Medium Level Relationship Research Articles

Values within the Context of Postmodernity and Their Roles in Happiness: A Research on University Students

The aim of the study is to explore the relation between values and happiness of the university students in the Context of Postmodernity. The research is a descriptive study in the screening model. The study was carried out with 376 students from the faculties of Physical Education and Sports, Education, Science and Letters, Business, Theology, Engineering, Forestry and Agriculture at Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University during the spring semester of 2016-2017 academic year. They were selected by convenience sampling method. 'Personal Information Form' and 'Values Scale', the original of which was created by Calp developed by the researcher and the 'Oxford Happiness Scale' developed by Dogan and Sapmaz were used as data collection tools. The research data were analyzed the descriptive and correlational statistics technique in terms of SPSS. The university students' values were found to be very high while their happiness levels were above the average; a positive and medium level relationship was identified between participants' values and happiness levels. Female students were found to have higher levels of values and happiness than male students. Students studying in the faculty of theology were determined to have the highest level of value and happiness.

Perception of Mobbing by Teachers and Organizational Depression: A Correlational Model Study

As is known, mobbing (intimidation) is an important concept being subject to many researches in numerous fields and many researchers suggest that this concept has the power to directly affect organizational structures. Even though the concept of mobbing changes from country to country, culture to culture and organization to organization, it is seen that its consequences in terms of employees are the same. It is also seen in researches that the most recent concept in studies to improve organizational effectiveness is organizational depression and it directly affects operability and functionality of organization. As in mobbing, there are depressive symptoms of organizational depression such as decrease in performance, lack of communication, motivation and unhappiness. Therefore, this research aims to clarify the concepts of mobbing and organizational depression, which affect organizational functioning and achieving organizational objectives to this extent to determine mobbing and perception levels of organizational depression to teachers who have vital importance for educational organizations and which are exposed to in terms of various variables and to reveal the relationship and impact of these perception levels. Descriptive Relational Screening Model, a quantitative research method, is used for this research. The universe of the research is composed of 1642 teachers working at primary, secondary and high schools in the center of Siirt province and its sample includes 386 randomly selected teachers. The obtained data are entered into SPSS 21 packaged software and the appropriate statistical analysis procedure is adopted. The findings obtained as the result of statistical processes are tabulated, analysed and interpreted. According to the results based on the obtained findings in the research, teachers are not exposed to high-level mobbing and organizational depression. No significant difference is seen in their perception of mobbing and organizational depression in terms of independent variables such as marital status, gender, and professional seniority but there are significant differences for mobbing in independent variables of school types and branches and for organizational depression in the variable of country's states. It is seen in the research that there is a medium level and positive significant relationship between mobbing and organizational depression. The regression analysis shows that more than 15% of depression in an organization can be attributed to mobbing.

EXAMINATION OF RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP CHARACTERISTICS AND TYPE A PERSONALITY

The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between type A personality structure and entrepreneurship characteristics. For that purpose, a research was conducted on students who are being educated in a public university in Turkey and the will to succeed, determination, practical intelligence, innovation, independence and self-confidence, which make up the entrepreneurship characteristics, and type A personality characteristics is studied. In the literature screening conducted in relation to the research subject, no sufficient number of studies were encountered which dealt with type A personality structure and entrepreneurship characteristics. In this regard, it is considered that the research will have a great contribution for both the academicians and implementers who are working in the field, as well as for the literature. Quantitative research method was adopted and used for the research. Face to face survey technique is used in this research for data collection. In the research, “Entrepreneurship Characteristics” scale was used based on the study carried out by Solmaz et al. (2014) in order to measure entrepreneurship characteristics. In order to determine type A personality characteristics, 8 rated Likert type scale and 7-article short form included in the studies conducted by Aktaş (2001), Erdoğan and Zengin (2012) and Yıldız and Özsoy (2013) and developed by Bortner (1966) were used. The universe of the study comprises the students of management faculty who are being educated in 2016 – 2017 academic calendar of a public university. For collecting he data related to the research, easy sampling method on 247 students was adopted, face to face survey was applied and 14 of the surveys were not included in the data set since these were not completely filled out. Data obtained from 233 participants was analyzed in SPSS 21.0 statistical analysis package software. In the research, definitive statistics were used in order to demonstrate the general characteristics of the sample; correlation analysis was used in order to examine the relationship between will to succeed, determination, practical intelligence, innovation, independence and self-confidence, which constitute the characteristics of entrepreneurship and type A personality, and reliability analysis was conducted towards scales used in the research. Results of the correlation analysis carried out demonstrate that there is a r =0,647, p=0,001 level statistically significant, positive direction and medium level relationship between type A personality structure and entrepreneurship characteristics. Besides, the dimensions of practical intelligence (r=0,517; p=0,000), will to succeed (r =0,547; p=0,000) and independence (r=0,508; p=0,000) which constitute entrepreneurship characteristics, have a statistically significant, medium level and positive relationship with type A personality structure. The relationship between innovation (r=0,398 p=0,000) determination (r =0,497; p=0,000) and self-confidence (r =0,501; p=0,002) dimensions and type A personality structure was found to be statistically significant, positive direction and medium level.

