Medieval Authors Research Articles

Cosmas Pragensis Chronica Bohemorum

<i>Cosmas Pragensis Chronica Bohemorum</i>

ДУНГАЛ И МАКРОБИЙ: К ВОПРОСУ О ВОСПРИЯТИИ АНТИЧНЫХ ТЕКСТОВ СРЕДНЕВЕКОВЫМИ АВТОРАМИ

В статье обсуждается проблема рецепции античного (натурфилософского) знания за-падноевропейской наукой раннего Средневековья. Отмечается возможность ее решения посредством текстуальных исследований компаративного характера, цель которых состоит не только в формировании общей «картины» усвоения предшествующего знания средневековой наукой, но и в накоплении сведений о разнообразных способах и методах его трансформации и использования. Автор анализирует текст ответного письма (811 г.) ирландского монаха Дунгала (fl. 811-828) Карлу Великому о природе солнечных затмений, основанного на античных источниках – «Естественной истории» Плиния Старшего (I в.) и «Комментария на ‘Сон Сципиона’» Макробия (V в.). Выявляются цели изложения Дунгала при составлении ответа Карлу; обсуждается порядок планетарных сфер; отмечается знание Дунгалом основ античной натурфилософии; показано, как он (в зависимости от источника – Плиния или Макробия) перестраивает и перерабатывает исходный текст. Сделан вывод о попытке Дунгала ответить на вопрос Карла о солнечных затмениях и полученном результате. The paper discusses the importance of the problem of perception of ancient (natural-philosophical) knowledge by Western European science of the early Middle Ages. The possibility of its solution by means of textual comparative studies is noted. The purpose of such studies is not only the gradual and detailed formation of a general “picture” of the assimilation of previous knowledge by medieval science, but also the accumulation of information about various ways of using it. The text of the reply letter (811) of the Irish monk Dungal (fl. 811–828) to Charlemagne on the nature of solar eclipses, based on ancient sources (“Natural History” by Pliny the Elder [1st c.] and “Commentary on the ‘Dream of Scipio’ ” by Macrobius [V c.]), is under consideration. The explicit and hidden goals of the Dungal’s text are revealed; the order of the planetary spheres is discussed; Dungal's knowledge of the foundations of ancient natural philosophy is noted; it is shown how Dungal (depending on his source — Pliny or Macrobius) rebuilds and processes the original text. The conclusion is made about Dungal’s attempt to answer Charlemagne’s question and the result obtained.

Scribal and Commentary Traditions at the Dawn of Print: The Manuscripts of the Near Eastern School of Theology as an Archive of the Early Nahḍa

Abstract This article focuses on the Arabic manuscript collection of the Near Eastern School of Theology (NEST). The NEST library contains several manuscripts that were donated, copied, or read by important Christian-born intellectuals of the nahḍa. Given these men’s role in the emergence of modern publishing in the Middle East, I examine the intersections between their scribal and printing activities. I also discuss works of grammar, logic, and rhetoric in the NEST’s collection. Most of these are by late medieval and early modern authors and contain extensive commentaries and glosses. This commentary culture was a key site of learning throughout the early modern Ottoman Empire and endured among Christian as well as Muslim intellectuals of the nahḍa movement. The persistence of these scribal and intellectual traditions reveals a longue durée of Islamicate scholarly traditions that is only beginning to be understood by historians of Arab modernity.

Matilde de Magdeburgo y Margarita Porete. Diferentes modos de comprender el amor en la unión con la divinidad

Este artículo analiza la obra de dos beguinas del s. XIII pertenecientes a la denominada teología vernácula. Se propone caracterizar las obras de Matilde de Magdeburgo,La luz que fluye de la divinidad, y de Margarita Porete, El espejo de las almas simples, a fin de determinar las notas más distintivas de las autoras. En ambos trabajos el amor es central, a la vez que está íntimamente vinculado con el conocimiento. Aun así, la lectura de los textos y su detenido examen permite proponer que la obra de Matilde está principalmente relacionada con la literatura del amor cortés mientras que la de Margarita, a la vez que incluye estos elementos, está más enraizada en la mística de la nada, que será luego ampliamente conocida en la tradición por el trabajo de Meister Eckhart. Por esta razón, el lugar otorgado a los sentidos y la corporalidad adquiere mayor relevancia en la obra de Matilde, mientras que en Margarita la experiencia amorosa unitiva es puramente espiritual. Estos matices en las caracterizaciones de la unión con la divinidad deben ser leídos en su contexto histórico, dado que durante el s. XIII y el siguiente se desarrolló una polémica sobre el carácter afectivo o intelectual de la unión mística. Estas diferentes maneras de entender el amor que encontramos en los trabajos de estas autoras medievales representan otro modo de abordar la idea y la función del eros, que desde Platón en adelante ha sido uno de los temas centrales de la reflexión filosófica.

