Mediterranean Region Research Articles

Could Pistachio (Pistacia vera) Be a Suitable Alternative Crop for Olive-Growing Mediterranean Areas Affected by Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca ST53?

In the olive-growing areas of Apulia (southern Italy) where Xylella fastidiosa has caused enormous damage, there is a need to identify alternative crops. These could include pistachio (Pistacia vera L.), but it is critical to define the impact of the bacterium on this crop and what are the main phytosanitary threats for this species in the areas where the bacterium is now endemic. Therefore, we started evaluating infections caused by X. fastidiosa, the fungus Neofusicoccum mediterraneum, and other pathogens on four pistachio cultivars ('Kerman', 'Aegina', 'Lost Hills', and 'Napoletana') grown in areas where X. fastidiosa has been present for a long time. X. fastidiosa was detected only in one orchard (incidence: 18% 'Napoletana' and 55% 'Kerman') out of six surveyed orchards, with low bacterium concentration (1.67 to 5.98 × 103 CFU ml-1) and no symptoms. N. mediterraneum was retrieved in three orchards just on the cultivar Kerman but with high incidence (up to 30%) and infection level quantified as molecular severity (6.82 to 7.43); no other pathogens were detected. The N. mediterraneum representative isolates characterized in this study showed similarity with Spanish and Portuguese isolates. A confocal microscope analysis for this host-pathogen association suggested no differences in plant response to fungal aggression between the cultivars Kerman and Aegina, but just lack of latent inoculum in 'Aegina' plants, pointing to a possible nursery origin of the infection. Waiting for additional targeted experiments to clearly define host response of pistachio cultivars to Xylella spp., this study also points at N. mediterraneum as a potential threat to this tree crop new for the area.

Multi-Index Approach to Assess and Monitor Meteorological and Agricultural Drought in the Mediterranean Region: Case of the Upper Oum Er Rabia Watershed, Morocco

Drought is a severe disaster, increasingly exacerbated by climate change, and poses significant challenges worldwide, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions like Morocco. This study aims to assess and monitor drought using a multi-index approach to provide a comprehensive understanding of its spatio-temporal dynamics at both meteorological and agricultural levels. The research focuses on the Upper Oum Er Rabia watershed, which spans 35,000 km2 and contributes approximately a quarter of Morocco’s renewable water resources. We propose a methodology that combines ERA5 temperature data from remote sensing with ground-based precipitation data to analyze drought characteristics. Three meteorological indices were utilized: the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI), and the Reconnaissance Drought Index (RDI). Additionally, three remote-sensing indices were employed to capture agricultural drought: the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), the Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), and the Crop Water Stress Index (CWSI), with a total of 528 NDVI and EVI images and 1016 CWSI images generated through Google Earth Engine (GEE), using machine-learning techniques. Trend analyses were conducted to monitor drought patterns spatio-temporally. Our results reveal that the three-month interval is critical for effective drought monitoring and evaluation. Among the indices, SPEI emerged as the most effective for capturing drought in combination with remote-sensing data, while CWSI exhibited the highest correlation with SPEI over the three-month period, outperforming NDVI and EVI. The trend analysis indicates a significant precipitation deficit, alongside increasing trends in temperature and evapotranspiration over both the short and long term. Furthermore, all drought indices (SPI, SPEI, and RDI) demonstrate an intensification of drought conditions. Adaptation strategies are essential for managing water resources in the Upper Oum Er Rabia watershed under these evolving climate conditions. Continuous monitoring of climate variables and drought indices will be crucial for tracking changes and informing future water management strategies.

Mediterranean Diet: its Nutritional Composition and Health Benefits in Chronic Disease Prevention

The Mediterranean diet (MD), as a scientifically proven healthy eating pattern, originated in the Mediterranean region and is gradually respected globally. In recent years, a large number of studies have confirmed its remarkable effect in the prevention and management of chronic diseases. However, there is still a certain research gap in the specific nutritional composition of the MD and its comprehensive understanding of health. Additionally, the widespread adoption of the MD faces challenges, including cultural differences and the adaptation of dietary habits. This article reviews the analysis of the major food groups and nutrients in the MD, exploring its health benefits in cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention, management of type 2 diabetes and obesity, as well as cancer prevention. Through comprehensive existing research, this article reveals the scientific evidence of the MD to benefit health. The results of the research provide a scientific basis for promoting the MD, and provide direction for further studying the mechanism of the MD prevention disease in the future.