Kültürel Turistlerin Seyahat Tercihleri ve Yiyecek-İçecek Beklentileri: Safranbolu Örneği

Learning the experiences, which result from the meeting of the customers with the food and beverage related with tourism theme, is an important factor that shapes customer satisfaction levels and their revisit. Additionally, due to the personal traits of the customers and their different demands, food and beverage service has been one of the services with the lowest customer satisfaction. This study tests the relationship between the travel preferences of the domestic tourists that engage in cultural tourism and their expectations about food and beverage. Within this context, we analyzed data obtained from the domestic visitors, which visited the district of Safranbolu, a city that is a piece of the world heritage by the UNESCO and an important cultural tourism destination in Turkey. We obtained data by using survey on 391 tourists between February and June 2016. The study found that hygiene, service presentation, quality of food, and the atmosphere of the saloon were determined as the expectations of the domestic tourists about the food and beverage services, respectively. Furthermore, correlation analysis on the relationship between the traveling preferences of the domestic tourists and their expectations on the food and beverage preferences found medium level (r=0,566; p=0,000) and positive meaningful relationship.

Investigating the Relationship among the Level of Mobbing Experience, Job Satisfaction and Burnout Levels of Primary and Secondary School Teachers

The aim of this study is to examine the level of mobbing experienced by primary and secondary school teachers and to determine how and to what extent this affects their job satisfaction and burnout levels. This research used a relational survey model. As a result of the study, it has been determined that there is a negative and medium-level relationship between the teachers' level of exposure to mobbing towards their profession or social relationships and their job satisfaction levels; a positive and medium-level relationship between the teachers' level of exposure to mobbing towards their profession or social relationships and their burnout levels; and a negative and low-level relationship between their internal and external job satisfaction levels and their burnout perceptions. According to the results of the path analysis, the teachers' job satisfaction level decrease in line with an increase in their mobbing experiences related to their profession and social relationships, and thus, their burnout levels also increase. However, it has also been determined in the study that in line with an increase in the internal and external job satisfaction levels of teachers, their burnout perceptions decrease. Accordingly, it has been concluded that mobbing towards their profession and social relationships is a stronger predictor of burnout level in comparison to job satisfaction.

The Impact of Parental Attitudes on Problem Solving Skills in High School Students

Problem solving skill is one of the important skills which are expected to be gained during the educational programs. In the development of children's skills and shaping the behaviors, parental attitudes are believed to be effective. That means problem-solving skills and behavioral characteristics of individuals are closely related. From that starting point this research aims at revealing the impact of parental attitudes on problem solving skills of high school students. The research is in quantitative method with relational survey model. The working group of the study is 326 high school students selected randomly from Silvan district in 2015. For the analysis of data, descriptive statistical techniques (frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation), cross-correlation and regression analysis were used. Some of the important results of the study are: The level of students' problem solving skills is medium, there is no significant relationship between authoritarian attitudes of mothers and problem-solving skills of high school students, there is a positive medium level relationship between democratic attitudes of parents and problem-solving skills of students, parental attitudes of students predict 20% of students' problem solving skills.