Седентаризация средневековых кочевников Восточной Европы: понимание и проявление

Research objectives: To demonstrate that, contrary to the opinion of many researchers of the history and culture of nomads during the Middle Ages, sedentarization (the transition from a nomadic to settled lifestyle) was neither an end in itself nor the result of a natural historical development of nomadic societies. Research materials: This study is based on a source analysis of archaeological data, medieval written sources, and the works of travelers of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries who described the lifestyle and mentality of the Turkic and Mongol nomads who lived in the steppes of Eurasia at that time. Results and novelty of the research: Soviet researchers explained the gradual but sequential transition of nomads to a settled lifestyle through the methodology of a three-staged scheme: 1) the tabor stage represented by rare archaeological sites in the steppe; 2) the semi-nomadic stage with the appearance of stationary burial mounds and settlements in the steppe, which marked the places of nomadic wintering; 3) the stage of settlement with the appearance of nomadic burial grounds near cities and the deposition of elements of the material culture of nomads in the cultural layers of medieval cities. However, an in-depth analysis of traces of nomadic culture in the territory of the Bulgar and Golden Horde cities shows that they occupied an extremely insignificant place in the general complex of urban culture. Medieval narrative sources indicate the indifferent attitude of the bulk of nomads to cities. The observations of travelers of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries confirm and supplement the information recorded by medieval authors. Historical, ethnographic, and sociological data of domestic and foreign researchers in the first half of the twentieth century indicate that the sedentarization of Kazakhs, Kalmyks, and Mongols was a consequence of the social policy of the Soviet government, which was interested in establishing strict control over nomads. As such, the author drew the following conclusions: 1) the “first stage of nomadism” was actually the migration of nomads in search of new habitats; 2) the “second stage” was the most natural and the only possible form of existence of nomadic communities in the natural and geographical conditions of the Eurasian steppes (those researchers are correct who thought and still think so); 3) there was no “third stage of nomadism” at all, since nomads cease to be nomads per se after their forced transition to this stage.

Multiple senses of law and the search for a focal meaning

As noções de analogia e de atribuição ad unum, desenvolvidas por Aristóteles e por pensadores medievais, referem-se a conceitos que, embora expressos pelos mesmos termos, são dotados de significados em parte iguais e em parte distintos. Essas noções podem ser empregadas para compreender os diversos significados da palavra "direito", identificando uma hierarquia entre eles. Segundo os juristas romanos, o significado originário de direito é o de ipsa res iusta, a própria coisa justa. Ou seja, o objeto de um ato de justiça, aquilo que é devido a uma parte em uma relação equilibrada de troca de bens. A partir dessa significação, derivaram-se outras duas fundamentais: a do direito como técnica, pela qual é descoberto o direito - a coisa justa - em um caso concreto; e a do direito como norma, porque esta é a razão e a medida do direito coisa justa. Vemos que se trata mesmo de atribuição ou predicação ad unum, porque os três conceitos são efetivamente "direito", porque têm um fundamento comum; ao mesmo tempo, são distintos entre si.