Assessment of nitrogen and phosphorus losses due to erosion in compost-treated and non-treated vineyard soils: effect of rainfall intensity

Vineyards in Mediterranean areas suffer from significant soil degradation through erosion, due to rainfall and soil characteristics, as well as soil management practices. Previous studies pointed out the nutrient losses produced by erosion and the benefits that some management practices could have on reducing erosion. This research tried to evaluate the effect of events of different intensities and to assess whether the beneficial effect of compost amendment may pose a potential risk of nutrient loss and environmental pollution in particular under high-intensity events. The study compared soil and nutrient losses in compost-treated and non-treated vineyard soils after rainfall events of different intensities analyzed over 2 years in two vineyards. Runoff samples were collected by triplicate in treated and non-treated soils. Sediment and nitrogen and phosphorous concentrations in the runoff samples were analyzed. The results reveal a reduction in runoff rates and an increase in soil water content in compost-treated soils, which represents a benefit for rainfed vineyards. Both nitrogen and phosphorus losses depended on rainfall characteristics. Although for low intensities there were no significant differences in the amount of nutrient lost by runoff in both treated and non-treated soils, nitrogen and phosphorus losses were higher after high-intensity rainfall events in compost-treated soils. With the expected increase in high-intensity rainfall events associated with climate change in the Mediterranean region, organic amendments should be applied in several splits or incorporated into the soil to avoid increased nutrient loss to water bodies.

Miocene bioerosion in a Cretaceous metamorphic basement from the Arzew Mountains (Oran, northwestern Algeria): First evidence of a Tortonian rocky shore in the southwestern Mediterranean area

Bioerosive trace fossils at the Guessiba Valley (Arzew Mountains) document an ancient Tortonian shoreline cut into Barremian calcschists at the lowermost part of the Tortonian Balanid Marl Formation. Four ichnogenera produced by endolithic bivalves (Gastrochaenolites) and polychaete annelids (Caulostrepsis, Maeandropolydora, Trypanites) have been identified. The four traces consist of dwelling structures (domichnia). The encrusting epifauna on the rockground include acorn barnacles of the genus Balanus and scarce, poorly preserved bivalves. These epibionts exhibit Trypanites and Entobia, respectively. This ichnoassociation identifies the Entobia ichnosubfacies as part of the Trypanites ichnofacies. The fossil rocky shore described in this paper is related to a transgression that occurred during the Tortonian, characterising a stratigraphic surface corresponding to a sequence boundary. The Guessiba Valley succession marks the first Mediterranean marine transgression affecting the southern flank of the Arzew Mountains, characterised by three distinct phases. The calcschists reported here are among the rare examples of non-carbonate rocky substrates colonised by endolithic boring organisms.

10.G. Practice session: Innovation technology to promote healthy lifestyles: teachings from multi-national EU funded projects

Abstract The global burden of disease attributable to lifestyle risk factors is constantly escalating on a worldwide scale. Inadequate diet and sedentary behaviors stand out as particularly impactful contributors to chronic non-communicable diseases, resulting in millions of deaths annually and projecting stable, alarming trends for the foreseeable future. These statistics raise significant concerns among public health experts, particularly regarding the pervasive influence of unhealthy lifestyles on younger generations. This demographic cohort’s susceptibility poses a substantial threat to the future trajectory of non-communicable diseases and places immense strain on healthcare systems and global health outcomes. In light of these challenges, the imperative for public health initiatives and interventions aimed at promoting healthy lifestyles becomes glaringly apparent. Addressing the root causes of unhealthy behaviors through targeted interventions is essential to reverse the projected trends and mitigate future health risks. Public health authorities shoulder the responsibility of prioritizing such endeavors, as they play a pivotal role in shaping environments conducive to healthy living for present and future generations alike. Embracing innovative methodologies, leveraging technological advancements, and adopting modern approaches are imperative to engage and mobilize younger populations effectively. Initiatives funded by entities such as the European Union serve as promising examples, highlighting the potential for collaborative efforts to drive meaningful change. Sharing the methodologies and findings of such projects within the public health community can catalyze knowledge dissemination and foster collaboration, ultimately amplifying the impact of intervention strategies worldwide. By prioritizing intervention studies for behavioral change, stakeholders can collectively address the pressing challenge of lifestyle-related diseases and pave the way for healthier, more resilient communities. The aim of this workshop is to provide an overview of multi-national EU funded projects aiming to promote healthy lifestyles in the Mediterranean region. Key messages • Innovative and more modern approaches are needed to improve the diet in the Mediterranean region. • Children and adolescents are the main targets to counteract the rise of non-communicable diseases.

Hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis caused by Val142Ile variant in Spain: phenotypic characteristics, geographic distribution and population frequency

Abstract Background During recent years, several cases of hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis (ATTRv) due to p.Val142Ile have been described in patients without African ancestry in countries like Japan, Spain or Italy (1,2,3,4). All this evidence suggests that p.Val142Ile might be more prevalent than expected worldwide. Objectives The aim of this study was to analyze the impact of ATTRv caused p.Val142Ile in Spain to define its phenotypic characteristics, to explore endemic geographical areas and define its population frequency. Methods Patients diagnosed with ATTRv caused by p.Val142Ile and carriers irrespective of their phenotype were recruited from 16 centers in Spain. Baseline characteristics and events during follow-up were retrieved. Population frequency was assessed through the Spanish National DNA bank (N=3,569) and the Catalan Health Databank (N=790). Results The cohort included information regarding 164 subjects (75 probands [45.7%] and 89 relatives [54.3%]). Among probands, mean age was 73.9 ± 8.5 years and 47 (62.7%) were males. 67 probands (89.3%) had self-declared European ancestry and only 6 cases (8%) referred African or Afro-American ancestry. Cardiac symptoms were the most frequent reason leading to ATTRv diagnosis (N=64, 85.3%) followed by incidental finding (N=8, 10.7%) and neurologic symptoms (N=3, 4%). (Figure 1). Median follow-up was 1.6 years (Interquartile range 0.6-3.2). Neurologic involvement was observed in 35 probands (46.7%) at first evaluation or during follow-up. Overall penetrance at 65, 75 and 85 years was 12.8%, 44.3% and 94.2% respectively. Male sex was associated with earlier penetrance than women (P = 0.02). 38 patients initiated treatment with tafamidis during follow-up (28 [73.7%] 20 mg and 10 [26.3%] 61 mg), despite treatment, disease progression at 1 year (cardiovascular death or 30% increase of NTProBNP) was observed in 10 patients (40%). Population frequency was estimated between 0.0% and 0.12% based on the Spanish and Catalan databases respectively. Birthplace of probands suggests a higher prevalence in the Mediterranean basin. (Figure 2) Conclusions Our data suggests that ATTRv caused by p.Val142Ile has a significant prevalence in Spain, mostly in some specific regions. Phenotypic features are defined by late onset, male predominance, and cardiac involvement although a significant proportion develop neuropathy. Disease progression was observed in 40% of patients despite disease-modifying therapies.

Investigating the diverse role of ultra-processed foods on cardiometabolic multimorbidity: Highlights from the ATTICA prospective study (2002-2022)

Abstract Background/Introduction The role of ultra-processed foods (UPF) on multimorbidity is currently unknown with limited research implying the existence of complex associations among the diverse UPF categories. Purpose The aim of the present work was to investigate the association of total and subgroup intake of UPF with cardiometabolic multimorbidity, after twenty years of observation, in a Mediterranean region. Methods In 2001-2002, n=3,042 free-of-cardiovascular disease (CVD) men and women from Attica, Greece, were recruited. Dietary assessment was based on a validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. The NOVA Food Classification system was used to assign the food products as UPF using a standard methodology. The food products assigned as UPF were further grouped as "bread and cereals", "spreads and sauces", "sweets and desserts", "artificially and sugar-sweetened beverages", "processed meat products" and "savory snacks". Cardiometabolic multimorbidity was defined as the co-occurrence of two cardiometabolic diseases i.e., type 2 diabetes and CVD within a 20-year follow-up period in a sample of n=1,846 participants with available data. Results The median consumption level of UPFs was 26.6 (16.3) servings/week contributing to around 40% of participants total daily energy intake. Over the 20–year follow–up period, n=231 cases of cardiometabolic multimorbidity were recorded. Ranking from 1st tertile (lower intake– 11.8 mean servings/week) to 2nd tertile (23.3 mean servings/week) and 3rd tertile (44.7 mean servings/week) regarding the consumption level of UPF, 20-year cardiometabolic multimorbidity was 9.5%, 13.4% and 14.7% respectively. Multi-adjusted analysis revealed that one standard deviation (SD) increase in UPF intake (servings/week) or in contribution of UPFs to total energy intake (% total energy intake) was associated with 26% [Odds ratio (OR)=1.26, 95% Confidence Interval (95%CI) (1.17–1.85)] and 29% higher risk of cardiometabolic multimorbidity [OR=1.29, 95%CI (1.08–1.69)]. Among UPF subgroups, only in case of artificial and sugar-sweetened beverages [OR=1.06, 95%CI (1.02–1.13)] as well as spreads and sauces [OR=1.06, 95%CI (1.02–1.13)] a positive association was observed. In case of breads and cereals an inverse association was observed [OR=0.95, 95%CI (0.92–0.98)]. In the rest categories even if a positive trend was observed (all ORs>1) significance was not reached (all p-values<0.05). Conclusion A dose-response relationship between UPF consumption and elevated risk of cardiometabolic multimorbidity was emerged. However, the diverse categorization of UPFs accompanied by the contradicting associations revealed herein among the different subcategories of UPFs could imply the need to return to the evaluation of foods more on the basis of their nutritional role and less on the basis of their degree of processing. The nation context accompanied by specific dietary habits should also be taken into consideration.

