Medium Components Research Articles

Effects of various substances on the binding of keratin monomers to S. maltophilia DHHJ cells for the induction of keratinase production.

Biodegradation effectiveness of S. maltophilia DHHJ is determined by its ability to attach to the hydrolyzed feather keratin monomers. This binding capacity can be influenced by many components in the culture medium. Keratin monomers from feathers or those produced by gene overexpression can induce keratinase production in S. maltophilia DHHJ, and several proteases lack the ability to degrade keratin fragments and cysteines. In this study, we co-incubated FITC-labelled keratin monomers with S. maltophilia DHHJ cells in the presence of BSA, DNA, ATP, and several metal ions, and measured fluorescence values and keratinase activity. BSA was found to compete with keratins for cell binding sites, resulting in less keratinase production. DNA did not interfere with cellular binding to keratins revealing unchanged keratinase level. ATP, along with metal ions, enhanced the cellular binding capacity to keratins and increased the production of keratinase by S. maltophilia DHHJ. Fragments of keratin monomers degraded by proteases reduced the ability of cells to bind to keratin and affected enzyme production. Cysteine, a characteristic amino acid of feather keratin, did not have an effect on cellular binding to keratin monomer or on keratinase production. This study will facilitate the tweaking of catalytic parameters to improve feather biodegradation by S. maltophilia DHHJ.

Microbiological and chemical hazards in cultured meat and methods for their detection.

Cultured meat, which involves growing meat in a laboratory rather than breeding animals, offers potential benefits in terms of sustainability, health, and animal welfare compared to conventional meat production. However, the cultured meat production process involves several stages, each with potential hazards requiring careful monitoring and control. Microbial contamination risks exist in the initial cell collection from source animals and the surrounding environment. During cell proliferation, hazards may include chemical residues from media components such as antibiotics and growth factors, as well as microbial issues from improper bioreactor sterilization. In the differentiation stage where cells become muscle tissue, potential hazards include residues from scaffolding materials, microcarriers, and media components. Final maturation and harvesting stages risk environmental contamination from nonsterile conditions, equipment, or worker handling if proper aseptic conditions are not maintained. This review examines the key microbiological and chemical hazards that must be monitored and controlled during the manufacturing process for cultured meats. It describes some conventional and emerging novel techniques that could be applied for the detection of microbial and chemical hazards in cultured meat. The review also outlines the current evolving regulatory landscape around cultured meat and explains how thorough detection and characterization of microbiological and chemical hazards through advanced analytical techniques can provide crucial data to help develop robust, evidence-based food safety regulations specifically tailored for the cultured meat industry. Implementing new digital food safety methods is recommended for further research on the sensitive and effective detection of microbiological and chemical hazards in cultured meat.

İSTİSMARDAKI KABELLӘRDӘ ZӘDӘLӘRİN ARADAN QALDIRILMASININ MÜASİR ÜSULLARI

XLPE insulated power cables serve as essential components in medium and high voltage power transmission lines, yet maximizing their resource duration poses a significant challenge for consumers. Issues such as water treeings, electric treeings, and partial discharges within the insulation system accelerate cable aging over time. In response, a novel approach has been proposed in this study to mitigate these detrimental factors. The method involves injecting a specially formulated liquid into the cable insulation to address inhomogeneities, effectively rejuvenating the cable and extending its service life by 20-30 years, as indicated by the technology's name. Furthermore, to provide context on the practical implications, a succinct analysis of the Azerbaijani cable network is presented in this article. Also, in order to explain the real situation of power cables, a brief analysis of the Azerbaijani cable network was conducted in the article.

Supplementation of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) residue for growth and lactic acid production of probiotic bacterial Lactobacillus spp.

