Medium Loam Research Articles

Natural Recovery Dynamics of Alfalfa Field Soils under Different Degrees of Mechanical Compaction

Soil compaction in alfalfa fields has become increasingly severe due to the mechanization of animal husbandry and the increased use of heavy agricultural machinery. Perennial alfalfa land undergoes mechanical compaction several times during the planting period without mechanical tillage. The compacted soil structure may recover through moisture changes, freezing and thawing cycles, and plant growth, but the extent and rate of this recovery remain unknown. In this study, alfalfa plots with two different soil types (medium loam and sandy) in Gansu, China, were selected to address these issues. The areas of the plots were 120 m × 25 m and 80 m × 40 m, respectively. In the third year after sowing, three types of agricultural machinery with grounding pressures of 88 kPa, 69 kPa, and 48 kPa were used to compact the soil one, three, five, and seven times. The interval between replicates was 1 h. Each treatment had one plot of 10 m × 5 m, and the experiment was repeated 4 times, totaling 44 plots. Changes in soil bulk density, soil cone index, and saturated hydraulic conductivity were measured after 1, 4, 8, and 17 weeks, respectively. The results showed that the post-compaction soil bulk density and soil cone index largely influenced the recovery of the compacted soil. Recovery became problematic once the soil bulk density exceeded 1.5 g/cm3. The soil bulk density recovery rate varied across different soil layers, with the top layer recovering faster than more profound layers. The initial state could be restored when the change in post-compaction soil bulk density was minimal. Sandy soil recovered faster than medium-loam soil. The recovery of the soil cone index in each layer of medium-loam soil under lower compaction was more noticeable than that under severe compaction. However, with undergrounding pressures of 88 kPa and 69 kPa, the soil cone index could not fully recover after multiple compactions. The recovery of soil-saturated hydraulic conductivity in both soil types was slower and less pronounced. The recovery of soil-saturated hydraulic conductivity in medium-loam soil was slower than that in sandy loam. After 7 compactions and 17 weeks under a grounding pressure of 88 kPa, the saturated hydraulic conductivity remained below 20% of its initial value of 20 mm/h. In contrast, sandy soils recovered faster, reaching 60 mm/h within a week of each compaction event. This research is crucial for ensuring high and stable alfalfa yields and supporting sustainable agricultural practices.

Effect of sideral fertilizer on the content of humus in the soil

In a long-term experiment, which was laid down in 1971, in 2 bookmarks with an interval of one year, the effect of sideral fertilizer on the humus content in the soil during 6 rotations of an 8-field crop rotation was studied. The soil is sod-medium-podzolic medium loam on a cover red-brown heavy loam with agrochemical indicators of the arable layer before the experiment was laid: рНKCl 5.0, Ah – 2.7, S – 14.8 mmol/100 g, V – 85.2%, the content of P2O5–52, K2O – 98 mg/kg of soil. In the 6th rotation, instead of manure, a sideral fertilizer – a pea–oat mixture (18 t/ha) was used as an organic fertilizer. In the experiment, the levels of application of mineral fertilizers on different backgrounds were studied using lime (1 + 2 h. a. in the 1st and 2nd rotations of crop rotation), manure (40 t/ha in the 1st and 60 t/ha in the 2nd and 5th rotations), siderate (in the 6th rotations) and without them. Options with fertilizers: 1 – without fertilizers, 5 – N10P10K10, 6 – N20P20K20, 7 – N30P30K30, 8 – N40P40K40, 9 – N50P50K50, 10 – N60P60K60. For 4 rotations of crop rotation (32 years) without applying background fertilizers, the humus content decreased from 2.5 to 1.96–1.92% (by 0.54 and 0.58 abs.%), against the background of manure – up to 2.38%, lime + manure – up to 2.30%. In the 5th rotation on the backgrounds with the introduction of manure, its content on average in 7 variants increased to 2.62 and 2.70%, which was higher than the initial (2.50%) by 0.12 and 0.20 abs.%. In the 6th rotation, the use of pea-oat mixture as a siderate led to a decrease inthe level of humus content by 0.28–0.30 abs.% is reduced by periodic use of manure (once in each rotation) and winter rye straw (2 times in 3–6 rotations).

