Medicinal Plant In China Research Articles

The complete chloroplast genome sequence of Lycium ruthenicum (Solanaceae), a traditional medicinal plant in China

Lycium ruthenicum, Known as a traditional medicinal plant in China, is distributed in the arid and semiarid areas of northwest China. In this study, we assembled the complete chloroplast (cp) genome of L. ruthenicum using data from high-throughput Illumina sequencing. The L. ruthenicum cp genome is 154,979 bp in size and includes two inverted repeat regions of 25,395 bp each, which is separated by a large single copy region of 85,984 bp and a small single copy region of 18,205 bp. A total of 132 genes were predicted, including 37 tRNA, 8 rRNA, and 86 protein-coding genes. In addition, 9 PCG genes possess a single intron, 74 PCG genes no intron, and 3 other genes harbor two introns. 6 tRNA genes harbor a single intron. Phylogenetic analysis placed L. ruthenicum within the Solanaceae.

Wogonin a Promising Component of Scutellaria baicalensis: A Review on its Chemistry, Pharmacokinetics and Biological Activities

Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (Huang-Qin or Chinese skullcap) is a native medicinal plant in China that is commonly used for the treatment of seizures, viral infections, and cancer. The numerous pharmacodynamics of this plant is referred to as its rich content of flavones (baicalin and wogonoside) and their corresponding aglycones (baicalein and wogonin). Wogonin is one of the most extensively investigated active components of Scutellaria baicalensis. A multitude of preclinical studies indicated that wogonin possesses many pharmacological activities including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, cytotoxic, neuroprotective, antidiabetic and antiviral effects. However, studies regarding the toxicity profile of wogonin are lacking. This review focuses on the recently published data regarding the chemistry and the pharmacokinetic profile of wogonin. Moreover, it highlights some of wogonin's well documented biological activities such as cytotoxic, neuroprotective, antidiabetic and antiviral activities. The information in this review encourages further investigations to elucidate the wogonin's full toxicological profile for verification of the safety of wogonin and the determination of the maximal tolerable dose (MTD) to be able to extrapolate wogonin's benefits to the clinical setting.

Effect of Light/Dark Cycle on Photosynthetic Pathway Switching and CO2 Absorption in Two Dendrobium Species.

Many Dendrobium species are both ornamental and medicinal plants in China. Several wild species have been exploited to near extinction, and facility cultivation has become an important way to meet the great market demand. Most Dendrobium species have evolved into crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) pathways in adapting to harsh epiphytic environment, leading to low daily net CO2 absorption. Photosynthetic pathways of many facultative CAM plants are regulated by various environmental factors. Light/dark cycle plays an important role in regulating the photosynthetic pathway of several CAM species. The aims of this study were to investigate whether the photosynthetic pathway of Dendrobium species could be regulated between C3 and CAM by changing light/dark cycles and the daily net CO2 absorption could be enhanced by shortening light/dark cycle. In this study, net CO2 exchange rates of D. officinale and D. primulinum were monitored continuously during two different light/dark cycles conversion compared to Kalanchoe daigremontiana as an obligate CAM plant. The net CO2 exchange pattern and stomatal behavior of D. officinale and D. primulinum were switched from CAM to C3-like by changing the light/dark cycle from 12/12 h to 4/4 h. However, this switching was not completely reversible. Compared to the original 12/12 h light/dark cycle, the dark, light, and daily net CO2 exchange amount of D. officinale were significantly increased after the light/dark cycle was changed from 4/4 h to 12/12 h, but those in D. primulinum was opposite and those in K. daigremontiana was not affected. Daily net CO2 exchange amount of D. officinale increased by 47% after the light/dark cycle was changed from 12/12 h to 4/4 h, due to the sharp increase of light net CO2 exchange amount. However, the large decrease of dark net CO2 exchange amount could not be offset by increased light net CO2 exchange amount, leading to reduced daily net CO2 exchange amount of D. primulinum. In conclusion, the 4/4 h light/dark cycle can induce the photosynthetic pathway of D. officinale and D. primulinum to C3-like, and improve the daily CO2 absorption of D. officinale.

Botrytis polyphyllae: A New Botrytis Species Causing Gray Mold on Paris polyphylla.