Mediterranean-type diet trajectories and 20-year cardiovascular disease incidence: the ATTICA study (2002-2022)

Abstract Background/Introduction The protective effects of the Mediterranean-type diet (MTD) against cardiovascular disease (CVD) are well-known. However, based on a recent systematic review of 57 studies with 1,125,560 participants, MTD adherence has declined worldwide, even in the Mediterranean region, compared to the past, especially in the last decade. Moreover, studies evaluating changes in diet and CVD risk are scarce. Purpose The aim of this study was to longitudinally evaluate MTD adherence and changes in MTD adherence during 20-years of follow-up and its relation to 20-year CVD incidence. Methods Participants initially free-of-CVD from the ATTICA study were used (n=1,986). At 2002 and 2022, CVD events were assessed according to WHO-ICD-10 and MTD adherence was assessed via MedDietScore (range: 0-55). Hence, MTD trajectories were defined according to MTD adherence in 2002 and in 2022 as: low-low, low-high, high-low, high-high (i.e., high: MedDietScore >27/55). Results During the 20-year follow-up, 30.2% (n=600) of the participants were always away (i.e., low-low), 30.0% (n=596) went away (high-low), 21.4% (n=424) were always close (high-high) and 22% got closer (low-high) to the MTD. The 20-year CVD incidence was: 38.8% (n=233), 87.7% (n=321), 10.2% (n=61) and 24.3% (n=103) in those in the low-low, low-high, high-low and high-high trajectory, respectively (p-value<0.001). In multi-adjusted models, adjusted for socio-economic, clinical and lifestyle parameters, it was found that compared to those who were always away from the MTD, those who were always close had 68% lower CVD risk [Hazard Ratio-HR: 0.32, 95%Confidence Interval-CI: 0.14, 0.72], while those who went away during the 20-year follow-up had 47% lower CVD risk [HR: 0.53, 95%CI: 0.32, 0.86]. Conclusion Our study findings highlight the long-lasting effects of the MTD adherence early in the life-course. Public health measures to prevent CVD should focus on facilitating MTD adherence, as early in life as possible.

UnDErstanding consumer food choices & promotion of healthy and sustainable Mediterranean diet and LIfestyle in Children and adolescents through behavIOUral change actionS: the DELICIOUS project

Abstract Over the last decades, the abandonment of traditional dietary patterns and engagement in unhealthy lifestyles (including poor physical activity, prolonged screen time, poor sleep behaviours) in children and adolescents has been considered an important threat for the future health of the younger generations living in the Mediterranean area and the safeguard of the environment. The DELICIOUS project aims to promote healthy lifestyles among children and adolescents by implementing activities and tools to increase the adherence to the Mediterranean diet with an attention to the environmental impacts of dietary habits. The DELICIOUS project as a single-arm, uncontrolled behavioral intervention program providing formal and non-formal education activities, development of new snacks and recipe reformulation, web/mobile app development, and physical activities to school children and adolescents in five European countries. Over 2000 families joined a preliminary survey to investigate potential determinants of adherence to a healthy diet. Children and adolescents recruited from schools in the parterns’ countries are now currently being recruited to participate to the intervention activities. A web application for school canteen and a mobile application for parents have been developed to help both schools and families to track and provide healthy and sustainable meals. The project aims to increase awareness of the nutritional benefits and the sustainability aspects of the Mediterranean Diet and to promote consumers’ empowerment through an online platform for sustainable and healthy meal planning in the school canteen.