Date palm is an age-old cultivated plant that thrives in tropical and subtropical regions. The date palm is a bountiful source of carbohydrates, encompassing sucrose, glucose, and fructose and proteins. The date industry generates a significant volume of unused by-products. Dates offer a diverse range of by-products beyond the agri-food sector. LAB have garnered extensive utilisation across diverse food sectors, spanning meat, vegetables, beverages, dairy products, and other fermented foods. In the quest for establishing a new large-scale fermentation process for lactic acid there has been a concerted effort to utilise more cost-effective medium components. In the present work, date palm residue (DPR) derived from date palm fruit, after sugar extraction, was incorporated into MRS. The fermentation process was executed through two distinct fermentation systems. Initially, experiments were conducted in flasks. Afterward, the optimal conditions for bacterial growth were determined, and the experiment was carried out using a bioreactor. DPR supported the probiotic Lactobacillus spp. growth especially after 48 h incubation. The prebiotic effect of DPR on Lactobacillus spp. was reported. An increase in the total number of bacterial populations was observed in response to the addition the DPR until 48 h. Specifically, the supplementing DPR at a concentration of 1.5% in batch fermentation enhanced the growth and lactic acid production of Lactobacillus casei. This study suggests that DPR could potentially function as an economical prebiotic source and could be seamlessly incorporated as a functional food ingredient, thereby transforming a waste product into an economically sustainable food substrate.

Laboratory horror stories: Poison in the agars.

The fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe is a single-celled eukaryote that can be cultured as a haploid or as a diploid. Scientists employ mating, meiosis, and the plating of ascospores and cells to generate strains with novel genotypes and to discover biological processes. Our two laboratories encountered independently sudden-onset, major impediments to such research. Spore suspensions and vegetative cells no longer plated effectively on minimal media. By systematically analyzing multiple different media components from multiple different suppliers, we identified the source of the problem. Specific lots of agar, from different suppliers, were toxic. Interestingly, the inhibitory effect was attenuated on rich media. Consequently, quality control checks that use only rich media can provide false assurances on the quality of the agar. Lastly, we describe likely sources of the toxicity and we provide specific guidance for quality control measures that should be applied by all vendors as preconditions for their sale of agar.

Biological Characteristics of the Mycelium and Optimization of the Culture Medium for Phallus dongsun.

This study aimed to elucidate the influence of various culture medium components, including carbon sources, nitrogen sources, inorganic salts, suspension agents, and temperature, on the mycelial growth characteristics of Phallus dongsun. Employing single-factor experiments and response surface methodology within glass Petri dishes, the research identified that carrot powder, soybean powder, and ZnSO4 notably enhanced the proliferation of aerial mycelium, significantly augmenting the growth rate of P. dongsun mycelium. The resultant mycelium was observed to be dense, robust, and fluffy in texture. In particular, ZnSO4 markedly accelerated the mycelium growth rate. Furthermore, xanthan gum was found to effectively modulate the medium's viscosity, ensuring a stable suspension and facilitating nutrient equilibrium. The optimal cultivation temperature was determined to be 25°C, with mycelial growth ceasing below 5°C and mycelium perishing at temperatures exceeding 35°C. The optimal medium composition was established as follows: wheat starch 5 g/l, carrot powder 5 g/l, soybean powder 7.50 g/l, glucose 10 g/l, ZnSO4 0.71 g/l, NH4Cl 0.68 g/l, xanthan gum 0.5 g/l, and agar 20 g/l. Under these optimized conditions, the mycelium of P. dongsun exhibited a rapid growth rate (1.04 ± 0.14 mm/day), characterized by a thick, dense, and well-developed structure. This investigation provides a theoretical foundation for the conservation, strain selection, and breeding of P. dongsun.

Effect of Ti on the properties of diamond microcrystals synthesized in C–O–H supercritical fluid at high pressure and high temperature

Diamond micropowders 1–10 μm were synthesized at 7.5 GPa, 1300–1500 °C, and 3–6 s. Detonation nanodiamonds and pentaerythritol (C5H8(OH)4) with the addition of Ti were used as the reaction medium. The total nitrogen concentration, determined by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and infrared (IR) spectroscopies, in diamonds synthesized without the addition of Ti was 1700 ppm. In diamonds synthesized with the addition of Ti, there are no 2N (A-center) and N3VH0 centers as well as oxygen-related functional groups, and the total concentration of nitrogen centers is reduced to 640 ppm. The addition of Ti leads to an increase in the synthesis temperature by 100–200 °C.Thermodynamics model calculations of the equilibrium compositions of the reaction medium at a pressure of 7.5. GPa and temperatures of 500, 1000 and 1500 °C were performed. The Gibbs free energy of possible reactions between the components of the reaction medium was calculated. It has been shown that under equilibrium conditions and a reaction medium corresponding to the synthesis conditions, the formation of TiN is thermodynamically possible. This leads to a decrease in the nitrogen concentration in diamonds. However, the formation of TiO2 is a competing reaction that can lead to a decrease in the concentration of oxygen-related functional groups.