Effects of precision irrigation on water regime and productivity of winter wheat

The aim of the research was to establish the effect of precision irrigation with varying mineral fertilizer availability on winter wheat productivity. Studies were carried out on irrigated arable land in the Rostov region. The test scheme included 3 replications. The climate of the research area is arid but not hot enough. The sum of temperatures for growing period is in the range of 30003200 C, the average annual precipitation is 470 mm, for the growing period - 285 mm. The soil cover of the experimental site is chernozem. According to the granulometric composition of the soil, the entire profile is represented mainly by heavy loam, turning into medium loam at a depth of 130-160 cm. The structural state in dry sieving and the water resistance of the aggregates are characterized as excellent. The lowest water-holding capacity for 0-60-centimeter layer is 28.3 %, which is good according to the existing classification. Soil density in 0.6 m layer is 1.27 t/m3, and in 1.0 m layer - 1.33 t/m3. Differentiated doses of fertilizers against the background of irrigation technologies studied in variants had a significant impact on productivity of winter wheat. Thus, in the variants with no irrigation, water consumption coefficient of winter wheat was 890.8 to 1343.6 m3/t; using the recommended irrigation system reduced its value to 725.91327.3 m3/t, and the precision irrigation technology provided a reduction in the value of water consumption coefficient to 681.61147.6 m3/t. The conducted studies revealed advantage of precision irrigation technology and mineral fertilizers, the use of which in different years provided higher winter crop yield by an average of 0.55 t/ha in comparison with the recommended technology, and, in comparison with variants without irrigation - by 3.49 t/ha. The introduction of modern high-precision irrigation technologies will make agricultural products produced on irrigated land more competitive.

STUDY OF THE METHOD OF DRILLING WASTE WATER TREATMENT FROM MECHANICAL IMPURITIES BY SEDIMENTATION AND FILTRATION

The problem of treatment of drilling wastewater from mechanical impurities and its reuse for technological process is unresolved. The study summarizes results of researches in drilling wastewater treatment methods. It is relevant for areas of extraction of hydrocarbon raw materials. The authors suggest applying a scheme of treating drilling wastewater from mechanical impurities consisting of two stages of purification – sedimentation and filtration through various materials for loading filters: sawdust, peat, soil (medium loam), ash, starch, household dust (a mixture microorganisms), charcoal, gauze, polyester wadding (lighat, voluminous, elastic nonwoven fabric), foam rubber (soft cellular synthetic foam with high elasticity and breathability). Soil, ash, starch, peat and coal were cleaned from impurities and ground to a fine state. Eleven individual materials and their various combinations were studied as filter loads. The tests were replicated three times. Untreated drilling wastewater served as a control background sample for calculating efficiency. The possibility of wastewater treatment by sedimentation and subsequent filtration using industrial waste as a loading material for filter was researched. It was found out that treatment efficiency increases when wastes used in filters are grinded to microparticles.

ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF MODELS OF SOYBEAN CULTIVATION TECHNOLOGY UNDER A BIOLOGIZED FOOD SYSTEM

Today, the situation on the global soybean market is quite favorable for increasing its production in our country. The growth of soybean production can be achieved only thanks to the introduction of highly profitable and competitive technologies for their cultivation, including the use of biologization factors. This article presents the economic efficiency and defines the main aspects of the optimization of the soybean fertilization system for the use of Groundfix soil biological fertilizer in combination with mineral fertilizers in the full rate and under the conditions of reducing their rate by 30%. The relevance and production necessity of carrying out such technological solutions and the search for optimal options for the maximum economic efficiency of growing modern soybean varieties have been proven, given the importance of this culture and the conditions that have developed today. A two-factor field experiment was conducted during 2017-2021 on the territory of the Agronomichne scientific research farm of VNAU, the soil of the experimental field is a gray forest medium loam. In the experiment, the maximum yield of 2.97 t/ha was recorded on the option with pre-sowing seed treatment with a mycorrhizal preparation and NPK (100%) + Groundfix 5 l/h fertilizer, while the profitability level was 117.4%. Reducing the rate of mineral fertilizers by 30% and applying Groundfix (3–5 l/ha) provided a level of production profitability that is higher than options with full mineral fertilizer. So, on the options without Micofrend application, from an economic point of view, the NPK option (70%) + Groundfix 5 l/ha was the most productive, while the level of profitability was 98.8%. And on the options with pre-sowing seed treatment with mycorrhizal drug NPK (70%) + Groundfix 3 l/ha and NPK (70%) + Groundfix 5 l/ha, the level of profitability was 119.4 and 125.0%, respectively.

Efficiency of different tillage, fertilization systems under short crop rotation and their influence on phytosanitary condition of agrocenoses