Mitigating Effect of the Sea on Temperatures Along Mediterranean Coastal Areas: The Case of the Vine Territory of the Matera DOP in Basilicata (Italy)

This study aims to assess temperature variations caused by ongoing climate change in the Basilicata region, southern Italy—Ionian side of the Gulf of Taranto—on the territory of the Matera DOP vineyard. In particular, it aims to assess the influence of the sea on temperature trends, and particularly to its “mitigating effect” in the context of ongoing climate change. Temperature trends were analyzed using ERA5-Land data from 1981 to 2022 and data from weather stations of the Lucanian Agency for Development and Innovation in Agriculture from 2000 to 2023. Temperature trends were studied considering both the period of the vegetative-productive season of the vineyards and the whole year. The results of this study show that, for the historical period analyzed, the Matera DOP area showed a significant upward trend in temperatures, particularly in the inland areas. This increase, especially for minimum temperatures, is more evident at higher elevations than at lower elevations near the sea. Indeed, coastal areas benefit from the thermoregulatory effect of the Ionian Sea, which moderates temperature increases at lower elevations. It follows that the Matera DOP wine-growing areas, and particularly those furthest from the coastal strip, will have to adapt to harsh climatic conditions that will certainly affect the quality and typicality of the wines.

Leishmaniasis in Tuscany: investigation of hidden human cases and comparison with canine incidence

Abstract The Mediterranean basin hosts endemic areas for leishmaniasis, mainly attributable to the presence of sand flies. Leishmaniasis has gained importance in Europe due to climate change, globalisation and migration. For at least the last 10 years in Tuscany, Italy, there has been an important discrepancy between official notifications of visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis cases in humans and the number of hospital admissions, highlighting an important underestimation, despite mandatory notification. Moreover, official reports have increased alarmingly in the last three years. Human leishmaniasis does not always require hospitalisation: it often presents cutaneous manifestations, whereas in the immunocompetent individual it may not occur at all. For this reason, it is reasonable to assume that the number of cases is higher than the number of hospitalisations. The project aims to investigate the underreporting of human leishmaniasis cases from 2014 to 2023 by analysing laboratory diagnoses (considering any laboratory test that, according to the Italian Ministry of Health guidelines, is useful to identify a ‘confirmed case’, thus serological tests; parasitological tests; culture tests; PCR). To estimate the extent of underreporting, the capture-recapture method will be used, taking into account laboratory data, official reports and hospital data. Subsequently, a comparison will be made with the incidence, in the same territory, of veterinary cases, particularly in dogs, using data obtained from the Lazio-Tuscany Zooprophylactic Institute, to compare the trend of human and canine cases over time. Analyses are in progress and the results will be presented at the conference. Poor surveillance leads to ineffective prevention policies. The impact of the project is to strengthen the leishmaniasis surveillance system in Tuscany in order to reinforce prevention systems and face emergencies. Key messages • Due to climate change, globalization, and migration, there has been an increase in diagnoses of vector-borne diseases, including Leishmaniasis. • Leishmaniasis surveillance need to be strengthened in order to enhance prevention systems and address emergencies.

Genome-Wide Identification and Characterization Thaumatin-like Protein (TLP) Genes in Wild Olive (Olea europaea var. sylvestris)

The wild olive tree (Olea europaea var. sylvestris) is the ancestor of all olive varieties, displaying remarkable adaptability to diverse climatic conditions and soil types. This iconic tree of the Mediterranean Basin stands out for its ability to withstand environmental stresses, such as water scarcity and temperature variations, playing a crucial role in the ecology, economy, and culture of the region. In this study, 42 TLP genes were characterized in the wild olive tree, distributed across 14 chromosomes and nine scaffolds. In silico analysis revealed the presence of domains associated with antifungal activity in some sequences, indicating their potential role in pathogen resistance. The structural diversity of OeTLP genes was explored through multiple alignments, conserved motifs and phenetic analysis. Correlation was observed between phenetic diversity, genetic structure, and motif patterns, suggesting different functions among OeTLP groups. Additionally, the distribution of exons and introns in the pheneticc tree provided further insights into the evolution of these genes. Comparative modeling of OeTLPs unveiled three-dimensional models with good structural quality and distinctive surface charge characteristics. This study provides a comprehensive understanding of the physicochemical, structural, and phenetic features of TLP genes in Wild Olive, contributing to knowledge about this species' response to environmental stresses and pathogens.