Differences in hydrocarbon accumulation and controlling factors of slope belt in graben basin: A case study of Pinghu Slope Belt in the Xihu sag of the east China Sea Shelf basin (ECSSB)

The Pinghu slope belt in the Xihu sag of the East China Sea Shelf Basin (ECSSB) is a crucial hydrocarbon production area in eastern China. However, due to the complex geological conditions, publications have lacked comprehensive research on the spatial-temporal coupling relationships of primary factors that impact hydrocarbon accumulation in the Pinghu slope belt. Furthermore, the hydrocarbon distribution patterns and the controlling factors across different study areas within the same slope belt are not yet fully understood. This study extensively utilized three-dimensional seismic data, well logging data, geochemical analysis, fluorescence analysis, and oil testing and production data to address these issues. Following a “stratification and differentiation” approach, the study identified seven distinct hydrocarbon migration and accumulation units (HMAU) in the Pinghu slope area based on the structural morphology characteristics, hydrocarbon source-reservoir-cap rock patterns, hydrocarbon migration pathways, and hydrocarbon supply range. Detailed analysis was conducted to examine the hydrocarbon distribution patterns and controlling factors within each migration and accumulation unit across different structural units, including high, medium, and low structural components. All data sources support a “southern‒northern sub-area division, eastern‒western sub-belt division, and variations in hydrocarbon accumulation” pattern in the Pinghu slope belt. The degree of hydrocarbon accumulation is controlled by the factors of structural morphology, hydrocarbon generation potential of source rocks, the spatial position of source slopes, fault sealing capacity, and sand body distribution. Furthermore, different coupling patterns of faults and sand bodies play a pivotal role in governing hydrocarbon enrichment systems across various migration and accumulation units. These observations indicate that three hydrocarbon accumulation patterns have been established within the slope belt, including near-source to far-source gentle slope with multiple hydrocarbon kitchens in the XP1−XP4 zones, near-source to middle-source gentle slope with dual-hydrocarbon kitchens in the XP5 zone, and near-source steep slope with a single hydrocarbon kitchen in the XP6−XP7 zones. These findings contribute to enhancing the theoretical system of hydrocarbon accumulation in the slope belt.

Macroeconomic shocks, market uncertainty and speculative bubbles: a decomposition-based predictive model of Indian stock markets

PurposeStock markets are essential for households for wealth creation and for firms for raising financial resources for capacity expansion and growth. Market participants, therefore, need an understanding of stock price movements. Stock market indices and individual stock prices reflect the macroeconomic environment and are subject to external and internal shocks. It is important to disentangle the impact of macroeconomic shocks, market uncertainty and speculative elements and examine them separately for prediction. To aid households, firms and policymakers, the paper proposes a granular decomposition-based prediction framework for different time periods in India, characterized by different market states with varying degrees of uncertainty.Design/methodology/approachEnsemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) and fuzzy-C-means (FCM) clustering algorithms are used to decompose stock prices into short, medium and long-run components. Multiverse optimization (MVO) is used to combine extreme gradient boosting regression (XGBR), Facebook Prophet and support vector regression (SVR) for forecasting. Application of explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) helps identify feature contributions.FindingsWe find that historic volatility, expected market uncertainty, oscillators and macroeconomic variables explain different components of stock prices and their impact varies with the industry and the market state. The proposed framework yields efficient predictions even during the COVID-19 pandemic and the Russia–Ukraine war period. Efficiency measures indicate the robustness of the approach. Findings suggest that large-cap stocks are relatively more predictable.Research limitations/implicationsThe paper is on Indian stock markets. Future work will extend it to other stock markets and other financial products.Practical implicationsThe proposed methodology will be of practical use for traders, fund managers and financial advisors. Policymakers may find it useful for assessing the impact of macroeconomic shocks and reducing market volatility.Originality/valueDevelopment of a granular decomposition-based forecasting framework and separating the effects of explanatory variables in different time scales and macroeconomic periods.

