enhanced by 83%, 98%, 54%, and 61%, respectively. The composites treated by KH550 and KH570 demonstrates the best performance, suggesting that they have great potential for use as an environmentally friendly alternative material in automotive interiors.

Lightweight electromagnetic interference shielding poly(L-lactic acid)/poly(D-lactic acid)/carbon nanotubes composite foams prepared by supercritical CO2 foaming

Lightweight and biodegradable polymer composites with efficient electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding performance are of great significance for controlling pollution caused by plastic waste and electromagnetic radiation. Herein, poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/carbon nanotubes (CNTs) composites were prepared through a melt blending method. By adding a small amount of poly(D-lactic acid) to poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA), the EMI shielding performance of the composites was improved because an enhanced viscoelasticity and suitable crystallinity could help to construct fine CNT conductive networks. When the PDLA content was 2 wt%, the EMI shielding effectiveness (SE) of the PLLA-2PDLA-10CNTs reached 27.1 dB at 26.5 GHz. Based on these findings, a green supercritical CO2 foaming method was employed to prepare lightweight PLLA/PDLA/CNTs composites. For the PLLA-2PDLA-10CNTs foams, when the expansion ratio was 1.24, the EMI SE was 20.1 dB at 26.5 GHz. In addition, the EMI shielding mechanism of the foams was dominated by absorption. This paper provides a facile way to prepare lightweight and environmentally friendly materials for EMI shielding applications.

Photo-to-thermal conversion and energy storage of polyethylene glycol/copper sulfide composite PCMs

In order to improve the energy storage performance of polyethylene glycol (PEG), copper sulfide (CuS) was introduced into PEG to endow the function of photo-to-thermal conversion. A series of novel PEG/CuS composite phase change materials (PCMs) were prepared by melt blending method with polyethylene pyrrolidone (PVP) employed as a stabilizer. Results of the dispersion stability experiment and 100 thermal cycles test showed that 2 wt% PVP can effectively improve the stability of PEG/PVP/CuS composite PCMs. And the CuS nanoparticles were uniformly dispersed in the PEG through physical action with the help of PVP. DSC results showed that the melting enthalpy of PEG/PVP/CuS composite PCM is as high as 171.8 J/g, 164.0 J/g, and 156.2 J/g when the content of CuS is 2 wt%, 6 wt%, and 10 wt%, respectively. Thermal cycling test and TGA results demonstrated that PEG/PVP/CuS composite PCMs have excellent reliability and stability. The photo-absorption property of PEG/PVP/CuS composite PCM increases to the range of 0.44–0.852, 0.938–1.533, 1.335–2.462 respectively within the addition of 2 wt%, 6 wt%, 10 wt% CuS in the radiation range of 300–900 nm. And the photo-to-thermal conversion efficiency of PEG/PVP/CuS composite PCMs was tested up to 87.36%. Therefore, the prepared PEG/PVP/CuS composite PCMs show remarkable potential in solar thermal utilization applications.

Thermoplastic polyurethane composites based on aluminum hypophosphite/modified iron tailings system with outstanding fire performance

AbstractIron tailings (IT) is the remaining industrial solid waste after beneficiation. The accumulation of billion tons of tailings not only occupies valuable land resources but also causes serious environmental pollution and human harm. This work aims to explore the potential application of IT in flame retardant field. The modified iron tailings (MIT) were combined with aluminum hypophosphite (AHP) to prepare a series of TPU/AHP/MIT composites by melt blending method. Thermogravimetric (TGA) test indicated that MIT and AHP significantly improved the thermal stability of the composites. The char residue of TPU/AHP22.5/MIT2.5 was enhanced to 29.60 wt% compared with 27.51 wt% of TPU/AHP25. Cone calorimetry test (CCT) confirmed that PHRR and THR of TPU/AHP15/MIT10 were decreased by 88.4% and 55.2% compared with those of pure TPU. Adding 2.5 wt% MIT could reduce the gas production of the TPU/AHP system by 32.82%. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Raman spectroscopy tests confirmed that AHP/MIT system could increase the thickness and graphitization degree of char residue for the TPU composites, and thus increase the thermal stability and fire resistance of the composites. Lastly, the possible fire retarding mechanism of TPU/AHP/MIT composites was illustrated. This work provided a novel strategy for utilization of IT.

