Medium Density Fiber Research Articles

Assessment of properties of medium density fibre (MDF) board produced in India with respect to prescribed limits specified in international standards and the revision of Indian standard

Assessment of properties of medium density fibre (MDF) board produced in India with respect to prescribed limits specified in international standards and the revision of Indian standard

Advancing Sustainable Building Materials: Reducing Formaldehyde Emissions in Medium Density Fiber Boards with Lignin Nanoparticles

Advancing Sustainable Building Materials: Reducing Formaldehyde Emissions in Medium Density Fiber Boards with Lignin Nanoparticles

Effect of Micronised Pumice Powder Addition on Shore-D Hardness Values of Medium Density Fiber Epoxy Composite

The present study explores the effect of MDF powder-reinforced filled pumice powder epoxy composites on their Shore - D properties, produced by using different weight percentage. The composites samples containing 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50wt% of pumice powder were fabricated by using hand lay-up technique. The specimens prepared were tested for hardness as per the ASTMD2240 standards. The outcomes of the study revealed that pumice powder amount in the composite increasing with an increased in Shore-D hardness values. It is noted that the weight percentage of 50% of pumice powder and 50% of MDF powder composite was produce the maximum hardness values.

Nickel plating on wood and wood composite surfaces: Characterization of surface durability

In this study, the performance of nickel plating on wooden surfaces was investigated. Black pine (BP), medium density fiber board (MDF) and particle board (PB) were used for the wooden samples. After the sample surfaces were sanded with 200, 500 and 1000 grit sandpaper and varnished with polyurethane varnish (150 g/m2), they were nickel plated using a spray gun and compressed air. After drying the samples at room temperature for 72 h, scratch analyses were performed according to TS EN 15186 (2012) and TS EN ISO 2409 (2020) and abrasion analyses were performed according to TS EN 13329 +A. The staining resistance of the samples was determined according to the DIN 53799 standard. According to the results, surface strength of the MDF samples was lower than those of PB and BP. The scratch analysis results for the black nickel coating were lower than those for TS EN 15186 (2012). However, it was higher according to TS EN ISO 2409 (2020) scratch analysis. In terms of stain resistance, all samples were found to be resistant to water, soap, tea, and acetone stains, except for coffee stains. Upon visual examination, a slight coffee stain was observed on the sample surfaces. As a result, in the light of surface strength analysis, it was concluded that the surfaces of wooden boards are not suitable for nickel plating.

The influence of inelastic materials on freeform kerf structures

Kerfing or relief cutting is a fabrication approach to create moldable surfaces out of wood and metal panels. The kerf panels with pre-defined microstructural topology enable the creation of freeform kerf structures of complex geometries, which found many applications in building constructions. This study investigates the influence of inelastic materials, i.e., plastic deformation of stainless steel and viscoelastic wood, and microstructural topology on the overall moldability of kerf panels. Kerf unit cells fabricated from stainless steel (SS) and medium-density fiber (MDF) with different cut patterns, cut densities, and cell sizes are first studied. Experimental tests and mathematical models are used to examine the deformations of the kerf unit cells. Kerf panels of various microstructural topology, which depends on the cut patterns, cut densities, cell sizes, and cell arrangements, are then modeled to create freeform shapes. The effect of inelastic deformations, i.e., shape reconfiguration due to creep of MDF and utilizing inelastic deformations of SS to form the freeform shapes, are studied. When only an elastic deformation is considered, increasing the flexibility in kerf panels by increasing cut densities enables easy shape configurations. However, when a plastic deformation is utilized to form the shape, flexible kerf structures are less effective due to the relatively small stresses in the flexible SS kerf structures to induce plastic deformations. Flexible MDF kerf structures can experience significant creep deformations, inducing nonnegligible shape reconfigurations. To avoid shape reconfigurations due to the creep effect when using viscoelastic wood, one approach is to consider developable surfaces.