Effect of school principals’ favouritism behaviors and attitudes on teachers’ organizational commitment, based on the perceptions of primary and secondary school teachers

The purpose of this study is to determine whether there is relation between the favouritism attitudes and behaviours of the school administrators and the organizational commitment of the teachers, based on the perceptions of the teachers. This is a correlational study using survey model. The study is in relational screening model. Research population contains 1219 teachers working in schools (27 of which are primary schools and 25 are secondary schools) in Siirt city centre in the 2014 and 2015 school year. In this research, favouritism scale developed by Aydoğan (2009) and consisting of 15 items and a sub-dimension, as well as the organisational commitment scale developed by Balay (2000) and consisting of three sub-dimensions as compliance, internalization and identification were applied. As a result of the research carried out, it was determined that the primary and secondary school teachers’ perceptions regarding the favouritism attitudes and behaviours of the school administrators are at low level. Moreover, teachers stated that they rarely agree with the items in the compliance sub-dimension of the organizational commitment, while they moderately agree with the items in the identification and internalization sub-dimensions. It was determined that based on the perceptions of the primary and secondary school teachers, there is a negative and medium level relation between the favouritism attitudes and behaviours of the school administrators, and the internalization and identification sub-dimensions of the organizational commitment. Moreover, a positive and low level relation was determined between the favouritism attitudes and behaviours of the school administrators, and the compliance sub-dimensions of the organizational commitment. Furthermore, it was concluded that the favouritism attitudes and behaviours of the school administrators significantly predict all sub-dimensions of the organizational commitment.

THE REFLECTIONS OF SMARTPHONE USE AND RECREATIONAL USE OF INTERNET BY HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS TO LEISURE BOREDOM AND ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the relationship between, on the one hand, smartphone and recreational internet use, and on the other hand, students’ academic success, life satisfaction and boredom in leisure time. The study sample contains 439 randomly selected high school students in Cankaya District, Ankara, Turkey. The questionnaire used to collect data is composed of five parts. These are the “ Personal Information Form ”, ‘ ’Smartphone addiction scale” , “ Addiction Profile Index Internet Scan Form (BAPINT) ”, ‘ ’leisure boredom scale’’ and ‘ ’life satisfaction scale’’ . Frequency and percentage calculations, Pearson Correlations, multiple regression analysis and One-Way ANOVA test were utilized in the analysis. Consequently, it is observed that there is no meaningful difference between students’ perceived academic success levels in terms of their smartphone use, F(4, 434)= 2.32, p>0.05. However, it is determined that there is a meaningful difference between students’ perceived academic success levels with regard to their recreational internet use, F(4,434)=5.36, p<0.05. Scheffe test results reveal that students with ‘bad’ level of perceived academic success have higher recreational internet use than students with ‘good’ level of perceived academic success. It is observed that there is a positive, medium-level relationship (r=0.40, p<0.01) between high school students’ smartphone use and their use of internet for recreational purposes. While it is also observed that there is a positive, medium-level relationship (r=0.39, p<0.01) between high school students’ level of boredom in leisure time and their smartphone use; it is also found out that the relationship between students’ level of boredom and recreational internet use is positive but weak. While it is seen that there is a negative and weak relationship (r=-0.16, p<0.01) between students’ life satisfaction levels and recreational internet use; it is also determined that relationship between students’ life satisfaction levels and smartphone use is negative and weak in a similar fashion (r=-0.20, p<0.01). Students’ recreational internet use, together with boredom in leisure time, shows a medium level and meaningful relationship with students’ smartphone use, r =0.49, R2=0.24, p<0.01. These variables, together, account for 24% of the total variance in smartphone use. In conclusion, it can be stated that recreational use of internet affects students’ academic success negatively. Besides, we can say that as level of boredom experienced by students in leisure time increases, so does addiction to smartphone and use of internet for recreation purposes. In turn, high level of smartphone and internet use negatively affects students’ life satisfaction levels. Article visualizations:

English

The aim of this study is to investigate the relation between the learning styles of teacher candidates and those of their parents. Relational survey method has been employed to conduct the study. The target group contains 211 novice teachers studying at different teacher training departments of a Turkish university. The Grasha-Riechmann Student Learning Style Inventory and Kolb Learning Style Inventory have been administered to the participants and to their parents. The participants were asked to administer these scales to their parents. Inventories detected to be incomplete were eliminated, and consequently only 33 families’ responses have been evaluated. The parents with a degree from a middle school or above have participated in the study. The data obtained from Kolb Learning Style Inventory suggest that there is no relation between the learning styles of teacher candidates and those of their parents. However, the data set from Grasha-Riechmann Student Learning Style Inventory displays a medium level relation between the learning styles of participating teacher candidates and that of their parents. Additionally, no statistically significant difference has been identified across the learning styles of participants in terms of their regional background and the educational background of their parents. Key words: Learning styles, parents’ learning styles, Kolb and Grasha-Riechmann learning style.