The main restraining factor of the widespread introduction of minimization of mechanical tillage into the domestic agricultural practice was and remains the problem of deterioration of the phytosanitary state of agrophytocenoses and the soil environment. Intensive use of pesticides, especially in violation of the regulations of their use, does not solve the problem, and often, on the contrary, aggravates it. Ukraine ranks sixth-seventh in the world in terms of contamination of plant products with pesticide residues. Agricultural practice proves that all pesticides are toxic to humans, and many of them also have mutagenic activity. They also cause great harm to living nature, suppressing the biological activity of soils, destroying pollinating insects, etc. Given this, the value of mechanical cultivation in regulating the phytosanitary state of agrobiocenoses and soil will increase, especially in ecological and organic agriculture. Research (2020– 2022) on the chernozems of the typical experimental field of Bila Ttserkva National Agrarian University established changes in the phytosanitary state of the agrobiocenoses of the field specialized grain five-field crop rotation and its productivity under different systems of the main cultivation of the chernozem soil of a typical low-humus medium loam in the Right Bank Forest Steppe of Ukraine, namely: shelf-disc the treatment has an advantage only in terms of significant limitation of dark brown spotting on winter wheat for sowing after buckwheat. In the remaining cases, it was significantly inferior to control. Indicators of the phytosanitary state of agrobiocenoses significantly worsen with constant soil disking. Discless tillage has an advantage only in terms of significant limitation of dark brown spotting on winter wheat after sowing after buckwheat. In the remaining cases, it was significantly inferior to control. Indicators of the phytosanitary state of agrobiocenoses significantly worsen with constant soil disking. The abundance of weeds is insignificantly lower under differentiated than shelf-disc cultivation. Fertilizer systems did not affect weediness, but worsened other indicators of phytosanitary status. With differentiated cultivation, the population of larvae of the winter weevil and the prevalence of helminth sporous root rot, powdery mildew and septoriosis of winter wheat after buckwheat, as well as the abundance of the meadow butterfly and wireworm in the agrophytocenosis of corn, are significantly reduced. Productivity of crop rotation is almost at the same level for shelf-disc and differentiated tillage. With chisel-disk and disk processing, it is significantly reduced. In a five-field field row crop rotation, differentiated tillage is recommended, in which deep (25–27 cm) plowing is performed only in one field under the row crop, where manure is applied, and in the rest of the fields, plowing and disc tillage to different depths, taking into account biological features of agricultural crops.

An Integrated Approach to Evaluating Crop Water Requirements and Irrigation Schedule for Optimizing Furrow Irrigation Design Parameters in Kurnool District, India

In Kurnool district, due to the hot, arid climatic conditions, proper study of crop evapotranspiration and its effect on crop water demand for various crops is an extremely important issue. More focus will be given to the design and development of surface irrigation systems based mostly on furrow irrigation, as the rainfall pattern for this district was irregular in 2005. The crop water requirement and furrow irrigation design parameters for optimising the beneficial utilisation of available water resources and field performances are studied in this research. Some major crops, such as cotton, sugarcane, sorghum, maize, and sunflower, are considered when adopting a suitable furrow irrigation system for soil conditions of the types black clay, red loamy, and medium loam. The reference crop evapotranspiration was estimated for 2005 based on the Penman–Monteith equation as per FAO guidelines by the CROPWAT 8.0 model. Crop Water Requirement (CWR), Net Irrigation Requirement (NIR), and Gross Irrigation Requirement (GIR) were determined for available climatic and soil conditions. Soil surface characteristics were studied using AQUACROP 6.1 and compared with CROPWAT 8.0 for model accuracy. Various conservative and non-conservative crop characteristics were studied under limited set conditions, and correlation equations were developed between different parameters. Moreover, different furrow irrigation design parameters were considered by FURDEV (a module of the SURDEV model) for three modes of operation (i.e., fixed flow, cutback flow, and tailwater reuse method) under modified SCS (Soil Conservation Service) families of soil infiltration characteristics. NIR values were 200 mm, 1423.2 mm, 220 mm, 150 mm, and 150 mm for cotton, sugarcane, maize, sorghum, and sunflower, respectively. A maximum significant dry yield was observed for maize (13.586 tonnes/ha). Additionally, the maximum application efficiency and storage efficiency were obtained at 95.5% for sorghum and 99.3% for sunflower, which would be a beneficial outcome of this research. In general, the results of this research might be very effective for the irrigation authority of Kurnool District to plan suitable approaches for designing and developing proper water management systems.

Scientific and methodological substantiation of measures for environmental management of upstream area Tupolangsky waterworks

For the 8.2 hectares of the Tupolang hydroscheme near the dam, the measures for its landscaping with the help of a drip irrigation system have been developed. The source of irrigation is infiltration water from the old riverbed. After natural filtration, the water is clear, without mechanical impurities, with a salinity of 0.2 g/l and a flow rate of about 50 l/s. At the end of this pipe, the head is 4 MPa, which eliminates the traditional device of the pumping station to create the required head in a closed irrigation network. This allows the application of these irrigation systems without a pumping station and water treatment. The article presents the initial data for the calculation of drip irrigation: 1. Soils are typical gray soils, non-saline, medium loam by mechanical composition; 2. Groundwaters are at a depth of > 3 m; 3. Mass volume of soils is 1.4 t/m3; 4. Marginal field moisture capacity (MWC) - 28 %; 5. Ultimate moisture capacity is accepted at 85 % of FWP and makes 23.8 %. And most importantly, such irrigation saves water resources.

