Mediterranean Coast Of Turkey Research Articles

Rock-Cut Slipways and Slipping Techniques at Dana Island Shipyard

One of the great recent discoveries in maritime archaeology was the discovery, in 2015, of a hitherto unknown shipyard in the Cilicia Region. Approximately 294 slipways/shipsheds were found on Dana Island (Pitusu-Pityoussa) in eastern Rough Cilicia (Cilicia Trachea), on the Mediterranean coast of Turkey. Recent studies carried out in 2023 on the island have added to our knowledge of the techniques of landing and servicing vessels, while also uncovering an additional small slipway at this location. Some of the rock-cut slipways for the ships have modestly sized rock-cut constructions behind or between them, and these have been interpreted as service areas for the tenders to the mother ships. These features may indicate that maintenance of both the ship and tender was carried out simultaneously. The rock-cut slipways on Dana Island have different characteristics and range considerably in type and size, implying the use of different slipping techniques at various periods. A number of these features are present on other known ancient slipways in the Mediterranean, such as Rhtymna, Eulimna and Matalon (Crete), Tell Dor (Israel), and Apollonia (Cyrenaica-Libya).

Monitoring and multi-scenario simulation of agricultural land changes using Landsat imageries and FLUS model on coastal Alanya

Anthropogenic activities have adverse impacts on productive lands around coastal zones due to rapid developments. Assessment of land use and land cover (LULC) changes provides better understanding of the process for conservation of such vulnerable ecosystems. Alanya is one of the most popular tourism hotspots in Mediterranean coast of Turkey, and even though the city faced with severe LULC changes after mid-80s due to tourism-related investments, limited number of studies has conducted in the area The study aimed to determine short-term and long-term LULC changes and effects of residential development process on agricultural lands using six Landsat imageries acquired between 1984 and 2017, and presented the first attempt of future simulation in the area. Average annual conversions (AAC) (ha) calculated to assess magnitudes of annual changes in six different periods. AACs used to calculate area demands for LULC2030 and LULC2050, whereby annual conversions from different periods were multiplied by number of years between 2017, 2030 and 2050 for each scenario. Finally, optimistic and pessimistic scenarios for agricultural lands are simulated using FLUS model. Accordingly, agricultural lands decreased from 53.9% to 31.4% by 22.5% in 33 years, and predicted to change between 19.50% and 24.63% for 2030, 1.07% and 14.10% for 2050, based on pessimistic and optimistic scenarios, respectively.

Modification of Saharan dust size distribution during its transport over the Anatolian Plateau

Particle number size distribution in dust plumes and its modification as the plume travels over the Anatolia were investigated by measuring particle number size distributions at two stations: one located on the Mediterranean coast of Turkey and the other on the Anatolian plateau. Clustering of backtrajectories revealed six trajectory clusters at the Marmaris station and nine clusters at the Ankara station. Cluster 6 in Marmaris and clusters 6, 7 and 9 in Ankara stations had the potential to transport Saharan dust to stations. Concentration of particles with D ≤ 1 μm increased during dust events in the Ankara station, but decreased at the Marmaris station. Higher PM1 concentrations during the non-dust period at the Marmaris station were attributed to the dominance of secondary particle formation on PM1 concentrations. Occurrence of sea salt episodes at the Marmaris station and anthropogenic episodes at the Ankara station affects the distribution of episodes. If different types of episodes are not differentiated and all episodes are considered as dust, it can lead to misleadingly high dust episodes in winter. Six Saharan dust episodes were sequentially intercepted first at the Marmaris and then at the Ankara stations. These episodes were used to study how dust size distribution is modified as the plume travels from the Mediterranean coast to central Anatolia. On the average, travel time between the two stations is 1–2 days. Particle number concentrations in 1 μm ≤ D ≤ 110 μm size range were consistently high at the Ankara station, indicating that local sources play a role in modifying the number size distribution as the plume travels over the Anatolian plateau.