MEDIA EDUCATION SPACE OF SOCIALIZATION IN THE MODERN PEDAGOGICAL PROCESS

The article analyzes the peculiarities of the impact of the processes of media culture formation on educational processes in the context of the creating of media education space as a socialization environment on the basis of domestic scientific research. There is an increasing media-cultural determination of the space of human existence in the conditions of informatization of society and the spread of electronic media, which raises the problem of radical transformations of the entire process of socialization. Emphasizing the media component of the study of educational aspects of the problem of socialization in the information society gives reasons to consider the media-cultural space as the main component of the educational space which has the greatest impact on the space of human formation and existence. The sphere of culture as an environment of socialization is gradually turning into a media-cultural environment. The process of forming the media-educational space of socialization is a representation of the general trend of the development of electronic mass communications. The most remarkable feature of the media-educational space is the limitlessness in the physical-spatial relationship of opportunities for human development, which are expanding simultaneously with the further development of global mass media. It is proved that media and media culture in the conditions of the formation of a post-industrial society have turned into system-creating functions regarding the formation of the educational environment of human socialization, the result of mass media activity is the creation of a person's living space. This living space, based on the media educational space, actively contributes to the formation of individual and collective identities, influencing social practices and perceptions of the world. The media education space is not an abstract repository of media texts; specific people perceive it as a personal event, but as a set of such events - as their own life world. And this is what makes this space such an effective environment for socialization. For pedagogical studies of the socialization process, the integral quality of this concept is particularly important, i.e., the ability to comprehensively investigate the transformations of the socialization process both in the context of the interaction of various sociocultural phenomena of the postmodern era, and in the context of existing scientific traditions of studying the educational space.

The Impact of Calcium Depletion on Proliferation of Chlorella sorokiniana Strain DSCG150.

This study analyzed the effects of Ca2+ metal ions among culture medium components on the Chlorella sorokiniana strain DSCG150 strain cell growth. The C. sorokiniana strain DSCG150 grew based on a multiple fission cell cycle and growth became stagnant in the absence of metal ions in the medium, particularly Ca2+. Flow cytometry and confocal microscopic image analysis results showed that in the absence of Ca2+, cell growth became stagnant as the cells accumulated into four autospores and could not transform into daughter cells. Genetic analysis showed that the absence of Ca2+ caused upregulation of calmodulin (calA) and cell division control protein 2 (CDC2_1) genes, and downregulation of origin of replication complex subunit 6 (ORC6) and dual specificity protein phosphatase CDC14A (CDC14A) genes. Analysis of gene expression patterns by qRT-PCR showed that the absence of Ca2+ did not affect cell cycle progression up to 4n autospore, but it inhibited Chlorella cell fission (liberation of autospores). The addition of Ca2+ to cells cultivated in the absence of Ca2+ resulted in an increase in n cell population, leading to the resumption of C. sorokiniana growth. These findings suggest that Ca2+ plays a crucial role in the fission process in Chlorella.

A possible relation between global CO excitation and massive molecular outflows in local ULIRGs

Local ultra-luminous infrared galaxies (ULIRGs) have been observed to host ubiquitous molecular outflows, including the most massive and powerful ever detected. These sources have also exceptionally excited global, galaxy-integrated CO ladders. A connection between outflows and molecular gas excitation has however never been established, since previous multi-J CO surveys were limited in spectral resolution and sensitivity and so they could only probe the global molecular gas conditions. In this work, we address this question using new, ground-based, sensitive heterodyne spectroscopy of multiple CO rotational lines (up to CO(7−6)) in a sample of 17 local ULIRGs. We used the Atacama Pathfinder Experiment (APEX) telescope to survey the CO(Jup ≥ 4) lines at a high signal-to-noise ratio, and complemented these data with CO(Jup ≤ 3) APEX and Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA and ACA) observations presented in Montoya Arroyave et al. (2023, A&A, 673, A13). We detected a total of 74 (out of 75) CO lines, with up to six transitions per source. The resulting CO spectral line energy distributions (SLEDs) show a wide range in gas excitation, in agreement with previous studies on ULIRGs. Some CO SLEDs peak at Jup ∼ 3, 4, which we classify as “lower excitation”, while others plateau or keep increasing up to the highest-J CO transition probed, and we classify these as “higher excitation”. Our analysis includes for completeness the results of CO SLED fits performed with a single large velocity gradient component, but our main focus is the investigation of possible links between global CO excitation and the presence of broad and/or high-velocity CO spectral components that can contain outflowing gas. We discovered an increasing trend of line width as a function of Jup of the CO transition, which is significant at the 4σ level and appears to be driven by the eight sources that we classified as higher excitation. We further analyzed such higher-excitation ULIRGs, by performing a decomposition of their CO spectral profiles into multiple components, and we derived CO ladders that are clearly more excited for the spectral components characterized by higher velocities and/or velocity dispersion. Because these sources are known to host widespread molecular outflows, we favor an interpretation whereby the highly excited CO-emitting gas in ULIRGs resides in galactic-scale massive molecular outflows whose emission fills a large fraction of the beam of our APEX high-J CO observations. On the other hand, our results challenge alternative scenarios for which the high CO excitation in ULIRGs can be explained by classical component of the interstellar medium, such as photon- or X-ray dominated regions around the nuclear sources.