Determinants of tuberculosis site among 1035 cases in Frankfurt, 2008-2023: does lineage matter?

Abstract Extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) presents with nonspecific symptoms which can pose a diagnostic challenge. Currently, there are no clear predictors for EPTB. We aimed to identify these factors for better diagnosis and disease control. We included tuberculosis cases reported in Frankfurt from 2008-2023, with available clinical and whole genome sequencing data. According to WHO criteria, cases with pulmonary or combined pulmonary and extrapulmonary symptoms were categorised as pulmonary tuberculosis, while exclusively extrapulmonary symptoms were categorised as extrapulmonary tuberculosis. We assessed the association between EPTB and M. tuberculosis lineage, comorbidities and demographic characteristics using logistic regression, calculating crude and adjusted odds ratios (aOR). Of the 1035 reported tuberculosis cases, 272 had exclusively extrapulmonary disease and 136 had both pulmonary and extrapulmonary disease. In the univariable analysis, lineages 1 and 3 were significantly associated with extrapulmonary disease compared to lineage 4. However, this association was not observed in the multivariable analysis. In the final regression model, females were more likely to develop EPTB than men (aOR: 1.65, CI: 1.19-2.27). The odds of developing extrapulmonary disease were higher among patients born in the South-East Asian (aOR: 6.48, CI: 3.72-11.43) and Eastern Mediterranean (aOR: 5.54, CI: 3.41-9.11) than in other regions. Among the comorbidities, diabetes was found to be negatively associated with extrapulmonary disease (aOR: 0.50, CI: 0.26-0.91). Our results indicate that host factors such as geographic origin and sex are stronger predictors for extrapulmonary presentation of tuberculosis than a specific lineage. We recommend increasing physicians’ awareness of the nonspecific presentation of EPTB and adapting screening programmes, particularly for patients from South-East Asian and Eastern Mediterranean regions to foster more effective tuberculosis control measures. Key messages • Our study highlights the importance of considering host factors in predicting extrapulmonary tuberculosis, indicating their stronger influence compared to specific M. tuberculosis lineages. • Increased physicians’ awareness of the nonspecific symptoms of EPTB and targeted screening programs for high-risk populations are crucial for enhancing tuberculosis control measures.

Sexual harassment among higher education students: a worldwide review

Abstract Introduction Sexual harassment is an uprising problem in higher education systems worldwide with major impacts on students. The aim of this study was to describe and meta-analyze quantitative data on sexual harassment prevalence among higher education students. Methods We searched in seven databases and included studies published in English and French from 2000 until 2023 if they measured sexual harassment prevalence on students attending higher education, and they were quantitative cross-sectional studies. Prevalence estimates disaggregated by gender identity, and world region were meta-analyzed using a random-effects model and reported following PRISMA guidance. Results We identified 53 articles, from 6 different regions of the world, with highly variable sample sizes, ranging from 164 to 779,170. 45% of the samples were from the United States. 32% of studies used convenience or purposive sampling and 39% random sampling. The meta-analyzed prevalence of sexual harassment was globally 36.9% (95% CI [30.6, 43.6], 43.7% for women, 16.8% for men, 33.4% for non-binary. In additional, variations in prevalence were observed across the different world regions. In particular, the Eastern Mediterranean region presented the highest prevalence estimates for sexual harassment among women, reaching 67.5%, while the Americas region presented the highest prevalence estimates for sexual harassment among men, at 18.8%. Discussions Higher education institutions, especially in low- and middle-income countries, should commit to the conduct of surveys to monitor the prevalence of sexual harassment, and policymakers should allocate specific funds and resources to support the implementation of sexual harassment prevention and intervention initiatives in higher education, prioritizing the safety and well-being of students. Key messages • High prevalence of sexual harassment in higher education underscores urgent need for proactive measures to ensure student safety and well-being. • Policymakers should allocate specific funds and resources to support the implementation of SH prevention and intervention initiatives in higher education.