Tunable Acoustic Properties in Reconfigurable Kerf Structures

Freeform structures are appealing in architecture owing to their ability to combine pleasing aesthetics and functionality. Regarding architectural functionality, freeform structures have the potential to meet desired acoustic requirements in indoor architecture through the proper design of materials and geometries. Kerfing is one of the practical methods to generate reconfigurable freeform structures from rigid planar construction materials. This study aims to explore tunable room acoustic characteristics through the use of kerf structures. In this study, we investigate acoustic responses of kerf structures made out of a medium density fiber board having a hexagon spiral kerf pattern with varying cut densities. Experiments are conducted to measure the acoustic properties (e.g., absorption coefficient) of the kerf unit cells with different cut densities. We then design kerf patterns using the parametric design method and explore the flexibility of kerf structures with different kerf cut densities. We model the kerf structures of varying kerf cut density and shape reconfigurations and use a ray-tracing simulation to study their impacts on the acoustic performance, i.e., reverberation times, of a small office space. Overall, this study leverages the unique attributes of kerf structures such as different cut densities and shape reconfigurations to tune the room acoustics in addition to their usage in indoor architectures due to their pleasing aesthetics.

Experimental investigation of the smoke explosion phenomenon

This study investigates the burning history of medium-density fibre (MDF) cribs in an underventilated enclosure with two vertical openings in the front wall. Such compartment fires have been explored before by other researchers and demonstrated the conditions that would lead to smoke explosions (Sutherland, 1999; Chen, 2012) [1,2]. A total of 19 experiments were completed, 5 of which led to smoke explosions. A gas conditioning system is utilised for the experiments which included a hydrocarbon analyser and an enhanced Phi-meter. Heat release rate, mass loss rate, temperatures, pressures, and O2, CO2 and CO gas concentrations within the compartment are measured for each experiment. Compartment fires with MDF crib fuel in underventilated conditions can lead to smoke explosions for both porosity-controlled and surface-controlled cribs. The smoke explosion is found to be occurring when the changes of pyrolysate gases and oxygen concentrations in the compartment form a flammable mixture. The equivalence ratio of the compartment was found between 1.5 and 2.0 before the occurrence of smoke explosions. Transformation of flaming combustion to smouldering was generally observed as a precursor for the accumulation of unburned fuel and the occurrence of smoke explosion.

Suitability of Medium Density Fiber Board Made From Rubber Wood for Household and Industrial Use

The use of fiber board is increasing due to limited supply of timer wood. This study investigated the suitability of medium density fiber board (MDF) made from rubber wood for household and industrial use. Rubber wood was collected from Bangladesh Forest Development Corporation (BFIDC), Chattogram. Single layer fiber boards were fabricated by five different densities, such as 700, 725, 750, 775 and 800 kgm-3. The mechanical and physical properties of medium density fireboards fabricated by rubber wood fiber as a raw material and urea formaldehyde as a resin were studied. The performance of composite was evaluated by its mechanical and physical properties. Experimental investigation indicated that the mechanical strength of medium density fiber board such as modulus of rupture (MOR) and tensile strength increased with increasing board density. The bending strength (188-234kgcm-2) passed the Indian, German and British standard while the tensile strength (4.20-4.70kgcm-2) passed the German and British Standard specification. The research concluded that 800kgm-3 fiber board made from rubber wood had the best modulus of rupture (234 kgcm-2) and the highest tensile strength (4.70 kgcm-2) among all other single layer medium density fiber boards.
 Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 46(2): 203-209, June 2021

Thermokinetic and Thermodynamic Parameters for Catalytic Pyrolysis of Medium Density Fiber over Ni/Beta Zeolite