“Trace element composition of fine and coarse particles at a background mountain station in Eastern Mediterranean: Assessment aerosol components and their source regions

Components making up aerosol population at a mountain station (1000 m asl) on the Mediterranean coast of Turkey were investigated. Fine (PM2.5) and coarse (PM2.5–10) particle samples were collected at approximately 8 km outside the Marmaris province, on the Mediterranean coast of Turkey. Fifteen elements were measured using energy dispersive x-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) technique. 84%–88% of crustal elements and 48%–51% of anthropogenic elements, except for S, were associated with coarse particles. EFc – Al diagrams showed that relatively high contribution of coarse particles on concentrations of anthropogenic elements is due to coagulation of fine anthropogenic particles on coarse crustal particles. Cluster analysis resulted in seven trajectory clusters. Two of these clusters have potential to bring dust from Sahara and two had potential to bring particles from local sources at western and central parts of Turkey. Concentrations of crustal elements were higher in summer due to limited resuspension in winter. Concentrations of pollution-derived elements were also high in summer due to more effective wet scavenging during winter season. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis resulted in five factors which were identified as sea salt, crustal, local anthropogenic, oil combustion and regional combustion factors. Source regions affecting these anthropogenic components were supported by distributions of PSCF values. Approximately 75% of PM10 mass is accounted for by secondary inorganic ions, crustal material, and sea salt. Dust transported from North Africa accounted for 55%–76% of concentrations of crustal elements, but only 26% of PM10 mass, due to sea salt and secondary ion contribution to PM10 mass concentrations.

First occurrence of juvenile Sargocentron rubrum (Forsskål, 1775) from South-Eastern Mediterranean, Turkey

In the present study, one juvenile specimen of redcoat Sargocentron rubrum (Forsskål, 1775) was first reported from the Mediterranean coast of Turkey with a visual record during an underwater survey conducted from the coast of Arsuz (Konacik), Iskenderun Bay, at a depth of 3 m, on September 11, 2018. The Family Holocentridae is currently represented in the Mediterranean by seven species, all exotic, six of them originate in the Red Sea (Lessepsian migrants) and one originates from the Atlantic.

Summer distribution and community structure of surface water mesozooplankton from the eastern Mediterranean Sea

The zooplankton community structure and its relationship with environmental parameters were evaluated in the surface waters (0–50 m) of the eastern Mediterranean (the Aegean Sea’s coastal waters and the Levanine Sea’s coastal and offshore waters), from coastal waters to open sea waters, during the summer for two years. A total of 157 species/groups were registered in the study area. Copepods, cladocerans, doliolids, meroplankton and appendicularians represented the most important zooplankton groups. Five copepod species (Corycaeus [Onychocorycaeus] ovalis, Goniopsyllus clausi, Oncaea scottodicarloi, Sapphirina bicuspidata and Scaphocalanus curtus) have been recorded for the first time in Turkish coastal regions; three species (Centropages bradyi, Goniopsyllus clausi and Oncaea scottodicarloi) had not previously been found in the Aegean Sea; and one species (Goniopsyllus clausi) has been added for the first time to the eastern Mediterranean fauna. Moreover, Pleopis schmackeri was already found to be present in both the Aegean Sea and Mediterranean coasts of Turkey in August 2006. Dominant species varied from the coastal waters to open waters. A small number of species belonging to the coastal community (e.g. Penilia avirostris, Pseudevadne tergestina, Oithona plumifera, Paracalanus parvus and Centropages kroyeri) dominated all coastal areas. In contrast, the open water stations were characterised by the presence of typically epipelagic species of the Mediterranean Sea (e.g. Calocalanus spp., Clausocalanus furcatus, Lucicutia flavicornis, Mecynocera clausi, Farranula rostrata, Oncaea scottodicarloi and Oncaea mediterranea).

Analyzing the wastewater treatment facility location/network design problem via system dynamics: Antalya, Turkey case

Wastewater treatment facility location selection and network design issues have become attractive topics in the field of wastewater management due to increasing human population, resource scarcity, environmental concerns, and rise of necessity for sustainable solutions for future policy designs. Especially in areas where the demand for wastewater treatment increases dramatically over the years because of reasons such as high migration levels, rapid industrialization, and tourism activities, the problem turns out to be more critical and dynamic. The existing studies try to deal with the issue through mathematical modeling approaches based on optimization perspectives, which require significant computational effort. In this study, an alternative approach based on system dynamics (SD) method is proposed to examine the complex dynamic and nonlinear structure of wastewater treatment facility location selection and network design problems. The proposed SD simulation model is designed for a densely populated industrial and tourism spot, the city of Antalya, located on the Mediterranean coast of Turkey. The model is capable of determining where and when to build a new wastewater treatment facility as well as generating the generic wastewater network structure to be built for the five districts situated in the city center based on cost issues for 2015–2040 period. In addition, the impacts of demand level changes for wastewater treatment due to population variations are analyzed via several scenarios to help decision makers to develop sustainable and cost-efficient management policies. Although SD is a frequently utilized approach in the water/wastewater management arena, to the best of our knowledge, this study is the first attempt to examine the complex and dynamic nature of wastewater treatment facility location selection and network design problems through SD approach.