Synergistic effect of organic-Zn(H2PO2)2 and lithium containing polyhedral oligomeric phenyl silse-squioxane on flame-retardant, thermal and mechanical properties of poly(ethylene terephthalate)

Abstract A novel synergy flame retardant system of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET)/organic-Zn(H2PO2)2/lithium containing polyhedral oligoheptyl silse-squioxane (Li-Ph-POSS) composites was prepared by the melt-blending method to improve the flame retardancy of PET. The synergistic effect of organic-Zn(H2PO2)2 and Li-Ph-POSS on the flame retardancy, thermal, and mechanical properties of the PET composites was investigated by the limiting oxygen index, vertical burning test, cone calorimeter, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimeter, tensile tester, and dynamic mechanical analysis, respectively. The results show that the synergistic flame retardant effect between organic-Zn(H2PO2)2 and Li-Ph-POSS improves both the flame retardancy and the crystallization of PET. Moreover, the Li-Ph-POSS has a positive effect on the mechanical property of PET. This work provides a promising strategy for mitigating the fire hazard of PET using this synergy flame retardant system.

Antibacterial and antioxidant phenolic compounds loadedPCLbiocomposites for active food packaging application

AbstractActive food packages must not only act as a protective food barrier but also exhibit radical scavenging activity, antibacterial and controlled release properties that can have a positive effect on food quality, safety and shelf life. In this study, poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL)/ferulic acid (FA) and PCL/gallic acid (GA) biocomposites were prepared by melt blending method to use in active food packaging applications. The physicochemical properties of the prepared biocomposites were investigated by FTIR‐ATR, SEM, and DMA. In addition, antioxidant and antibacterial activities, water contact angle, oscillation test and water vapor transmission rate of biocomposites were also investigated. FTIR‐ATR and SEM results showed that both fillers were well dispersed in the PCL matrix. Dynamic mechanical analysis was performed to examine the mechanical behavior of the samples and to determine theirTgtemperatures. The biocomposites exhibited a higher storage modulus and loss modulus than pure PCL. Especially, the glass transition temperature of the PCL/FA sample containing 5 wt.% FA increased 17°C compared to the neat PCL. They exhibited high‐scavenging activity against DPPH and ABTS radicals, and showed high‐antibacterial activity against bothE. coliandS. aureusbacteria.

Improvement of Mechanical Property for PLA/TPU Blend by Adding PLA-TPU Copolymers Prepared via In Situ Ring-Opening Polymerization.

Polylactic acid (PLA)-thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) copolymer (PTC) was prepared by melting TPU pellets in molten lactide, followed by in situ ring-opening coordination polymerization. The results from FTIR and 1H-NMR confirmed the formation of the copolymer. PLA/TPU blends with different TPU contents were prepared by melt blending method. SEM and mechanical properties showed a conspicuous phase separation between PLA and TPU. In order to further improve the mechanical properties of the blend, PTC was used as the compatibilizer and the effects of the PTC content on the properties of the blend were investigated. The addition of PTC made TPU particles smaller in PLA matrix and improved the compatibility. With the loading of 5 wt.% PTC, the impact strength of the PLA/TPU blend reached 27.8 kJ/m2, which was 31.1% and 68.5% higher than that of the blend without PTC and pure PLA, respectively. As the content of PTC was more than 5 wt.%, the mechanical properties declined since the compatibilizer tended to form separate clusters, which could reduce the part distributed between the dispersed phase and the matrix, leading to a reduction in the compatibility of the blend. Moreover, the DMA results confirmed PTC could improve the compatibility between PLA and TPU.

Stearic acid/expanded graphite composite phase change material with high thermal conductivity for thermal energy storage

In this study, expanded graphite (EG) was added to melted stearic acid (SA) by the melt blending method to prepare SA/EG composite phase change material (PCM) with different ratios. EG with ultra-high porosity and large specific surface area can effectively adsorb melted SA through capillary force and van der Waals force. The results showed that when the loading amount of EG was 12 wt.%, almost no liquid leakage occurred and the composite showed excellent stability. In addition, the three-dimensional network structure of EG interconnection provides an efficient heat transfer path and reduces the thermal resistance of the interface. Therefore, the thermal conductivity of the composite was as high as 6.54 W m−1 K−1, which was 19.179 times higher than that of pure SA. Furthermore, the melting enthalpy and melting temperature of the composite were 163.35 J g−1 and 67.08 °C, respectively. X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy shown that physical interaction instead of chemical reaction happened between EG and SA. When the mass fraction of EG is 12 wt.%, the composite PCM shows a relatively more balanced and uniform thermal image compared with SA, and the heat storage rate of the composite PCM was about 2.3 times of SA, and the heat release rate was 3.1 times of SA. In addition, the composite PCM showed excellent thermal stability, chemical stability, and cyclic stability, indicating that the working performance of the composite PCM was relatively stable within the temperature range of 100 °C.