Catalytic pyrolysis is an attractive alternative for converting biomass into energy and chemicals to replace fossil sources. This has encouraged the search for efficient catalysts that can directly remove oxygenated products during pyrolysis, since they are the main problem in the processing and use of the products obtained. The catalytic and non-catalytic pyrolysis of medium density fiber (MDF) over beta zeolite-supported nickel (3 and 5%) was performed using the biomass/catalyst of 1.0/0.2 ratio. The thermokinetic and thermodynamic parameters were determined using the isoconversional and non-isothermal methods of Flynn-Wall-Ozawa (FWO), Kissinger-Ahakira-Sunose (KAS) and Friedman. In addition, the master plots by the Criado method were used to determine the most suitable theoretical solid-state mechanism. The thermodynamic parameters were also obtained using the Friedman method. The results showed that the addition of the catalyst decreased the activation energy and affected the initial, final and maximum decomposition temperatures, which was related to the superficial acidic sites of beta zeolite that promote cracking and hydrocracking reactions. Nickel further decreased this parameter due to the activity of this metal in hydrodeoxygenation/deoxygenation, oligomerization and dehydration. The Friedman method provided the best correlation coefficient among the methods and was used to determine the thermodynamic parameters. The results showed that E<sub>a</sub> increases in the order: MB3Ni < MB5Ni < MB < M.

Mechanical Properties of Cork Composite Boards Reinforced with Metal, Glass Fiber, and Carbon Fiber

For effective applicability of reinforced cork, cork composites reinforced with metal, glass fiber, and carbon fiber were developed, and the effects of the reinforcing materials on the mechanical properties of cork composites were investigated. The bending moduli of elasticity (MOE) of cork composites were in the 32.7–35.9 MPa range, while the bending strength values were in the 1.62–1.73 MPa range. The strength performance decreased in the order cork-metal > cork-carbon fiber > cork-glass fiber. The bending MOEs were improved by 29%–41% compared with simple cork boards, while the bending strengths of reinforced cork were 35%–45% higher. The strength performance significantly improved following the incorporation of thin mesh materials into the middle layer of the studied cork composites. The bending strains of the cork composites were remarkably higher compared with oak wood, making them promising for applications that require bending processing, such as curved jointing. The internal bond strengths of the cork composites were 0.26–0.44 MPa, approximately 0.36–0.60 times lower compared with medium-density fiber boards.

Structural behavior of MDF beams reinforced by unidirectional glass fiber reinforced thermoset polyurethane outer layers

In this study, the structural behavior of medium density fiber board (MDF) beams reinforced by unidirectional glass fiber reinforced thermoset polyurethane outer layers is investigated by conducting beam bending and vibration tests followed by a parametric study. First, the MDF material properties are determined by 3 point bending and cantilever beam vibration tests. Then the same tests are conducted on the composite sandwich beam specimens produced by hand layup technique and the level of increase in overall stiffness and the ultimate failure loads are determined. The experimental results obtained are found out to be in good agreement with the analytical results and the numerical results obtained using a 1D shear deformable beam model. Finally, a parametric study is conducted to determine the influence of FRP reinforcement for different span lengths and fiber volume ratios. The results obtained from this study show that reinforcing MDF beams by FRP outer layers may considerably increase the flexural stiffness for all span lengths but the ultimate failure load may not be increased for short span lengths due to core shear failure, especially when there is no constraint on maximum displacement.

Estimation of Production and Consumption of Particle Board and Medium Density Fibre Board in India during the Year 2019-20

and Shyam MukundumThe study was carried out to understand the current status of particle board (PB) and medium density fibre (MDF) board industries of India. A survey was conducted covering 49% of particle board industries and 89% of MDF industries in India. The status and trend of particle board and MDF products were analyzed to estimate future demand and consumption of particle board and MDF in India. The estimated production of particle board and MDF during the year 2019-20 is 2.63 million cum and 1.47 million cum respectively. However, consumption of particle board and MDF was 2.91 million cum and 1.68 million cum. The import of particle board and medium density fibre was 0.29 million cum and 0.26 million cum respectively and the export of PB and MDF was 0.01 million cum and 0.03 million cum respectively during the year 2019-20. It is projected that the average annual growth rate (AAGR) of production will be 6.5% for particle board and 6.1% for MDF.

Effects of Activated Carbon on Medium Density Fiber Board Properties

Effects of Activated Carbon on Medium Density Fiber Board Properties

Effects of Activated Carbon on Medium Density Fiber Board Properties

The negative effects of formaldehyde emission in MDF production on human health are known, and therefore many scientists are working to reduce formaldehyde emissions. In this study, the effects of MDF plates on formaldehyde emission were investigated by adding different amounts of activated carbon into urea formaldehyde resin during the synthesis phase.
 