Морфолого-генетична та агрономічна характеристики контрастних за засоленням ґрунтів солонцевого комплексу Приорілля

The article presents the results of field and laboratory studies on the determination of the morphological, genetic and agronomic characteristics of the soils of the Solon complex of Prioril, contrasting in terms of salinity - the establishment of the peculiarities of the morphological structure of the profiles, the granulometric composition, and the parameters of the main agrochemical, salt and physicochemical parameters of the salt marsh of the meadow-black earth shallow salt marsh and black earth-meadow soil - as typical components of the salt complex of the Oril river valley. Standardized field survey and laboratory-analytical methods were used. It has been established that manifestations of halogenation increase with depth in the Luchno-chernozem salt marsh. Alkalinity in the humus-iluvial horizon increases to a strong degree, in deeper horizons - to a very strong one; the degree of salinity increases to medium, strong, and finally to very strong in the bedrock. According to the depth of the upper horizon of salt accumulation, this soil is classified as saline. The content of absorbed sodium in the humus-iluvial and illuvial horizons corresponds to the "saline" gradation. The chernozem-meadow soil is non-saline according to the content of toxic salts in the entire profile, there are no signs of physical and physico-chemical salinity. The content of the silt fraction in the salt marsh profile increases with depth and reaches its maximum value in the illuvial horizon, which is typical for salt marshes and is explained by the redistribution of soil colloids in the profile, the granulometric composition of the salt marsh in the humus-eluvial and illuvial horizons is light clay, in the humus-illuvial - medium clay. The profile of the chernozem-meadow soil is also heterogeneous in granulometric composition, which is heavier from medium loam in the humus horizon to heavy loam in the transitional horizons. The reason for this may be ancient alluvial processes that formed the soil-forming rock of the single-forest terrace. The content of humus in the salt pan in humus-eluvial and humus-iluvial horizons is average, the content of mineral (nitrate and ammonia) nitrogen is very low. The content of mobile potassium turned out to be elevated, and the content of mobile phosphorus was very high. In the chernozem-meadow soil, the content of humus in the humus arable horizon is high, in the first transitional one, it is average. The content of mineral nitrogen is low. The content of mobile phosphorus exceeds the upper limit of the high level by 3.5 times, and mobile potassium by 3.1 times, which is typical for the soils of closed depressions and is a consequence of long-term accumulation of surface runoff waters. Conclusions. The salt marsh complex of Priorillya with the number of salt marshes in the soil cover of about 50% is typical for the southern part of the Middle Forest Steppe in terms of the structure of soil profiles and soil halogenation. A characteristic feature of the studied salt marsh complex is the significant contrast of its components in terms of halogenation manifestations: at a short distance there are salt marsh highly saline salt marsh and leached chernozem-meadow soil without physical and physico-chemical signs of salinity.

Soil-geobotanical assessment of the condition of land plots on the example of the forest fund of MSI “Sokolovskoye Forestry”

Work has been carried out on the study of forest areas located on the territory of Northern Kazakhstan. The study of the soil was carried out by the method of laying soil sections and semi-sections with a description of the power of horizons. The soil structure was determined by the method of splitting soil samples. The determination of the granulometric composition was carried out by a wet method with a division into the sand, sandy loam, light loam, medium loam, heavy loam, and clay. According to the structure and chemical analysis, the types of soils for each forestry are determined. Based on the results of the study, recommendations were developed for the categories of areas. The areas of plots Suitable for all major forest species and areas with existing forests and forest crops overgrew with self-seeding were also determined. During the reconnaissance route-loop survey of land plots, types of plant associations were identified. A comprehensive ecological and geographical study the forestry was carried out to carry out afforestation work. Mainly, the identification of types of plant associations made it possible to conduct a preliminary assessment on the ground about the quality of the studied sites for the restoration of forests.

ПІДВИЩЕННЯ ЯКОСТІ СОЇ ФРАКЦІОНУВАННЯМ НАСІННЯ

The article presents a study of the quality of soybean varieties of different harvest periods, which often differs in its quality indicators. In order to increase them, it is advisable to fractionate the seeds according to different properties (geometric dimensions, density, etc.). The purpose of the study is to study the formation of soybean seed quality depending on the process of its fractionation. To achieve this goal, the following research objectives were set: to conduct a technological evaluation of soybean seeds of early and late varieties; establish the fractionation process and determine its impact on seed quality. The object of research is the processes of forming the quality of soybean seeds during its fractionation. The soil of the experimental fields is typical – gray forest, medium loam. Weather conditions, in general and spring-autumn vegetation in particular, were favorable for the formation of optimal soybean yields. For the study used sieves with round holes with a diameter of: 6.0 mm, 5.5 mm, 5.0 mm, 4.5 mm, 4.0 mm, 4.25 mm, 4.0 mm, 3.37 mm, 3.5 mm, 3.25 mm, 2.5 mm, 2.0 mm, 1.0 mm. As a result of measuring the geometric characteristics of the studied soybean seeds, it was found that the seeds of an early variety are distinguished by large linear values. So, the length of the seeds was in the range from 5.0 to 7.0 mm, the width was from 4.0 to 7.0, and the thickness was from 2.0 to 4.0 with average values of 6.0, 4.6, respectively and 3.1 mm. In turn, late-grade soybean grain was inferior in terms of their average linear length, width and thickness by 8, 9 and 32%, respectively. Seeds entering the elevator often differ significantly in their quality. In order to increase it, it is advisable to fraction grain and seeds according to different properties (geometric dimensions, density, etc.). By means of seed fractionation, it is possible to prevent self-sorting of seeds during movement and shaking, and as a result of effective cleaning, to improve its quality, separating grain with higher protein content.