The Role of a Part of Speech in the System of Toponym Formation

Each place name has its own history. The name of a mountain or any other object of the environment, whether it is a small spring, a piece of land, a water area or even a desert, is of great importance and contains an unsolved mystery.The article is devoted to the issue of the formation of toponyms as a valuable cultural heritage, which, being a kind of" language of the earth", often provide more for solving the problems of historical phenomena than the monuments of material culture, the evidence of ancient and medieval authors. The study of the historical, geographical and linguistic meaning of a placename allows you to get acquainted with the life of the people living in this area.Each geographical name is historical, and its meaning is extensive. They deal with different information depending on the phenomena and changes of time: different wars, folk customs, traditions, relations between peoples and a rich historical past. The appellatives that are part of toponyms determine the natural features of the object (terrain, plants, soil, etc.), and there are also names made up of ethnonyms and antrotoponyms. The names in this group fully convey theethnogenesis of the region. Geo objects on earth are also named for their distinctive features, qualitative, and quantitative properties. What matters to us is what parts of speech are used when creating these names. The article discusses the most common toponyms, which are created using nouns, and also provides their structural models. Nouns and adjectives play a more active role intoponymy than other parts of speech.Nouns actively participate in the formation of toponyms, forming new words. In this regard, the composition of toponyms is also diverse. Toponymic names contain word-forming suffixes, all types of words in various ways. Derived suffixes in the formation of toponymic names and their activity are also considered.

Money in the debt relationship: notes on the medieval conceptualisation of money in Accursius and Bartolus of Sassoferrato

It is generally thought that medieval thinkers regarded money as a commodity, a lump of metal valuable only according to its intrinsic value. This paper contends this view by discussing the conceptualisation of the nature and role of money as it emerges from the juridical literature considering the forms of settlement of a monetary loan. Considering the paying power of money, then, it appears that the medieval authors conceived money as first and foremost a unit to express debts and prices; this money of account was considered as firmly distinct from the various means of payment that could be used to discharge a debtor of what was due. In this context, a nominal monetary mutation—that is, a change in the value of a coin in terms of money of account—was considered to have effect on the paying power of that coin in the debt contract, that remained anchored to the nominal expression, not to the intrinsic metal content per unit of value.

Батыево нашествие в отображении французских средневековых авторов

Objective: A consideration of the problem of imagining the Mongol-Tatar invasion of Europe (1237–1242) led by Batu Khan in the works of French medieval authors from the thirteenth to the sixteenth centuries. Research materials: Edited sources in Latin, French, and Russian, including works by Giovanni di Pian di Carpine, Alberic de Trois-Fontaines, Matthaeus Parisiensis (Matthew Paris), André Thevet, Benoit Rigaud, and Blaise de Vigenère. Results and novelty of the research: The author considers the evolution of the views of French medieval authors on the problem of the Mongol-Tatar invasion of Europe from the appearance of the first information about the conquerors (Alberic de Trois-Fontaines, Matthaeus Parisiensis) to the formation of a scholarly approach to the study of this issue in the research of historians of the sixteenth century. In particular, the author deals with the ways that information about the Mongol-Tatar invasion of the countries of Eastern Europe penetrated into medieval France. Special attention has been paid to the diplomatic mission of Giovanni di Pian di Carpine (1245–1247) to the Mongol Empire and the participation of the archbishop of Rus’, Petro Akerovich, in the First Council of Lyon (1245). The importance of the Mongol issue for the policy of the French Kingdom in the middle of the thirteenth century is noted too. The attempts of the government of Louis IX to establish contacts with the Mongol Khans are analyzed as well. It is concluded that in subsequent times, a significant influx of slaves from Rus’ into the port cities of Southern France, noted in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, might be seen as evidence of the destructive nature of Mongol domination on the Rus’ian lands. Particular attention has been paid to the formation of a scholarly approach in French historical thought of the sixteenth century, when researchers such as André Thevet, Benoit Rigaud, and Blaise de Vigenère tried to recreate the picture of the Mongol-Tatar invasion of Europe in the middle of the thirteenth century based on a critical analysis of the sources, thereby laying the basis for the development of this topic’s historiography in France.

The Double Intentionality of Moral Intentional Actions: Scotus and Ockham on Interior and Exterior Acts

Any account of intentional action has to deal with the problem of how such actions are individuated. Medieval accounts, however, crucially differ from contemporary ones in at least three respects: (i) for medieval authors, individuation is not a matter of description, as it is according to contemporary, ‘Anscombian’ views; rather, it is a metaphysical matter. (ii) Medieval authors discuss intentional action on the basis of faculty psychology, whereas contemporary accounts are not committed to this kind of psychology. Connected to the use of faculty psychology is (iii) the distinction between interior and exterior acts. Roughly, interior acts are mental as opposed to physical acts, whereas exterior acts are acts of physical powers, such as of moving one’s body. Of course, contemporary accounts are not committed to this distinction between two ontologically different kinds of acts. Rather, they might be committed to views consistent with physicalist approaches to the mind. The main interpretative task in this paper is to clarify how Scotus and Ockham explain moral intentional action in terms of the role and involvement of these kinds of acts respectively. I argue that Scotus’s account is close to contemporary, ‘Anscombian’ accounts, whereas Ockham’s account is incompatible with them.