Estimation of CPUE and CPUA of pufferfish (Tetraodontidae) caught by the Bottom Trawl Fishery in the eastern Mediterranean Coasts

Two indicators of pufferfish communities, catch per unit effort (CPUE) and catch per unit area (CPUA), were used with surveys of bottom trawl fishery to elucidate the level of the catch of each pufferfish species in the Mediterranean coasts of Turkey, comprising the Iskenderun Bay, Mersin Bay, and Antalya Bay. The surveys were conducted seasonally in 2019. The average rate of CPUE for Lagocephalus sceleratus, L. suezensis, L. spadiceus, and Torquigener flavimaculosus were 2.2, 0.8, 0.5, and 0.2 kg km-2, respectively that the highest CPUE values were in winter (8.0 kg km-2) for L. sceleratus and also lowest was in winter (0.08 kg km-2) for L. spadiceus. The highest and lowest CPUE values were at the depth of 20-50 m (2.7 kg km-2) for L. sceleratus and 50-80 m (0.08 kg km-2) for T. flavimaculosus, respectively. The highest CPUE values (3.5 kg km-2) were found at the sandy bottom for L. sceleratus, and the lowest one (0.01 kg km-2) was at the hardy-ground for T. flavimaculosus. The average annual CPUA of pufferfish species at the Iskenderun, Mersin, and Antalya bays was estimated as 15.6, 28.4, and 6.81 kg, respectively, with a mean value of 17.3 kg/day/boat. In multiple correspondence analysis, L. sceleratus showed a great contribution to CPUE and CPUA data. However, T. flavimaculosus revealed contribution, especially in catch numbers which were positively affected by precipitation. L. spadiceus, L. suezensis, and T. flavimaculosus were positively affected by depth, temperature, month, season, and bottom structure.

Second record of the Blacktip Grouper Epinephelus fasciatus (Teleostei: Serranidae) in the Mediterranean Sea

A red grouper was caught with a spear gun at depths of 8-10 m at the Alanya Harbor Breakwater. The purpose of this study is to determine this species, which is seen for the first time in the Mediterranean coasts of Turkey, and to add it to the Gulf of Antalya fish fauna. In the species identification, it was determined that this fish was Epinephelus fasciatus. E. fasciatus caught in Alanya Harbor is the second record for the Mediterranean and the first record for the Turkish coast. This fish became the second lessepsian Serranid species detected in the Gulf of Antalya, and the number of Serranid species with high economic value increased to nine with this species.Keyword: Blacktip; Epinephelus fasciatus; grouper; Gulf of Antalya; record

Second record of the Blacktip Grouper Epinephelus fasciatus (Teleostei: Serranidae) in the Mediterranean Sea

A red grouper was caught with a spear gun at depths of 8-10 m at the Alanya Harbor Breakwater. The purpose of this study is to determine this species, which is seen for the first time in the Mediterranean coasts of Turkey, and to add it to the Gulf of Antalya fish fauna. In the species identification, it was determined that this fish was Epinephelus fasciatus. E. fasciatus caught in Alanya Harbor is the second record for the Mediterranean and the first record for the Turkish coast. This fish became the second lessepsian Serranid species detected in the Gulf of Antalya, and the number of Serranid species with high economic value increased to nine with this species.