Ecology of the northern mole vole (Ellobius talpinus) in the central regions of its range: characteristics of habitats in areas of the species’ occurence

Burrowers are the main creators, converters, and keepers of landscapes and soils of steppe ecosystems. The northern mole vole Ellobius talpinus (Pallas, 1770) is a rather widespread species of burrowing animals, an indicator species of various types of steppes, with a pronounced environment-forming activity. Fourteen large colonies of E. talpinus were studied in the Middle Volga region during the field seasons of 2006–2021. The agrochemical indicators of the soil characterise the possibility of developing certain steppe microstations, in which specific plant associations are formed. The parameters of soil samples and their combinations show the suitability of the formation of those plant associations that will correspond to the conditions of existence, reproduction, and feeding of burrowing rodents, in this case, the northern mole vole. The agrochemical features of steppe landscapes and habitats of the northern mole vole E. talpinus in the Middle Volga region are considered as stable trends in the formation of steppe communities. The northern mole vole E. talpinus prefers soils with a neutral or slightly alkaline pH, moderate phosphorus and calcium content, high copper and manganese content, moderate zinc content, uncontaminated by heavy metals (sometimes with an excess of cadmium content in the ancient layers of the parent rock) and rather loose (from loose sand and sandy loam to light and medium loam), which is easily carried out when digging the burrow, easily digs and deepens, for arranging chambers and passages, when extracting rhizomes, tubers, and bulbs of fodder plants. In the studied region, the steppe mole vole is generally attached to steppe and steppe landscapes, forb-feather grass-fescue steppes on parent sand and sandstone, chalk rocks; it chooses burrowing sites with steppe vegetation of various options, preferring calciphilic and psammophilic associations. The mole vole, as well as other burrowing rodents, are indicators of steppe landscapes and the preservation of soil in their biotopes, which, in turn, are indicators of the preservation of steppe habitats. The type of soil, its main features, as well as landscape characteristics of the habitat are important regional diagnostic characters of E. talpinus colonies.

Determination of the intensity of erosion processes by the Smith method of the Olenty river basin of the West Kazakhstan region

The article takes an actual topic for the present and carried out work to determine the intensity of erosion processes using the Smith method of the Olenty River basin of the West Kazakhstan region. The purpose of this work was to determine the process of soil erosion in the Olenty River basin for various types of land use. To determine soil flushing, the following were used: erosion potential of sediments, soil type, mechanical composition, slope steepness, vegetation, types of plowing, erosion forecast model, universal soil loss equation and the ArcGIS 10.4 program. The southern part of the river basin has a soil flushing rate from 0 to 0.06 t/ha per year. These lands are mainly used for pastures and small areas of territory for haymaking, located in most cases on chestnut soils and small salt marshes, the mechanical composition is mainly dominated by heavy loam. This territory occupies about 40% of the entire river basin. The central and northern parts have different indicators and range from the lowest to the highest. The highest rate of soil flushing is 1.57 – 5.96 t/ha per year are arable lands located mainly on chestnut soils, having a mechanical composition dominated by medium and heavy loam, and arable lands with the highest rate are characterized by a territory with high rainfall and a steeper slope. These indicators of soil flushing from 0.45 to 1.57 t/ha per year also belong to arable land, but unlike the previous class, these arable lands are located in most cases on soils that are mechanically related to medium loam. According to the results of the study, the highest rate of soil flushing falls on arable land, the average is about 1.50 t/ha per year, which corresponds to the “acceptable level of loss”. Key words: erosion processes, river basin, WKO, GIS, soil.