 First, the gelation time behavior of the resin was studied by observing the pH, gelation time, solid content, flow time and viscosity of the modified resin in comparison to the standard reference resin which has no activated carbon inside. The dosing of the activated charcoal in the dry resin was kept at 1wt%, 3wt% and 5wt%. After that modified resin was used in the production of 40x40 cm2 MDF samples by using laboratory scale press line with full automation system. İnternal bonding strength, surface soundness, screw holding resistance, water absorption and thickness swelling were also measured in addition to the main interested parameter formaldehyde emission level which is determined via spectrometric technique following an extraction procedure.
 
 Threshold values for activated carbon were determined to be 1wt%. Formaldehyde emission level was observed where addition of 1wt% activated carbon into the urea formaldehyde adhesive decreased the formaldehyde emission 52% comparison to reference whereas addition of activated carbon at above its threshold level provided 47% decreasing.

Effect of Wood-Based Panels and Varnish Types on VOC Emissions in Furniture Production

This study investigated the effects of varnishes on VOCs emissions from wood-based panels of standard particle panels (PB) and medium density fiber panels (MDF) which are covered by beech veneer and varnished by three different types of varnishes. The highest value was 624,90 ppm for Toluene, while the lowest was 0,30 ppm for Para xylene in respect to the Particleboards which were covered by beech veneered and varnished with cellulosic varnish. However, samples of beech veneered and varnished with synthetic and polyurethane varnishes yielded less gas emission than cellulosic varnish. The samples of MDF, covered with beech veneer and varnished polyurethane varnished yielded gas emission more than the synthetic (100%) and cellulosic varnishes (220%). All values show that gas emission reduces its effect within time in respect to the manufacturing time, after drying period, 15- and 30-days measurements.

Waste Rose Flower and Lavender Straw Biomass-An Innovative Lignocellulose Feedstock for Mycelium Bio-Materials Development Using Newly Isolated Ganoderma resinaceum GA1M.

In this study, for the first time, the potential of rose flowers and lavender straw waste biomass was studied as feeding lignocellulose substrates for the cultivation of newly isolated in Bulgaria Ganoderma resinaceum GA1M with the objective of obtaining mycelium-based bio-composites. The chemical characterization and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy established that the proximate composition of steam distilled lavender straw (SDLS) and hexane extracted rose flowers (HERF) was a serious prerequisite supporting the self-growth of mycelium bio-materials with improved antibacterial and aromatic properties. The basic physico-mechanical properties of the developed bio-composites were determined. The apparent density of the mycelium HERF-based bio-composites (462 kg/m3) was higher than that of the SDLS-based bio-composite (347 kg/m3) and both were much denser than expanded polystyren (EPS), lighter than medium-density fiber board (MDF) and oriented strand board (OSB) and similar to hempcrete. The preliminary testing of their compressive behavior revealed that the compressive resistance of SDLS-based bio-composite was 718 kPa, while for HERF-based bio-composite it was 1029 kPa and both values are similar to the compressive strength of hempcrete with similar apparent density. Water absorbance analysis showed, that both mycelium HERF- and SDLS-based bio-composites were hydrophilic and further investigations are needed to limit the hydrophilicity of the lignocellulose fibers, to tune the density and to improve compressive resistance.

Effects of fungal biodegradation on structure–property relationships of medium density fibre board and hybrid polypropylene composite made from sugar-cane residue

ABSTRACT This paper reports an in-depth comparative study on the effects of Trametes versicolor on sugar-cane residue polypropylene composite and medium density fibre board. The samples were subjected to the fungus at 25°C and 75% relative humidity either for 2 or 4 months. Mass, bending strength, elastic modulus, hardness, and equilibrium moisture content (EMC) of both products reduced, while water absorption and thickness swelling increased due to biodegradation. The rates of mass, bending strength, elastic modulus, hardness, and EMC reductions, and water absorption and thickness swelling increases in MDFs were far higher than those of the composites, indicating the lesser susceptibility of the latter samples. Elastic modulus of the composites and hardness of MDFs were more adversely affected under fungal attack, whereas hardness underwent higher rates of reduction in the composites, as compared to the other properties. Scanning electron microscopy was conducted to characterise the alterations in mechanical properties.