The Role of a Part of Speech in the System of Toponym Formation

Each place name has its own history. The name of a mountain or any other object of the environment, whether it is a small spring, a piece of land, a water area or even a desert, is of great importance and contains an unsolved mystery. The article is devoted to the issue of the formation of toponyms as a valuable cultural heritage, which, being a kind of" language of the earth", often provide more for solving the problems of historical phenomena than the monuments of material culture, the evidence of ancient and medieval authors. The study of the historical, geographical and linguistic meaning of a place name allows you to get acquainted with the life of the people living in this area. Each geographical name is historical, and its meaning is extensive. They deal with different information depending on the phenomena and changes of time: different wars, folk customs, traditions, relations between peoples and a rich historical past. The appellatives that are part of toponyms determine the natural features of the object (terrain, plants, soil, etc.), and there are also names made up of ethnonyms and antrotoponyms. The names in this group fully convey the ethnogenesis of the region. Geo objects on earth are also named for their distinctive features, qualitative, and quantitative properties. What matters to us is what parts of speech are used when creating these names. The article discusses the most common toponyms, which are created using nouns, and also provides their structural models. Nouns and adjectives play a more active role in toponymy than other parts of speech. Nouns actively participate in the formation of toponyms, forming new words. In this regard, the composition of toponyms is also diverse. Toponymic names contain word-forming suffixes, all types of words in various ways. Derived suffixes in the formation of toponymic names and their activity are also considered.

Revisiting the compilation of Matthew Paris’s Chronica majora: new textual and manuscript evidence

ABSTRACT The Chronica majora of Matthew Paris (c.1200–59) is a vital source for the study of thirteenth-century Europe. This article explores its compilation and dating. Much previous scholarship has rested on the assumption that the first part of the text, a revision of the Flores historiarum of Roger of Wendover covering the years from the Creation to 1235, was written at the same time as Matthew’s continuation of it (stretching to the year 1250). Textual, codicological and palaeographic evidence suggests that this was not the case. Matthew at first intended only to revise the Flores, and only later was it extended to become the Chronica majora. This article also puts forward evidence that Matthew’s continuation was begun in the year 1247. The complex compositional process of the Chronica majora offers rare insight into the methods available to medieval authors charged with writing large-scale projects.

Древние и средневековые авторы о грузино- осетинских и осетино-абхазских отношениях

Рассматриваются древние и средневековые письменные источни- ки, в которых отражаются взаимоотношения народов Кавказа, а именно грузин и осетин, с одной стороны, осетин и абхазов – с другой. За многие века в их отно- шениях были периоды не только дружбы и взаимопонимания, но также времена- ми напряженность в силу различных объективных и субъективных причин. Автор пытается анализировать их с учетом возможностей журнальной статьи. The article considers ancient and medieval written sources, which refl ect the relationship between the peoples of the Caucasus, namely the Georgians and Ossetians, on the one hand, and the Ossetians and Abkhazians, on the other. For many centuries, in their relationship there were periods of not only friendship and mutual understanding, but also at times tension due to various objective and subjective reasons. The author tries to analyze them taking into account the possibilities of the journal article.

«DIALOGUE» PETER ALFONCI IN THE LIGHT OF THE THEORY OF CAPITALS BY PIERA BOURDIER

During the last 20 years, with the appearance of the “new intellectual history”, the interest in the study of medieval polemical works has increased. However, very few researches, particularly in Russian historiography, have been dedicated to studying of Petrus Alfonsi’s “Dialogue”. The aim of this study was therefore the analysis of the different forms of capital of Petrus Alfonsi in the Dialogue according to the context of its creation. Firstly, through the analysis of the few facts of Petrus’ biography and the prologue of his work, the main social relations of the author of the “Dialogue” are revealed, and also it is analyzed how the accumulated social capital (namely author’s social connections) influenced his activity both as a polemist and as a political figure at the turn of the XI-XII centuries. Secondly, through the analysis of polemist’s “library” (the books and works of Arab and Latin scholars he was familiar with) and his works, author examines the intellectual capital of Petrus Alfonsi. The study revealed that Petrus’ Alfonsi fate can serve as a good example of the operation of social and intellectual capitals at the beginning of the XII century. The author who decided to abandon his past faith, managed to reach certain heights at court and in the main business of his life — the dispute with his former co-religionists. Thus, he transformed these types of capital into symbolic capital, the most important for a medieval author.