Devising recommendations based on a comprehensive assessment of the soil-geobotanical condition of land plots for executing afforestation activities

The land fund is in constant flux. Lands are transferred from one category and land to another. The deterioration of the ecological state of the land, the development of erosion processes, desertification, salinization, pollution by chemical and radioactive substances, forest and shrubland overgrowth of land annually exclude significant areas from use. This paper reports a study of forestry stations located on the territory of Northern Kazakhstan. The soil was investigated by the method of laying soil sections and semi-pits with a description of the power of the horizons. The structure of the soil was determined by the method of breaking down soil samples. The granulometric composition was determined by the wet method with a division into sand, loam, light loam, medium loam, heavy loam, and clay. The chemical analysis of soil samples was carried out in a certified laboratory. Soluble carbonates are present in the samples from the Burluk forestry station. According to the structure and chemical analysis, the types of soils for each forestry station were defined. Based on the study's results, recommendations were devised for the categories of areas. In addition, the areas of plots suitable for all major forest species and areas with existing forests, forest crops, overgrown with self-sowing were determined. During the reconnaissance route-loop survey of land plots, the types of plant associations were identified. A comprehensive ecological and geographical study of a forestry station was carried out to execute afforestation operations. Basically, the identification of types of plant associations has made it possible to conduct a preliminary assessment on the ground about the quality of the studied areas for the restoration of forest areas. General recommendations were compiled from the direct conduct of surveys on the ground; however, systematic monitoring, using remote sensing methods of the Earth, could facilitate the ongoing research. Building on the method of integrated ecological and geographical research could in the future significantly improve the efficiency of forest management activities in general and minimize losses associated with environmental influences

Елементний склад плодів Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. за впливу технології вирощування з використанням органо-мінерального добрива «SMART» композит Марцінишин®

Mineral substances contained in vegetables perform important functions in the human body, providing protein, carbohydrate, fat, water and mineral metabolism, are components of vitamins, enzymes and proteins, regulate the physiological processes of the plant organism. The purpose of the study was to analyse the elemental composition of tomato fruits according to the culture cultivation technology using organo-mineral fertilizer. Materials for the study were the Italian hybrid of the first generation of Talent edible tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) and organo-mineral fertilizer “SMART” Marcinyshyn composite®. The research was carried out in the soil and climatic conditions of the Western Forest Steppe of Ukraine during 2019–2021 using spectrophotometric, titrometric and atomic absorption methods. The analysis of agrochemical indicators of meadowchernozem medium loam on loess-like loam soil of experimental plots indicates its suitability for growing edible tomatoes. As a result of research, macro- (Nitrogen, Calcium, Magnesium, Potassium, Phosphorus) and microelements (Ferum, Zinc, Copper, Manganese, Boron) were found in the fruits of edible tomatoes. Organo-mineral fertilizer application in cultivation technology of Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. F1 Talent contributed to the accumulation of Nitrogen, Calcium, Potassium, Phosphorus, Zinc and Manganese in the fruits. Their number increased, respectively, by 68,5%, 12,6%, 28,3%, 85,2%, 25,8% and 56,2% compared to the control, and the accumulation of Ferum decreased by 10,3%. According to the content of Copper and Boron, the fruits of the control and experimental variants did not differ significantly from each other. The number of microelements did not exceed the maximum allowable concentrations, was within the normal range, and those microelements did not exhibit the properties of heavy metals. According to the value of the biological accumulation coefficient, the edible tomato belongs to the concentrator of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium and Copper, and the deconcentrator of Ferum, Zinc and Manganese. Due to the effect of organo-mineral fertilizer, the ripening of fruits increases in the post-harvest period.

Влияние применения экстрактов бурой морской водоросли Fucus vesiculosus L. на плодородие почв и продуктивность растений

In a model experiment, the effect of waste from deep processing of algae on the properties of mineral soil was investigated. In the experiment, sod-podzolic soil of different granulometric composition was used: sandy loam, clay and medium loam. The experiments were laid in vessels, in different versions. As a control, the studied soil was used without the introduction of algae (sandy loam, clay, loam). We used 500 g of mineral soil per 1 vessel and waste from deep processing of fucus vesiculata at a dose of 2% and 0.5% of the soil weight. As a result of the research, new data were obtained on the dynamics of organic carbon content in mineral soils (sod-podzolic clay, sod-podzolic loam, sod-podzolic sandy loam) when brown seaweed was introduced as a meliorant. The use of Fucus vesiculosus L. as a meliorant (0.5-2%) contributes to a significant increase in carbon, phosphorus, and exchangeable calcium in the soil, resulting in a decrease in soil acidity. Keywords: ALGAE, SOD-PODZOLIC SOILS, SANDY LOAM SOIL, CLAY SOIL, MEDIUM LOAM