Wood fiber modelling using stochastic models

Various kinds of materials such as iron, wood, and concrete are very useful in human life. For example, the wood fiber can be used in building construction such as wall, roof, floor, as well as automotive interior. The design process of such materials is therefore still continuously researched and developed in order to create high quality products. To avoid excessive costs, it is essential to establish a non-destructive design technique of the macroscopic material. In this paper, the design technique of fibrous material using computer based modelling (virtual material design) as the realization of stochastic models will be investigated. In this model, the fiber can be stated as either a dilated curved lines, a chain of balls or cylinders with different cross-section. In this research, we will focus to investigate the image of Medium Density Fiber (MDF). It will be modelled as cylinders using the Poisson cylinder process with a rectangular cross-section. We also use Euler rotation and β-distribution to determine the position and orientation of the fibers in the system. Simulation software was conducted to verify the model. The result showed that the realization of fibers model is similar to the image of the wood fibers sample.

Effects of different nano fillers on the physical and mechanical properties of medium density fiberboards (MDF)

In this study, the physical and mechanical properties of medium density fiber boards (MDF) produced with urea formaldehyde adhesive reinforced with nano-boron nitride (BN) and nano-titanium dioxide (TiO2) were investigated. 0.5% and 1.5% nano-filled urea formaldehyde adhesives were used in the production of test samples. The density, thickness swelling, water uptake, internal bond strength, bending strength, modulus of elasticity in bending and SEM analysis of the boards prepered were determined. According to the laboratory tests conducted, there was no significant change in the density of the boards after nano filling. Physical properties such as water intake and thickness swelling were determined to decrease with the addition of nano particles. The mechanical properties of the boards increased with the addition of both nano-BN and TiO2. According to the a results of thermogravimetric analysis, it has been determined that the thermal stability of urea formaldehyde adhesive with TiO2 is increased and maximum mass loss temperatures are higher than the addition of nano-BN. The morphological structure of the urea formaldehyde adhesive was visualized with an electron microscope, and the nanoparticle dispersions were displayed and the particles were also analyzed by EDAX analysis. As a result, it has been determined that MDFs prepared with nanoparticle adhesives have improved physical, mechanical and thermal properties. Particularly, all samples with nano particles have been achieved the standards required in their mechanical properties. As a result, it can be sad that the adding nano-particles have positive effect on the physical and mechanical properties of the panels.

ОБОСНОВАНИЕ ИЗМЕНЕНИЯ ТРЕБОВАНИЙ К РЯДУ ПОКАЗАТЕЛЕЙ В НЕКОТОРЫХ СТАНДАРТАХ ПО ДЕРЕВОПЕРЕРАБОТКЕ

For production of case furniture wood-shaving plates (DSTP) and medium-density fiber boards - plates of the PMV wood monostructural fibrous brand (plate MDF) are widely used. And, both faces, and edges of plates come to production of furniture the revetted thermosetting polymeric films, sliced veneer or other cladding materials, for example paper-based laminated plastic (BSP). 
 One of the main defects of such plates is the insufficient durability of their outside or surface layers of face that is one of shortcomings of plates as leads to flaking of cladding material. And, when flaking the facing layer entrains part of surface layer of plate. Indicator of durability of skin of plates is the specific resistance to normal separation of layer at depth of 0,3 - 0,7 mm from plate surface which is defined in accordance with GOST 23234-2009 [1].
 However, as have shown results of our researches, in a number of standards on wood processing it is necessary to make changes in part of test method of plates on the specific resistance to normal separation of layer of skin not at depth of 0,3 - 0,7 mm (as in accordance with GOST 23234-2009), and surface layer. In this regard it is necessary to make changes to state standard specifications 10632-2014 [2] and 32274-2013 [3] on required values of specific resistance to normal separation of surface layer, but not layer at depth of 0,3 - 0,7 mm from plate surface.