Walter Burley on divine Ideas

This paper focuses on the theory of divine ideas of Walter Burley (1275-1347). The medieval common theory of divine ideas, developed by Augustine, was intended to provide an answer to the question of the order and intelligibility of the world. The world is rationally organized since God created it according to the models existing eternally in his mind. Augustine's theory, however, left open problems such as reconciling the principle of God's unity with the plurality of ideas, the way in which ideas can or cannot be said to be eternal, their ontological status. Medieval authors discussed such questions until at least the late 14th century. By resorting to the semantic tool of connotation, Burley explains both in what way ‘idea' can signify the divine essence as much as the creatures (thereby reconciling the principle of God's unity with the multiplicity of ideas), and in what sense we can say that God has thought them from eternity, without slipping into a necessitarian view that undermines the principle of divine freedom. Moreover, by envisaging the objective mode of being as the only mode of being of ideas, he explains in what way they truly differ from one another on the basis of their different conceptual contents

Medievalism and Political Rhetoric in Humanist Historiography from the Low Countries (1515–1609) by Coen Maas

Reviewed by: Medievalism and Political Rhetoric in Humanist Historiography from the Low Countries (1515–1609) by Coen Maas Christian Thorsten Callisen Maas, Coen, Medievalism and Political Rhetoric in Humanist Historiography from the Low Countries (1515–1609) (Proteus: Studies in Early Modern Identity Formation, 7), Turnhout, Brepols, 2018; hard cover; pp. xix, 541; 25 b/w illustrations; R.R.P. €125.00; ISBN 9782503557113. In this book, Coen Maas takes 'the apparent contradiction between the humanist aversion to the Middle Ages on the one hand, and the meticulous study of the period by humanist historians on the other' (p. 4) as his starting point, and undertakes a critical review of medievalism among sixteenth-century humanists in the Low Countries. Maas focuses his analysis on the political context in which these authors worked, exploring how medieval practices and ideas were [End Page 239] redeployed in the service of contemporary political objectives. In so doing, Maas provides valuable insights into early modern humanist practice, and challenges the commonplace view that early modern humanists saw the Middle Ages almost exclusively as an unproductive, 'dark' period of history, and their role as 'the saviours of the classical heritage' (p. 32). Maas undertakes his analysis through several case studies. To each of these he brings a comprehensive arsenal of analytical tools, variously deploying rhetorical, comparative, and intertextual analyses to interpret the texts at hand. He carefully avoids anachronistic readings of his subjects, taking into account early modern genre conventions; reading and writing practice; and political, educational, and scholarly contexts. Maas establishes the groundwork for this work in Chapters 1 and 2, which introduce the concepts and tools of textual analysis used in the rest of the book, and provide a useful overview of early modern humanist historical practice. Maas's writing is clear and unambiguous, with signposts that support his reader on the journey. Through his case studies, Maas argues that, far from the Middle Ages being an unproductive, barren wasteland for early modern humanists, this period in history served as a rich and adaptable source that could be drawn on and put into service for a contemporary audience. Of course, the classical topoi that are so recognizable in early modern humanist writings continue to be found, and ancient Roman and Greek authors maintain a definitive influence over these texts, yet Maas shows us convincingly that medieval authors also had a significant part to play in shaping his subjects' rhetorical and historiographical practice. Chapters 3 to 7 present Maas's case studies: Reynier Snoy's Historia Hollandie (c. 1516–17); Adrianus Barlandus's Cronica Brabantiae ducum (1526); Petrus Divaeus's manuscript writings on the history of Brabant (c. 1563); Janus Dousa Sr's verse history of Holland (1599); and the Dousas' (Sr and Jr) prose history of Holland (1601). In each of these, Maas demonstrates a thorough knowledge of the contexts in which these men were writing, as well as the contemporaneous practices that shaped their work. He explores each of their political environments, taking into account their professional backgrounds, work, and patronage relationships. Maas also demonstrates how these authors redeployed medieval tropes and ideas in service of their own political objectives. Traversing the better part of the sixteenth century, these case studies illustrate, on a micro scale, the evolution of historiographical practice in the Low Countries during this time. As one progresses from one case study to the next, one sees clear links between the various texts under consideration, and Maas effectively demonstrates how Snoy, Barlandus, Divaeus, and the Dousas deployed different textual and rhetorical techniques to present their preferred view of history. Unsurprisingly, this view evolved in line with the circumstances of the authors and the changing political landscape in the Low Countries. Chapter 8 complements this implicit chronological comparison with an excursus on the evolution of Latin and vernacular languages during this time. [End Page 240] The texts that Maas has analysed in this book used Latin to communicate with their audiences, and Maas is interested in understanding the specific affordances that Latin provided compared to vernacular languages. He is careful to avoid reductionist ideas about the relationship between Latin and the vernacular, using this chapter to explore broader questions around the audience...