PRODUCTIVITY OF SUNFLOWER HYBRIDS DEPENDING ON THE ELEMENTS OF THE GROWING TECHNOLOGY

The article deals with the solution of significant scientific issues - increasing the yield of sunflower hybrids by optimizing the basic elements of cultivation technology. The research was conducted in the period of 2018-2019 and 2019-2020 in the experimental field of VNAU on the basis of SRF “Agronomichne”, which is located in the village of Agronomichne, Vinnytsia region. Researches devoted to the effects of foliar fertilization invastigated two hybrids of sunflower of the middle-early maturity group: Bosphor and Sanai MR, the study of the impact of sowing dates and the system of basic tillage early-ripe Antey, medium-early NA sumo 2017 and medium-ripe Tutti. The soil in the experimental plot is gray forest medium loam. According to the results of measurements, the shift of sowing dates towards later years in the conditions of research caused a decrease in plant height (by 4.0-18.0 cm) of all studied forms, in comparison with the early sowing period. As for the location on the stem of the basket, mostly all plants they leaned down, except for plants of the hybrid Antey in late sowing and NA sumo 2017 - in the second, in which the baskets were located at an angle of 45oC to the soil surface. During the harvest in all variants, the seeds from the baskets were threshed very well. The largest diameter of the basket was formed in hybrids Antey, NS sumo 2017 and Tutti for sowing in the second term (April 29 - May 5 at a soil temperature of + 10-12 ° C) and was, respectively, 16.4; 16.3 and 16.5 cm. In the hybrid NS sumo 2017 this figure was almost the same for both the first and second sowing dates - 16.3 and 16.2 cm. The weight of 1000 grains and the weight of seeds from one basket was the largest (39.6- 53.5 g) in all studied hybrids during the first sowing period. However, the number of seeds in the basket varied over time depending on the hybrid. Thus, the largest number of seeds in the basket was in the hybrid Antey for sowing in the second term – 1255 pcs., Hybrid NS sumo 2017 – in the third term (1593 pcs.) And hybrid Tutti - for sowing in the first term (1257 pcs.). The highest yield of hybrids Antey, NS sumo 2017, Tutti was obtained for sowing in the early period (April 18-22) – respectively 3.54 t / ha, 3.31 t / ha, 3.50 t / ha. Implementation of foliar fertilization with microfertilizer Avangard R Sunflower in the phase of 6-8 pairs of sunflower leaves promotes productivity in the hybrid Bosphorus – 3.08 and Sanai MR - 2.99 t / ha, which is 12.43 and 11.17% more than in the control. The highest yield was established, on average for two years, was for board tillage - early-maturing hybrid Antey – 2.72 t / ha, medium-early sumo 2017 - 2.79 t / ha and medium-ripe Tutti – 3.05 t / ha, which by 0.32 t / ha, 0.19 and 0.24 t / ha, respectively, exceeded the yield of the experiment with surface treatment. With flat cultivation, the yield of sunflower hybrids averaged over two years - early ripening Antey - 2.58 t / ha, medium-early sumo 2017 - 2.63 t / ha and medium-ripe Tutti - 2.87 t / ha. Concerning the oil content depending on the sowing date, it should be noted that the highest oil content was observed in the studied hybrids Antey (49.3%) and Tutti (50.3%) when using the second sowing period April 29 – May 5 -12 ° C)), and in the hybrid NS sumo 2017 the highest oil content was observed when applying the early sowing period (I - April 18-22 (+ 6-8 ° C) - 50.2%. Seed husk was the highest in the hybrid Tutti - 22.05-23.25%, the smallest in the precocious hybrid Antey - 20.55-21.65%, and the smallest in the hybrid NS sumo 2017 - 20.50-21.65%. Sowing dates did not significantly affect the seed husk by years of research in all hybrids.

Soil fertility, enzyme activity, and microbial community structure diversity among different soil textures under different land use types in coastal saline soil

This investigation assessed the responses of soil fertility, enzyme activity, and microbial community diversity to soil texture and land use type. The tested soils included five soil textures (sandy loam, medium loam, heavy loam, light clay, and medium clay soils) with two land use types (uncultivated and paddy soils) in the coastal zone of Zhejiang Province, China. Soil texture had a significant effect on soil pH, electrical conductivity (EC), organic carbon (OC), total nitrogen (TN), available nitrogen (AN), phosphorus (AP) and potassium (AK), catalase and protease activities, total phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs), bacterial and actinomycetes PLFAs, and microbial diversity (MD). The clay content was significantly positively correlated to soil EC, OC, TN, AN, AP, AK, catalase activity, total PLFAs, bacterial and actinomycetes PLFAs, and MD but significantly negatively associated with soil pH and protease activity. Land use type also had significantly influenced soil pH, EC, OC, TN, AN, AP, AK, catalase, protease and urease activities, total PLFAs, bacterial, actinomycetes, and fungal PLFAs, and MD. The paddy soil had higher OC, TN, AN, AP, catalase, protease and urease activities, total PLFAs, bacterial and actinomycetes PLFAs, and MD but lower soil pH, EC, and AK than the uncultivated soil. The interaction with soil texture and land use type had significantly affected soil pH, EC, OC, TN, AN, AP, AK, catalase and protease activities, total PLFAs, bacterial and actinomycetes PLFAs, and MD. Soil texture and land use type could be considered important factors in improving soil fertility, enzyme activity, and microbial diversity in coastal saline soils.