Seed ecology of the arid zone invasive thistle; Centaurea melitensis L.: A study of the effects of seasonal temperature, pH, salinity and moisture stress

AbstractCentaurea melitensis L., known commonly as Malta thistle, is an aggressive and invasive weed species native to the Mediterranean region. This species now occupies a diverse range of ecosystems and climate types across the globe, including the semi‐arid zone of New South Wales, Australia. This semi‐arid climate differs dramatically from its native Mediterranean climate, therefore, we aimed to identify if local adaptations in the seed ecology for C. melitensis have developed. Seeds were collected from mature C. melitensis at Nanya Station, located within the Scotia region of NSW, and then transported to Federation University Australia, Mt. Helen, Victoria. Under laboratory conditions, mature seeds were tested for their germination responses to temperature (17/7, 25/15, 30/20, 35/25°C), photoperiod (12 h light and 12 h dark [L/D], 24 h dark [D]), salinity (0, 25, 50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 mM), osmotic potential (0, −0.1, −0.2, −0.4, −0.6, and −0.8 MPa), and pH (5, 6, 6.2, 7, 8, 9, and 10). The seeds achieved 100% germination in the 17/7°C treatment, with light not being a limiting factor. The seeds exposed to the 25/15°C (D) and 30/20°C (D) treatments also maintained high germination percentage, whilst germination was significantly reduced in the 35/25°C (D) treatment. The L/D photoperiod maintained a 77.5% germination rate at 35/25°C. Whilst increased salinity reduced seed germination from 97.5% in the control to 6% at 250 mM, this species nevertheless demonstrated resistance to osmotic stress with 23% germination observed at 0.8 MPa. Germination exceeded 90% at all of the soil pH treatments, although mean germination time was significantly reduced when seeds were treated with a solution of pH 10. Our results demonstrate that the C. melitensis seeds collected in Australia's semi‐arid zone demonstrated high germination plasticity and are capable of competitive germination in warmer and drier conditions compared to its native Mediterranean climate. Therefore, management efforts that prioritise restricting the spread of C. melitensis seeds into new environments, for example through practising correct sanitation protocols, coupled with the early detection and control of emerging populations will be critical for C. melitensis management in Australia.

A Paleoenvironmental Reconstruction of Lake Vrana on the Island of Cres (Croatia) Based on the Geochemistry and Mineralogy of the Late Pleistocene and Holocene Sediments

A 7.4 m long sediment core has been retrieved from the central part of Lake Vrana on the island of Cres to reconstruct the paleoenvironmental conditions. Lake Vrana is the deepest freshwater lake in Croatia, located in the karst region of the eastern Adriatic coast. A dated sediment sequence in Lake Vrana of 4.4 m has spanned the past 16.4 kyr, and it featured a dynamic sediment deposition until the beginning of the Holocene, including strong sediment input and supply to the lake by runoff sediments of dolomitic origin from the catchment in the period 16.4–14.4 cal kyr BP. High organic carbon content, which originates from mixed terrestrial and aquatic origins in the periods 14.4–13.3 cal kyr BP and 12.7–11.7 cal kyr BP, indicates fluctuating lake levels in shallow water environments during the Late Glacial to Holocene transition. The Holocene sequence indicates the development of more stable conditions and continuous sediment deposition, characterized by an increasing trend of siliciclastic sediments delivered into the lake during the early Holocene (11.7–10 cal kyr BP) and dominantly from 8 to 4.4 cal kyr BP, indicating enhanced input and erosion, which coincides with the humid and pluvial period recorded in the central Mediterranean region. It is followed by sediments with high organic carbon content between 4.4 and 1.6 cal kyr BP, which points to higher lake productivity. Calcite sedimentation prevailed between 1.6 to 0.4 cal kyr BP, indicating stable deeper-lake conditions. Predominantly, siliciclastic sediments from 0.4 to 0.1 cal kyr BP pointed to erosion during the Little Ice Age (LIA), with enhanced precipitation and sediment discharge from the catchment. The re-establishment of calcite sedimentation has been observed over the last 100 years.