Individuation and the Realism/Nominalism Dilemma

After reviewing various formulations of the problems of universals and individuation, this essay considers the dialectic that informs the relationship between the two. This dialectic involves a distinction between a realist theory of universals that satisfies the requirements of science but fails to account for the non-instantiability of individuals and a nominalist theory of universals that fails to satisfy the requirements of science but accounts for the non-instantiability of individuals. Inadequacies found in one view tend to motivate movement to the other view. But, like a pendulum swing, this movement inevitably involves facing what motivated the original view. This dialectic is illustrated by a consideration of the views of five medieval authors: Boethius, Peter Abelard, Thomas Aquinas, John Duns Scotus, and William of Ockham.

МЕХАНИЗМ ВОСПРИЯТИЯ АНТИЧНОГО ТЕКСТА СРЕДНЕВЕКОВЫМ АВТОРОМ (на примере сочинений Макробия и П. Абеляра)

The texts of Peter Abelard (1079 1142), usually mentioned among the medieval authors who were influenced by Ambrosius Theodosius Macrobius’ “Commentary on the 'Dream of Scipio'” (5th c.), are analyzed. The passages from Peter Abelard’s works (“Dialogus inter philosophum”, “Epitome theologiae christianae”, “Introductio ad theologiam” etc.), which contain quotations, lexical and thematic similarities with Macrobius’ “Commentary on the ‘Dream of Scipio’ ” are under consideration, as well as the mentions of the title of this work or the name of Macrobius. Peter Abelard’s level of knowledge and degree of use of Macrobius’ text are revealed. The influence exerted by Macrobius on Peter Abelard is determined. Based on the results obtained, it is concluded that, in contrast to the opinion widespread in science, it hardly makes sense to talk about the tangible influence of Macrobius’ “Commentary on the 'Dream of Scipio'” on Peter Abelard. Rather, it should be assumed that the ideas perceived by the medieval scholar and reflected in his texts went back to Macrobius as well. Under the influence exerted by Macrobius’ “Commentary on the 'Dream of Scipio'” on Peter Abelard one should mean both his knowledge about Macrobius himself and his work and the varying degree of his use of this treatise.

Classical and Arabic Geographers’ Images of Scythia: a Comparison

This article shows the difference between the classical and the medieval Arabic writers&amp;apos; representations of Scythia. The author analyses some specific examples of this difference which is substantial in spite of the fact that medieval Arab authors were aware of the classical traditions of describing the Earth, and largely followed them. The difference in the perception of Scythia and its population depended on the traditions, specific representations, creation of the image of this land, as well as the changes which had taken place over the centuries. The concept of chronotope introduced by Mikhail Bakhtin helps to understand the essence of the changes in the image of Scythia.