Effect of bicarbonate and polyvinyl alcohol on in vitro capacitation and fertilization ability of cryopreserved equine spermatozoa.

Factors contributing to the limited success of in vitro fertilization in horses remain to be studied. In this work, we elucidated the effect of different essential capacitation media components, bicarbonate, and bovine serum albumin or polyvinyl-alcohol, and the incubation microenvironment on sperm parameters associated with capacitation, acrosome reaction, and their ability to activate oocytes via heterologous intracytoplasmic spermatozoa injection in equine cryopreserved spermatozoa. Frozen-thawed spermatozoa underwent incubation at different time intervals in either Tyrode's albumin lactate pyruvate medium (non-capacitating; NC) or Tyrode's albumin lactate pyruvate supplemented with bicarbonate, bicarbonate and polyvinyl-alcohol, bicarbonate and bovine serum albumin, polyvinyl-alcohol and bovine serum albumin alone. Protein kinase A-phosphorylated substrates and tyrosine phosphorylation levels, sperm motility, and acrosome reaction percentages were evaluated. After determining the best condition media (capacitating; CAP), heterologous intracytoplasmic spermatozoa injection on pig oocytes was performed and the phospholipase C zeta sperm localization pattern was evaluated. Incubation of frozen-thawed equine spermatozoa with bicarbonate and polyvinyl-alcohol in atmospheric air for 45min induced an increase in protein kinase A-phosphorylated substrates and tyrosine phosphorylation levels compared to NC condition. Sperm incubation in bicarbonate and polyvinyl-alcohol medium showed an increase in total motility and progressive motility with respect to NC (p ≤ 0.05). Interestingly, three parameters associated with sperm hyperactivation were modulated under bicarbonate and polyvinyl-alcohol conditions. The kinematic parameters curvilinear velocity and amplitude of lateral head displacement significantly increased, while straightness significantly diminished (curvilinear velocity: bicarbonate and polyvinyl-alcohol=120.9±2.9 vs. NC=76.91±6.9µm/s) (amplitude of lateral head displacement: bicarbonate and polyvinyl-alcohol=1.15±0.02 vs. NC=0.77±0.03µm) (straightness: bicarbonate and polyvinyl-alcohol=0.76±0.01 vs. NC=0.87±0.02) (p ≤ 0.05). Moreover, the spontaneous acrosome reaction significantly increased in spermatozoa incubated in this condition. Finally, bicarbonate and polyvinyl-alcohol medium was established as CAP medium. Although no differences were found in phospholipase C zeta localization pattern in spermatozoa incubated under CAP, equine spermatozoa pre-incubated in CAP condition for 45min showed higher fertilization rates when injected into matured pig oocytes (NC: 47.6% vs. CAP 76.5%; p ≤ 0.05). These findings underscore the importance of bicarbonate and polyvinyl-alcohol in supporting critical events associated with in vitro sperm capacitation in the horse, resulting in higher oocyte activation percentages following heterologous intracytoplasmic spermatozoa injection. This protocol could have an impact on reproductive efficiency in the equine breeding industry.

KLF9 regulates osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells.