SENSE OF CLASSROOM COMMUNITY AND TEAM DEVELOPMENT PROCESS IN ONLINE LEARNING

The purpose of this study is to determine whether there is a relationship between Turkish online learners’ sense of classroom community, perceptions of success in team development process and their preferences of studying in teams. A survey instrument included the Sense of Classroom Community Scale, Tuckman’s Teamwork Questionnaire and some other items were used to collect data. The study has shown that there is a medium level relationship between online learners’ sense of community and their perceptions of success in team development process. In other words, the study suggests that sense of classroom community can be used as a predictor of success in teamwork and vice versa. It was also observed that each stage of the team development process has an influence on the following one; thus, when a problem occurred in a stage, it usually continued in the following stages. Analyses, additionally, revealed that the majority of the problems occurred in the forming stage, the first stage of the team development process.

The relationship between glass ceiling and power distance as a cultural variable by a new method

Glass ceiling symbolizes a variety of barriers and obstacles that arise from gender inequality at business life. With this mind, culture influences gender dynamics. The purpose of this research was to examine the relationship between the glass ceiling and the power distance as a cultural variable within organizations. Gender variable is taken as a moderator variable in relationship between the concepts. In addition to conventional correlation analysis, we employed a new method to investigate this relationship in detail. The survey data were obtained from 109 people working at a research center which operated as a part of the nonprofit private university in Ankara, Turkey. The relationship between the variables was revealed by a new method which was developed as an addition to the correlation in survey. The analysis revealed that the female staff perceived the glass ceiling and the power distance more intensely than the male staff. In addition, the medium level relation was determined between the power distance and the glass ceiling perception among female staff.

Ortaöğretim Okulu Yöneticilerinin Etik Liderlik Davranışları ile Öğretmenlerin Örgütsel Bağlılıkları Arasındaki İlişki

The purpose of this research was to determine the ethical leadership behaviours of school administrators and organizational commitment of teachers. The study was a relational research model. The study was consisted of 590 branch teachers working in the secondary schools which are located in both Siirt center and its districts in 2009-2010. Ethical Leadership Scale was used to determine the principals' ethical leadership behaviours according to teachers’ point of view. In addition ‘Organizational Commitment’ scale developed by Balay (2000b) was also used to determine the organizational commitment levels of teachers. The result of the study indicated that there is negative and low relation between organizational commitment of teachers in terms of adaptation in respect to practices related to all dimensions of ethical leadership behaviours of school administrations. Also, there is a positive and medium level relation between the ethical leadership sub-dimensions such as tolerance, justice, responsibility, democracy and teachers’ identification commitment. Regression analysis indicated that the responsibility sub-dimension of ethical leadership behaviour positively predicted the identification commitment.

Interoceptive sensitivity, body image dissatisfaction, and body awareness in healthy individuals.

Relationships among interoceptive sensitivity (IS), body image dissatisfaction, body mass index (BMI), and self-reported body awareness were investigated in a cross-sectional study. Eighty-two Norwegian high school students and 70 Hungarian undergraduate university students participated in the study. Subjects completed two questionnaires (Body Image Ideals Questionnaire - BIQ; Body Awareness Questionnaire - BAQ) followed by the assessment of interoceptive sensitivity using the Mental Tracking Method (MTM). An inverse, medium-level relationship between body image dissatisfaction and IS was found in both the Norwegian and the Hungarian samples. The relationships between IS and self-reported body awareness, and between body image dissatisfaction and BMI were uniformly non-significant in both samples. Predictors of body image dissatisfaction were resting heart rate, gender, and IS in the regression analysis after controlling for BMI, age, and nationality. The negative relationship between IS and body image dissatisfaction described in patients with anorexia nervosa also exists in healthy individuals. There is no direct connection between IS and self-reported body awareness.