Richard C. West, 1944–2020

Richard C. West, 1944–2020 Douglas A. Anderson Books Tolkien Criticism: An Annotated Checklist Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1970 Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1981 [Revised edition] [Based on earlier work published as "An Annotated Bibliography of Tolkien Criticism" in Orcrist, no. 1 (1966–67): 52–91; Supplement One in Orcrist, no. 2 (1967–68): 40–54; Supplement Two in Orcrist, no. 3 (co-published as Tolkien Journal, 4 no. 1; whole no. 11; 1969): 22–23; Supplement Three in Orcrist, no. 5 (co-published as Tolkien Journal, 4 no. 3; whole no. 14; 1970–71): 14–31. Material from the first two issues of Orcrist was revised and published as "An Annotated Bibliography of Tolkien Criticism," Extrapolation, 10 no. 1 (December 1968): 17–45. A highly selective supplement is "A Tolkien Checklist: Selected Criticism 1981–2004."] On Tolkien's Interlace and Other Essays [in preparation] Tolkien-Related Critical Articles and Reviews [untitled], Christian Scholar's Review, 6 (1977): 352–53. [Review of Tolkien and The Silmarillion (1976) by Clyde S. Kilby.] [untitled], Journal of the Fantastic in the Arts, 9 no. 3 (1998): 247–250. [Review of A Question of Time (1997) by Verlyn Flieger.] [untitled], Seven: An Anglo-American Literary Review, 21 (2004): 114–116. [Review of The Annotated Hobbit: Revised and Expanded Edition (2002), ed. by Douglas A. Anderson.] [untitled], Tolkien Studies 3 (2006): 232–234. [Review of Unsung Heroes of "The Lord of the Rings": From Page to Screen (2005), by Lynnette R. Porter.] [untitled], Seven: An Anglo-American Literary Review, 23 (dated 2006; published 2007): 117–119. [Review of The Battle for Middle-earth: Tolkien's Divine Design in "The Lord of the Rings" (2004), by Fleming Rutledge.] [End Page 13] [untitled], Tolkien Studies 6 (2009): 309–12. [Review of Truths Breathed Through Silver: The Inklings' Moral and Mythopoeic Legacy (2008), ed. Jonathan B. Himes, with Joe R. Christopher and Salwa Khoddam.] [untitled], Seven: An Anglo-American Literary Review, 28 (2011): 117–119. [Review of Middle-earth and Beyond (2010), edited by Kathleen Dubs and Janka Kaščáková.] [untitled], Tolkien Studies 8 (2011): 130–136. [Review of The Power of Tolkien's Prose (2012), by Steve Walker.] [untitled], Tolkien Studies 12 (2015): 173–177. [Review of The Adventures of Tom Bombadil and Other Verses from the Red Book (2014), by J.R.R. Tolkien, eds. Christina Scull and Wayne G. Hammond.] "'And She Named Her Own Name': Being True to One's Word in Tolkien's Middle-earth," Tolkien Studies 2 (2005): 1–10. "Canute and Beorhtnoth," in A Wilderness of Dragons: Essays in Honor of Verlyn Flieger, edited by John D. Rateliff. Wayzata, Minnesota: The Gabbro Head, 2018: 335–358. "Contemporary Medieval Authors," Orcrist, no. 3 (co-published as Tolkien Journal, 4 no. 1; whole no. 11; 1969): 9–10, 15. [On T. H. White, C. S. Lewis, and Tolkien.] "The Critics, and Tolkien, and C. S. Lewis," Orcrist, no. 5 (co-published as Tolkien Journal, 4 no. 3; whole no. 14; 1970–71): 4–9. [Reviews of The Tolkien Relation (1968) by William Ready; Tolkien: A Look Behind The Lord of the Rings (1969) by Lin Carter; Good News from Tolkien's Middle Earth [sic] (1970), by Gracia Fay Ellwood; Tolkien and the Critics (1968), edited by Neil D. Isaacs and Rose A. Zimbardo; Shadows of Imagination (1969) ed. by Mark R. Hillegas; J.R.R. Tolkien (1969) by Catherine R. Stimpson; and several studies of C. S. Lewis.] "'Her Choice Was Made and Her Doom Appointed': Tragedy and Divine Comedy in the Tale of Aragorn and Arwen," in The Lord of the Rings, 1954–2004: Scholarship in Honor of Richard E. Blackwelder, ed. by Wayne G. Hammond and Christina Scull. Milwaukee: Marquette University Press, 2006: 317–329. "In Memoriam." Tolkien Studies 16 (2019): 3–4. [Obituary for Jared Lobdell. Unrelated piece to the Mythlore obituary; see below.] [End Page 14] "In Memoriam: Jared Lobdell," Mythlore 38 no. 1 (whole no. 135; Fall/Winter 2019): 41–42. "The Interlace and Professor Tolkien: Medieval Narrative Technique in The Lord of the Rings," Orcrist, no. 1 (1966–67): 26–49. [Revised, but omitting the appendices, as...