Osteoporosis is a progressive skeletal disease which is characterized by reduced bone mass and degradation of bone microstructure. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have the potential to inhibit osteoporosis since they are multipotent stem cells that can differentiate into multiple types of cells including osteoblasts. Hence the mechanism of osteogenic differentiation of MSCs deserves comprehensive study. Here we report that KLF9 is a novel regulator in osteogenic differentiation of MSCs. We observed that depletion of KLF9 can largely compromise the osteogenic differentiation ability of MSCs. In addition, we revealed that inhibition of the PI3K-Akt pathway could also affect osteogenic differentiation since KLF9 depletion inhibits PI3K expression. Finally, we discovered that KLF9 expression can be induced by dexamethasone which is an essential component in osteogenic induction medium. Taken together, our study provides new insights into the regulatory role of KLF9 in osteogenic differentiation of MSCs.

Social Media for Conflict Escalation and De –Escalation: Two Sides of a Coin

Communication may be said to be "the conveying or shifting of information by speaking, writing or using some of the other media" (Oxford, 2021). Without communication, there will not be conflict. Conflict is a state when units of intercourse agents are in dissension. When two agreeing parties’ dissent, the conflict has happened. The term conflict is relative as its usage spans across different segments, sectors, institutions and areas of life. Conflict escalation refers to the spreading of minor disagreement between parties. Conflict de-escalation refers to the process of reducing the tension of any conflict, especially by not allowing it to be more destructive or going beyond the level it is. Social media is also part of the media type that is majorly centered on technological advancement. Examples of social media we have include Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, google chat room, Eskimi, telegram, WhatsApp, Part of the profitable components of social media is that. A varied group of people use social media to formulate trouble. They use the medium to starts conflict and also use it to escalate it. The research procedure embraced was exploratory research design. Secondary reference of data was used. However, the study examines Glasl's conflict escalation model to properly understands how minor disagreement escalate to large scale conflict. This paper base its theoretical argument on the theory called “The Role of Resource Mobilisation Theory in Social Movement. Another theory to look at is the C - Escalation and D - Escalation A theory of the time dynamics of conflict by Randall Collins. Authority to fashion a bill directing social media usage. The paper concluded that every authority to fashion a bill directing social media usage.

Degradation characteristics of 3D printed continuous fibre-reinforced PA6/chopped fibre composites in simulated saltwater

AbstractThis paper investigates the performance of continuous fibre-reinforced 3D printed components in salt water medium at room temperature. Markforged® Mark Two 3D printer was employed to fabricate standard specimens made of Onyx and reinforced Onyx specimens with continuous carbon, high-strength high-temperature glass, and Kevlar fibres. Aging process was conducted to characterize the long-term effect of salt water on the mechanical behaviour of fibre-reinforced 3D printed samples. Several mechanical tests including tensile, 3-point bending test and indentation testing have been carried out on the dry and aged standard samples to evaluate tensile strength, flexural strength, micro-hardness, and modulus of elasticity in micro-scale. The mechanical tests revealed the degradation and loss in mechanical properties of the printed samples after aging in salt water. The data highlighted that Onyx samples without continuous fibres experienced the most significant reduction in both tensile (33.54%) and flexural (63.47%) strengths after 1 year, while continuous carbon fibre-reinforced Onyx samples showed comparatively lower strength reductions (28.46% in tensile strength and 18.73% in flexural strength). Optical and scanning electron microscopy were performed to investigate the fracture behaviour of the tested specimens. In addition, the DSC assessment showed a slight change in the thermal properties of aged specimens.

Production of β-cyclodextrin by immobilized CGTase in packed bed bioreactor through the medium component by employing Taguchi methodology

This study investigates the optimization of submerged culture conditions for the production of extracellular cyclodextrin glucanotransferase (CGTase) enzyme by Bacillus macerans ATCC 8244, employing Taguchi orthogonal array (OA) experimental design methodology. Five critical factors - starch, peptone, temperature, pH, and agitation speed - were examined at two levels using an OA layout of L8 for the experimental design. Analysis revealed a significant enhancement in CGTase yield, with the modified culture conditions resulting in a 21.2% increase from 513.416 U/ml to 622.5 U/ml. The successful application of Taguchi's design methodology underscores its efficacy in optimizing enzyme production processes. This study highlights Taguchi's design potential as a valuable tool for improving CGTase production efficiency while minimizing resource consumption. Additionally, the utilization of a packed bed bioreactor (PBR) facilitated continuous production of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD), demonstrating stability over 10 days with only a slight decrease in productivity. The Km,app value was determined to be 23.4 mg starch/ml, indicating a slight increase.