Іnfluence of multicomponent growth regulators on winter resistance forming and productivity of winter wheat.

The growth of gross grain may be obtained only with growth of agrotechnical methods. Therefore there is a need for further investigation of the complex influence of the main technical means on plant growth and development. It is necessary to define an influence of multicomponent drugs on the wheat win- ter resistance and productivity. To solve this task, field investigations were held for conditions of northern Steppe aiming to define regularities of growth and development, winter resistance forming, and productivity of the hard winter wheat depending on growth regulating drugs, different levels of mineral nutrition, and different predecessors. The investigation (2013–2017) was held on the training field “Samarskiy” of Dneprovskiy National Agrarian-economical University (Dnipropetrovsk oblast) on common chernozem soil with low contains of humus medium loam. The square of the field 30 sq. m., three times frequency, allocation is systematic. In general, the weather conditions for years of the investigation were specific for the Steppe zone. It was defined that depending on the presence of the main factors of life sustenance, the influence of studied drugs (which contain different organic and non-organic elements) varies a lot but there are some regularities. At the worst conditions (after a stubble predecessor and with low level of nutrition) the drugs have shown minimal influence on wintering of the hard winter wheat. So, the maximum increase of nutrition the drugs can give (drugs “Mars ELBi” and “AKM”) only at 2.6 % higher than at the control, which is not so significant. Minor increase or even decrease of wintering caused by usage of the studied drugs was noticed also at the best background (fallow land, N30Р60K40). The best cryoprotection was obtained with the drug “Vympel”, which increased the plant survival at 8.6 % comparing with the control. The same regularities of the influence of complex drugs depending on the background are found at the productivity forming as well. At follow land in conditions of sufficient nutrition the effect of the most studied drugs hasn’t increased or was insignificant. Chlormequat-chloride 750, as opposed to multicomponent drugs, has shown consistent and positive effect in conditions of high background. Among studied drugs the best sustainability in increasing grain productivity of the hard winter wheat has shown drug “Mars ELBi” used in spring after the vegetation renewal (daily-average temperature +10 оС) with norm 750 ml per ha. Key words: hard winter wheat, growth regulator, winter resistance, productivity, grain quality, cost efficiency.

Influence of green manure (oilseed radish) and tillage practices on nutrients dynamics of chernozem calcic during arable crops growth

The article presents and briefly discusses the results of an investigation of the effectiveness of green manure made from oilseed radish (Raphanus sativus L.) following sugar beet and potatoes. In a field experiment, conducted in 2005‒2010 years in Sumy National Agrarian University, we examined four mechanical methods: ploughing to a depth of 28‒30 cm (conventional tillage), sweep ploughing to a depth of 28‒30 cm, disking to a depth of 14‒16 cm and 4‒6 cm. The soil is determined as chernozem calcic (typical) medium loam (low humic, slight acid). The research area belongs to the Left Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. Green manure was sown after harvesting spring barley and incorporated in late October.
 The use of green manure signifacantly improves the nutrients regimes of calcic chernozem during sugar beets and potatoes cultivation: the content of hydrolyzed nitrogen in the soil layer of 0‒30 cm increased by 9.8‒13.8 mg/kg, mobile phosphorus ‒ by 8,0‒13,8 mg/kg and exchangeable potassium by 7,8‒13,0 mg/kg related to other fertilized variants. Sweep ploughing to a depth of 28‒30 cm resulted in increasing of hydrolyzed nitrogen content by 106.7 and 113.8 mg/kg, mobile phosphorus ‒ 124.6 and 129.6 mg/kg and exchangeable potassium ‒ 121,7 and 123.6 mg/kg.
 The phytomass of green manure had the highest effect on the rising of nitrogen content ‒ 49‒52 %, and the least effect was recieved for phosphorus ‒ 24‒25 %. Incorporation of green manure by classic tillage and sweep ploughing had a greater effect on N and P content ‒ by 33‒66 % and 19‒61 % respectively. The best yields of of sugar beets ‒ 35.4 t/ha and potatoes ‒ 30.3 t/ha have been provided by using of green manure and sweep ploughing that is respectively plus 1.4 and 1.8 t/ha related to variants with conventional ploughing. It means also plus 4,7 і 3,7 t/ha related to variants with disking to a depth of 14‒16 cm; 5,9 і 5,1 t/ha in comparison with disking to a depth of 4‒6 cm.
 The highest intensity of nitrogen and potassium balance growing sugar beets and potatoes was provided by green manure - 114.9 and 136.0 % and 135.7 and 101.7 %, respectively. Use of oilseed radish and sweep ploughing to a depth of 28‒30 cm result in the positive nutrients balance that is closer to the equilibrium balance.