Effect of Different Irrigated Crop Successions on Soil Carbon and Nitrogen–Phosphorus–Potassium Budget Under Mediterranean Conditions

Sustainability in agroecosystems relies on the optimized use of resources to achieve consistent yields while maintaining or improving soil health. The monitoring of soil quality is crucial when changes from rainfall-fed to irrigated crop systems occur. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of different crop successions in the Mediterranean area under irrigation and different technical practices. The soil nitrogen–phosphorous–potassium (NPK) and soil organic carbon (SOC) balances were observed in four fields with irrigated annual crops in a two-year succession timeframe, namely, sunflower–maize (P1), sunflower–clover (P2), maize–sunflower (P3), and alfalfa–alfalfa (P4). The SOC and nutrient balance, integrating the total irrigation, mineral fertilizers, and exported yield, was calculated for each farm. Except for maize–sunflower succession (P3), all fields presented a negative SOC balance at the end of the two-year crop succession, indicating losses from 2.84 to 4.91 Mg SOC ha−1 y−1. While in N-fixing plants the soil N decreased, in the remaining crops a surplus was observed, possibly leading to future N losses. The continuous depletion of soil P revealed a potential underestimation of this nutrient. Soil K appears to be related to specific crop management practices, namely, crop residue incorporation after harvest. In annual irrigated crops under Mediterranean conditions, crop succession can induce soil fertility degradation if conservation practices are absent.

Ectomycorrhizal fungal communities associated with Crocanthemum and Lechea (Cistaceae) in subtropical Florida sandhill habitats.

Cistaceae are shrubs, subshrubs and herbs that often occur in stressful, fire-prone or disturbed environments and form ectomycorrhizal (ECM) associations with symbiotic fungi. Although some Cistaceae are long-lived shrubs that grow to significant size, others are herbaceous annuals or short-lived plants. Thus, Cistaceae are atypical ECM hosts that are fundamentally different in their biology from trees that are the more typically studied ECM hosts. The Mediterranean region is the center of diversity for Cistaceae and the ectomycorrhizal fungi associated with Cistaceae hosts have primarily been studied in Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East. Mediterranean Cistaceae often host diverse communities of ECM fungi, but they also act as hosts for some ECM fungi that putatively show host-specificity or strong host preference for Cistaceae (including species of Delastria, Hebeloma, Terfezia, and Tirmania). The ECM associations of Cistaceae in North America, however, remain highly understudied. Here we use fungal DNA metabarcoding to document the ectomycorrhizal fungal communities associated with Crocanthemum and Lechea (Cistaceae) in open, fire-prone sandhill habitats in north Florida. At each site we also sampled nearby Pinus to determine whether small, herbaceous Cistaceae have specialized ECM fungi or whether they share their ECM fungal community with nearby pines. The ECM communities of Florida Cistaceae are dominated by Cenococcum (Ascomycota) and Russula (Basidiomycota) species but were also significantly associated with Delastria, an understudied genus of mostly truffle-like Pezizales (Ascomycota). Although many Cistaceae ECM fungi were shared with neighboring pines, the ECM communities with Cistaceae were nonetheless significantly different than those of pines.

Phytochemical composition, in vitro cytotoxicity, and in silico docking properties of Tamarix tetragyna L.

Tamarix tetragyna is a plant grows in Mediterranean area and some Arab countries. It possesses numerous medicinal values. Purpose of our study is to explore biological activity of tamarix tetragyna extracts of both leaves and stem with investigating their phytochemical composition. The investigated extracts’ phyto-constituent composition was determined using gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric method. In addition, in vitro cytoxicity activity versus cancer cell lines such MCF-7, HepG-2, HCT-116, and A-549 was examined by MTT assay method, together with exploring its apoptosis effect by flow cytometry and western blot analysis techniques. Moreover, some phytochemical compounds were identified, and in-silico evaluated against anticancer molecular targets. Plant extracts showed good cytotoxic activity against both A-549 and HCT-116 cancer cell lines. With an IC50 value of 23.90 µg/ml that led to apoptosis and G2/M-phase arrest in A-549 cells, cytotoxicity data demonstrate leaves’ extract effectiveness against these cells. Upon GC-MS analysis, it revealed presence of some bioactive components such as Stigmast-5-en-3-ol and 2-methoxy-4-vinyl phenol, which are known for their cytotoxic activity. Our findings suggest that methanolic extracts of Tamarix tetragyna parts may have potential therapeutic uses as anticancer against A-549 cells, which opens up further avenues for investigation into its industrial applications.