Factors affecting particle number size distributions at a suburban and a rural site at the Anatolian Plateau

In this work, number size distributions of particles between 0.2 and 34 μm were measured with a laser spectrometer. Temporal and spatial variability in size distributions were investigated. Measurements were carried out at two stations; the Mediterranean coast of Turkey (Marmaris) and central Anatolia (Ankara). PM1, PM2.5, and PM10 mass concentrations were measured. Flow climatology indicated that air masses spent more time in the south of Mediterranean basin in winter and in the North of the basin during summer months. Median PM10 concentrations measured in Marmaris and Ankara stations were 17 and 38 μg m−3, respectively. North African dust transport was not the main PM10 source in the suburban station, but it was significant in the rural station. The median PM2.5 concentration was higher at Ankara due to anthropogenic emissions which was not observed in Marmaris. Median PM1 concentrations were comparable in both stations. 90–95% of the particles were between 0.26 and 0.42 μm size ranges. Coarse particle concentrations were higher at the suburban station, whereas fine particles were higher at the rural station. Concentrations depicted a well-defined seasonal pattern in the rural station, with higher concentrations in summer season. Although concentrations of PM size fractions were also higher in the summer season in Ankara station, seasonal differences were not as well-defined as in the rural station. PM1 and PM2.5 concentrations did not show any difference between weekends and weekdays, but PM10 concentrations, particularly the 2.5 μm < D < 10 μm, were higher on weekdays due to contribution of resuspended road dust.

First Record for the Histioteuthis reversa (Verrill, 1880), (Cephalopoda/ Histioteuthidae) in the Gulf of Antalya, Turkey

A different squid species was caught with a trawling net at the coordinates of 36o 39'.431'' N; 31o 9.841''E and a depth of approximately 600-650 m in the Gulf of Antalya. In the identification of species, this squid species was determined to be Histioteuthis reversa (Verrill, 1880). This is the second record for the squid species in the Mediterranean Coast of Turkey and the first record in the Gulf of Antalya.Keywords: Gulf of Antalya; Histioteuthis reversa; Mediterranean; Record

First Record for the Histioteuthis reversa (Verrill, 1880), (Cephalopoda/Histioteuthidae) in the Gulf of Antalya/ Turkey

A different squid species was caught with a trawling net at the coordinates of 36o 39'.431'' N; 31o 9.841''E and a depth of approximately 600-650 m in the Gulf of Antalya. In the identification of species, this squid species was determined to be Histioteuthis reversa (Verrill, 1880). This is the second record for the squid species in the Mediterranean Coast of Turkey and the first record in the Gulf of Antalya.Keywords: Gulf of Antalya; Histioteuthis reversa; Mediterranean; Record

First Record of Orange Spotted Grouper Epinephelus coioides (Hamilton, 1822) from the Iskenderun Bay, the northeastern Mediterranean

A single specimen of orange spotted grouper Epinephelus coioides (Hamilton, 1822) was captured by a fisherman with a fishing line from the Iskenderun Bay (Konacık, Turkey) at 52 m depth. The morphological and color descriptions of E. coioides agree with previous descriptions. This record indicates that the eastward migration of this species in the Mediterranean coast of Turkey and fills the gap in the distribution range of the serranid species.

Performance assessment of a desiccant air-conditioning system combined with dew-point indirect evaporative cooler and PV/T

In this study, a new solid desiccant air-conditioning system configuration integrated with direct and dew-point indirect evaporative coolers and water-cooled photovoltaic-thermal solar collectors (PV/T) is proposed and simulated for a building located in Adana, a humid and hot city on Mediterranean coast of Turkey. New multiple linear regression equations are developed for the performance of desiccant wheel and dew-point indirect evaporative cooler, which are the two crucial components of the air-conditioning system and used in hourly simulations. Building set temperature, exhaust air mixing ratio, suitable warm air source for preheating regeneration air and optimum connection strategy of PV/T collectors to each other are examined in detail. Hourly and daily thermal coefficient of performance (COPth), solar fraction, primary energy consumption and specific primary energy consumption are calculated to evaluate the energetic performance of the system. COPth of the system ranges from 0.28 to 0.40 during the day, with a daily COPth of 0.34. 69% of the thermal energy required to regenerate desiccant wheel can be generated by the PV/T water collectors.

Organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls from a greenhouse area on the Mediterranean coast of Turkey: Distribution, air-soil exchange, enantiomeric signature, and source implications

Levels, seasonal variation, and air-soil exchange of 22 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and 15 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were determined in addition to the first insight into the enantiomeric signatures of chiral OCPs in an agricultural region of Turkey. A total of 47 polyurethane foam disk passive air samples and 34 surface/in-depth soil samples were analyzed. ∑OCP and ∑PCB levels in air samples were 32.6–741 pg/m3 and nd-2764 pg/m3, while they were nd-28.1 ng/g dw and nd-0.302 ng/g dw in soil samples, respectively. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its metabolites and endosulfan isomers were the most prevalent chemicals along with the light-weighted PCB congeners. During this study, lower or similar contamination levels were observed compared to global studies conducted in agricultural regions. The enantiomer fractions of o,p’-DDT in air samples might be due to re-volatilization of equally depleted enantiomers or fresh input of racemic o,p'-DDT to the air. The fugacity fractions showed that net deposition is the dominant mechanism.

Club convergence and drivers of house prices across Turkish cities

PurposeThis paper aims to examine the convergence pattern of residential house prices in a panel of 55 major cities in Turkey over the period between 2010 and 2018 and to investigate the determinants of convergence club formations.Design/methodology/approachThe authors applied the log t-test to identify the convergence clubs and estimated ordered logit model to determine the key drivers.FindingsThe results suggest that there are five convergence clubs and confirm the heterogeneity of the Turkish housing market. Istanbul, the commercial capital, and Mugla, an attractive tourist destination, are at the top of the housing market and followed by the cities located in the western part, particularly along the Aegean and Mediterranean coasts of Turkey. Moreover, the ordered logit model results point out that the differences in employment rate, climate, population density and having a metropolitan municipality play a significant role in determining convergence club membership.Practical implicationsLarge-scale policy measures aiming to increase employment opportunities in rural cities of central and eastern provinces and providing lower land prices and property taxes in the metropolitan cities of Turkey can help mitigate some of the divergence in the house prices across cities.Originality/valueThe novelty of this study lies in employing a new data set at the city level containing 55 cities in Turkey, which is by far the largest in terms of city coverage among emerging market economies to implement the log t-test. It also contributes to the literature on city-specific determinants of convergence club formation in the case of an emerging economy.

Köyceğiz-Dalyan Lagün Ekosistemi Kefal Populasyonlarının Büyüme Performans İndeksleri

As it is common in tropical and temperate zones, mullet species constitute the most important fish species caught along the coast and estuaries of Turkey. In terms of ecology, tourism and and fish productivity (52 kg/ha), Koycegiz-Dalyan Lagoon Ecosystem (KDLES) is the most important lagoon, with a 5500 ha surface area, is the Mediterranean Coast of Turkey. In the dalyan (barrier fish trap) systems; approximately 225 tons (80-405 tons) of mullets are caught to obtain 5 tons of dried fish eggs per year. Seventy percent of fish production in the lagoon is composed of mullets. The mullet samples were collected monthly between October 1992 and September 1994 from eight stations (one of them is a marine station) by trammel nets. The ages were determined using by scales anda ge composition varied form 0 to 6 ages. Species composition of 1159 sampled individuals were proportionally determined as Mugil cephalus 45%, Liza aurata 35%, Liza saliens 14%, Liza ramada 12%, Chelon labrasus 6%. The growth performance indices calculated from von Bertalanffy growth parameters using by all individuals for the M. cephalus, L. aurata, L. saliens, L. ramada and C. labrasus were determined as 2.957, 2.866, 2.692 and 2.719, respectively. The highest growth performance index was calculated for M. cephalus. The growth performance indeces of mullet species in Köyceğiz-Dalyan Lagoon Ecosystem were found around the world averages.

After four decades—Occurrence of the daggertooth pike conger, Muraenesox cinereus (Actinopterygii: Anguilliformes: Muraenesocidae), in the Mediterranean Sea

In October 2020, a single specimen of the daggertooth pike conger, Muraenesox cinereus (Forsskål, 1775), was caught by longline at a depth of 120 m, from the Mediterranean coast of Turkey. This species has been recorded from the Mediterranean for the second time after approximately four decades. This new finding shows that the distribution of the species has expanded.

After four decades—Occurrence of the daggertooth pike conger, Muraenesox cinereus (Actinopterygii: Anguilliformes: Muraenesocidae), in the Mediterranean Sea

In October 2020, a single specimen of the daggertooth pike conger, Muraenesox cinereus (Forsskål, 1775), was caught by longline at a depth of 120 m, from the Mediterranean coast of Turkey. This species has been recorded from the Mediterranean for the second time after approximately four decades. This new finding shows that the distribution of the species has expanded.