The Motivation Level of the Teachers According to the School Managers’ Senses of Humour

In this research, school managers’ humorous behaviors were determined according to the teachers’ opinions and the effects of these behaviors on the motivation level of the teachers were tried to be determined.The research is in the survey model form. The primary and high school teacher working in Üsküdar, İstanbul constitutes the target population of the research. 364 teachers, chosen by rational member sampling method, constitute the sampling of the research. To gather the data of the research, “Humour Senses Questionnaire” and “Teacher Motivation Survey” were used. According to the findings obtained, the teachers think that the school managers often show behavior to motivate the teachers in all aspects. The teachers working in primary and high schools think that the schools managers use rarely ironical humour, repudiative humour and non-humorous humour, sometimes producting social humour, and often affirmative humour. In addition, it was seen that there is a negative and medium level relation between the managers’ ironical, repudiative and non-humorous styles and the all aspects of the motivation behaviors of the teachers, and that there is a positive and medium level relation between the managers’ affirmative, productive social styles and the all aspects of the motivation behaviors of the teachers.

The Relationship between Leadership Behaviors of School Principals and their Organizational Cynicism Attitudes

One of the problems in improving process of the schools is “cynicism”. Cynicism is an attitude in which individual benefits are the foreground and is described as scepticism, negativism and being pessimistic about facts. In schools, what is expected from the school principals is to realize the change and mutation depending on the improvements. Leadership is a process that manages people affecting towards organizational aims. Leadership has two dimensions: to organize a structure and tolerance in organization (culture and climate). In this study, it is tried to determine correlations between teacher's organizational cynicism and leadership skills of school principals. The analysis of the data was made by using SPSS 15.0 and in order to determine whether some demographic features (e.g., sex, marital status, educational status) show a meaningful difference on the lower dimensions of organizational cynicism and leadership behaviour, Whitney-U and Kruskal Wallis-H tests were used; and a meaningful difference was not observed. Furthermore, Pearson correlation and regression analysis were used to measure the level of relation and being predictable between the organizational cynicism and lower dimensions of leadership behaviour. In accordance with the result of the research's findings, it was found a negatively directed and medium-level relation between cynicism and leadership behaviour.

Effects of student perceptions of social skills on their perception of smoking.

This study was conducted as a descriptive-correlational exercise with the aim of determining the effect of student perceptions of social skills on their pro and con perceptions of smoking. The study sample comprised 106 students at 6th, 7th and 8th grades in three primary schools. The data were collected through socio-demographic data collection form, Social Skill Perception Form and Child Decisional Balance Scale. Data were evaluated by percentage calculation, Student t test and correlation analysis. While the point average of pro perception of smoking of the students with a high point average of social skill perception, was 8.6±3.1, in those with a low social skill perception point average it was 10.7±4.2, the difference being significant(p=0.012). The respective point averages of con perceptions were 26.8±3.7 and 23.5±3.3, again significant (p=0.000). While a positive medium level (r=0.410) relationship was determined between the point average of social skill perception and con perception of smoking, a negative low level (r=0.281) relationship was determined with the pro perception of smoking. As the social skill perception point average increases, children's con perceptions of smoking increase and their pro perceptions decrease.

Investigation of the Relationship between Self-esteem and Metacognitive Awareness Level of 9th Grade Students

This study was conducted with the aim of ascertaining whether there is a relationship between the self-esteem levels and metacognitive awareness in teenagers. Further, it was investigated whether gender and school type had any effect of the level of self-esteem and metacognitive awareness. With this aim, a sample of students attending one public school and one private school located in the municipal district of Çankaya in the province of Ankara. The study sample consisted on 211 9th Grade students. The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and Metacognitive Awareness Scale were used to collect data for the research. The data of the research was analysed with a t test and Pearson correlation analysis. Results of the study suggest that there is a medium level relationship between self-esteem and metacognitive awareness in upper secondary level students.