Computer-assisted engineering of stable human leukemia inhibitory factor

Due to their capacity for long-term expansion and differentiation potential, embryonic stem cells (ESC) can be selected as seed cells for generating cultured meat. Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) is a pleiotropic cytokine with a wide range of activities, including maintaining ESC in a totipotent state in vitro, which is an essential additive component of the ESC proliferation medium. However, owing to the low thermal stability of wide-type human LIF (hLIF-WT), the cost was increased by repeatedly added and storage loss. Here, we tackle this problem using a computer-assisted protein engineering strategy to create a unique modified hLIF with three mutations displaying unprecedented stability and enhanced biological function. The molecule holds considerable promise for stem cell research and the cultured meat field.

A bioprocess engineering approach for the production of hydrocarbons and fatty acids from green microalga under high cobalt concentration as the feedstock of high-grade biofuels

Botryococcus braunii, a colonial green microalga which is well-known for its capacity to synthesize hydrocarbons, has significant promise as a long-term source of feedstock for the generation of biofuels. However, cultivating and scaling up B. braunii using conventional aqua-suspended cultivation systems remains a challenge. In this study, we optimized medium components and light intensity to enhance lipid and hydrocarbon production in a multi-cultivator airlift photobioreactor. BBM 3N medium with 200 μmol/m2/s light intensity and a 16 h light–8 h dark regimen yielded the highest biomass productivity (110.00 ± 2.88 mg/L/day), as well as the highest lipid and hydrocarbon content. Cultivation in a flat-panel bioreactor resulted in significantly higher biomass productivity (129.11 ± 2.74 mg/L/day), lipid productivity (32.21 ± 1.31 mg/L/day), and hydrocarbon productivity (28.98 ± 2.08 mg/L/day) compared to cultivation in Erlenmeyer flasks and open 20-L raceway pond. It also exhibited 20.15 ± 1.03% of protein content including elevated levels of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids. This work is noteworthy since it is the first to describe fatty acid and hydrocarbon profiles of B. braunii during cobalt treatment. The study demonstrated that high cobalt concentrations (up to 5 mg/L of cobalt nitrate) during Botryococcus culture affected hydrocarbon synthesis, resulting in high amounts of n-alkadienes and trienes as well as lipids with elevated monounsaturated fatty acids concentration. Furthermore, pyrolysis experiments on microalgal green biomass and de-oiled biomass revealed the lipid and hydrocarbon compounds generated by the thermal degradation of B. braunii that facilitate extra economical value to this system.

Gluconic Acid Production by Using Recombinant Escherichia coli Waksman pqq+ Cells with a Novel Approach from Biomass Sources.

Gluconic acid (GA) is widely used in the pharmaceutical, food, detergent, textile, leather, and concrete industries. However, cost-effective and high-yield production of GA remains a challenge. Due to currently high raw material inputs of GA, various alternative carbohydrate sources are being investigated. Sucrose is one of the cost-effective biomass sources that can be used as feedstock. The most common industrial production of GA is based on wild-type bacteria and fungi, but there are many problems with this production. This study aimed to optimize the production of GA from glucose produced by hydrolysis of sucrose using recombinant E. coli Waksman (W) pqq+ strain. After sucrose was enzymatically hydrolyzed, significant medium components for GA production were determined as glucose, calcium carbonate (CaCO3), peptone, and ammonium phosphate ((NH4)3PO4) using Placket-Burman Design (PBD). Detailed optimization of the medium components that are significant in GA production was carried out using central composite design (CCD), and optimum values of the independent variables examined in maximum GA production (93.5 ± 2.95g/L) were determined as glucose 95, CaCO3 25, peptone 2, and (NH4)3PO4 1.13 (g/L). Using results obtained in the Erlenmeyer experiments, GA production in the bioreactor was investigated by CCD. The maximum GA efficiency (3.20 ± 0.15g/L. h) was obtained under conditions where the air supply rate was 10.82 L/min, stirring speed was 656.87rpm, and CaCO3 concentration was 16.90g/L. In conclusion, it has been shown that GA can be produced with a high yield with this novel approach using a recombinant strain for GA production from sucrose.