Akademik İyimserlik Düzeyinin Örgütsel Bağlılık üzerindeki Etkisi

Arastirmada; akademik iyimserlik duzeyinin orgutsel baglilik uzerindeki etkisi belirlenmeye calisilmistir. Tarama modelindeki bu calisma, 192 kadin, 367 erkek olmak uzere 559 ogretmenin katilimi ile gerceklestirilmistir. Arastirmada, ogretmenlerin akademik iyimserlik duzeyi ile orgutsel bagliligi arasindaki iliskinin belirlenmesi, her iki duzeyin; cinsiyet, brans, kidem, okul turu, okulda calisan ogretmen sayisi, ogrenci sayisi ve mezun olunan okul turu degiskenlerine gore farklilik gosterip gostermedigi belirlenmesi amaclanmistir. Verilerin toplanmasinda, “Okullarin Akademik Iyimserlik Olcegi” ve “Ogretmenler Icin Orgutsel Baglilik Olcegi” kullanilmistir. Bulgular; kadin ogretmenlerin ortak yeterlik, erkek ogretmenlerin ise guven alt boyutunda daha iyi duzeyde olduklarini, kidem artikca akademik iyimserlik ve orgutsel baglilik duzeyinin yukseldigini, okul turune gore fen ve anadolu lisesi ogretmenlerinin akademik iyimserlik ve orgutsel baglilik duzeylerinin daha yuksek oldugunu, ogretmen sayisi az olan okullarda ortak yeterlik, ogrenci sayisinin az oldugu okullarda ise orgutsel baglilik duzeyinin daha yuksek oldugunu gostermektedir. Akademik iyimserlik ile baglilik arasinda orta duzeyde olumlu bir iliskinin oldugu ve iyimserligin, bagliligi aciklayabildigi ortaya cikmistir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Akademik iyimserlik, orgutsel baglilik, ogretmen, okullar.

THE EFFECTS OF FATIGUE AND PAIN ON DAILY LIFE ACTIVITIES IN SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS

OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to determine the effects of pain and fatigue on daily life activities of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients. METHODS The study sample included 74 SLE patients who presented to outpatient departments of a university hospital and two local hospitals between 30.9.2009 and 15.5.2010. Data was collected using the Fatigue Severity Scale, Katz's Activity's Daily Living Index, Lawton and Brody's Instrumental Activities of Daily Living, and the McGill Pain Questionnaire. RESULTS The mean scores were 6.0 (fatigue) on the Fatigue Severity Scale, 18.0 (independent) on the Daily Life Activities Index, 24.0 (independent) on the Instrumental Daily Life Activities Index, and 1.56 (discomforting) on the McGill Pain Scale for pain felt at the moment of questioning. A low-level negative relationship was observed between the scores on the Fatigue Severity Scale and the Daily Life Activities Index (p<0.05, r=-0.298), and between Fatigue and Instrumental Daily Life Activities scores (p<0.05, r=-0.354). A medium-level positive relationship was observed between the scores on the Fatigue Severity Scale and the McGill Pain Scale (p<0.05, r=0.478). CONCLUSION This study determined that pain and fatigue affected the daily lives of SLE patients. The study should be repeated on a larger sample.

Perception of managers as to the ethical responsibility and competition strategy: A survey

Seeking an answer for the questions such as when determining strategy, are the business managers only acting from the concern of being long dated, returning profit over the average and determining a position as regards the competitors in any cases or do they have any responsibility concerns like social responsibility or ethical responsibility? Since the primary objective of the business is to return profit and to continue its existence, then are the managers acting only with economic concerns and profit motive or do the variables like social sensitivity, voluntary sensitivity that have an impact upon its decisions have any effect for the realization of the aforesaid objectives of the managers? Are the sensitivity factors like social responsibility, social sensitivity, ethical and voluntary responsibility of the business managers necessary in terms of the continuation of the business’ existence and considering as being possessed and highly regarded within the framework of the activities? Constitute the primary objective of this research.Another objective of the research is to draw attention for the requirement of acting as well within the scope of the ethical responsibility upon the strategic decisions under the market conditions where the businesses are tightly controlled by the internal and external environment. Free market conditions necessitate the consideration of the ethical responsibility and competitive strategy together. This is especially the requirement of the reputation management that has a place on the business management in the recent period. In keeping the assets of the businesses reputation insomuch as the profit is considered as a significant factor. According to the analysis results of those assumptions it is ascertained that there is a difference between ethical responsibility perceptions and competitive strategy perceptions of the managers. Furthermore, with regard to the results of the correlation analysis carried out, it is determined that there is a medium-level relation between the competitive strategy perceptions and ethical responsibility perceptions of the managers.