Paris polyphylla is an important perennial medicinal plant in China. A disease similar to gray mold on P. polyphylla occurred at the seedling stage in March 2016 and 2017 in Tengchong city, Yunnan Province of China. The disease resulted in up to 50% mortality in serious cases. Isolates from diseased plants grew 10.6 mm/day at 20°C on PDA. After 21 days, sclerotia were spherical to elliptical (0.4-2.5 × 0.3-1.8 mm). Conidia from diseased tissues were hyaline to pale brown, long, ovoid, unicellular, and measured 15.1-24.5 × 8.8-13.4 μm; conidiophores were 526-1,064 ×12-15 μm. Isolates did not form conidiophores or conidia on PDA or MYA. A phylogenetic analysis based on G3PDH, RPB2, and HSP60 sequence data supported assignment of three representative isolates as a new species of Botrytis. Based on morphological, phylogenetic characteristics and Koch's Postulates, the causal agent of gray mold on P. polyphylla was identified as a novel species, Botrytis polyphyllae.

The plastid genome and its implications in barcoding specific-chemotypes of the medicinal herb Pogostemon cablin in China.

Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth. (Patchouli) is not only an important essential oil plant, but also a valuable medicinal plant in China. P. cablin in China can be divided into three cultivars (Shipai, Gaoyao, and Hainan) and two chemotypes (pogostone-type and patchoulol-type). The pogostone-type and patchoulol-type are, respectively, used for medicinals and perfumes. In this study, we sequenced and characterized the plastid genomes for all three Chinese cultivars and aimed to develop a chemotype-specific barcode for future quality control. The plastid genomes of P. cablin cultivars ranged from 152,461 to 152,462 bp in length and comprise 114 genes including 80 protein coding genes, 30 tRNA genes, and four rRNA genes. Phylogenetic analyses suggested that P. cablin cultivars clustered with the other two Pogostemon species with strong support. Although extremely conserved in P. cablin plastid genomes, 58 cpSSRs were filtered out among the three cultivars. One single variable locus, cpSSR, was discovered. The cpSSR genotypes successfully matched the chemotypes of Chinese patchouli, which was further supported by PCR-based Sanger sequences in more Chinese patchouli samples. The barcode developed in this study is thought to be a simple and reliable quality control method for Chinese P. cablin on the market.

Isolation, structure and activity of a novel water-soluble polysaccharide from Dioscorea opposita Thunb

A previously unknown, water-soluble polysaccharide, named DOTP-B, was isolated from the roots of the plant Dioscorea opposita Thunb, a well-known edible and medicinal plant in China. DOTP-B was found to be neutral in charge, with an average molecular weight of 5623 Da. Monosaccharide composition analysis by GC–MS revealed that DOTP-B was a hetero-polysaccharide consisting of glucose and galactose at a molar ratio of 14.6:1.0. Structural features of DOTP-B were investigated with a combination of chemical and instrumental methods, including complete acid hydrolysis, periodate oxidation, methylation, GC–MS, FTIR and several NMR spectra. Highly correlated results demonstrated that the main chain of DOTP-B consisted of →4)-α-d-glc(1 → residues, with about 6% internal →6)-β-d-gal(1 → residues. The antioxidant activity of DOTP-B was also evaluated as the EC50 values against DPPH and PTIO radicals were 2.1 ± 0.1 mg/mL and 1.6 ± 0.1 mg/mL, respectively. Therefore, the polysaccharide DOTP-B could be possibly developed as a promising natural antioxidant for application in medical and food industries.

Colletotrichum yulongense sp. nov. and C. rhombiforme isolated as endophytes from Vaccinium dunalianum var. urophyllum in China

No species of Colletotrichum have been reported associated with Vaccinium dunalianum var. urophyllum, which is a significant medicinal plant in China. In this study, several endophytic strains were isolated from this host. Morphology and analysis of DNA sequences of nuc rDNA ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 (ITS barcode) and seven other gene regions (GAPDH, CAL, ACT, CHS-1, HIS, GS, TUB2) revealed a new species, Colletotrichum yulongense and a previously described species, C. rhombiforme. Both Colletotrichum species are described. The diversity and broad distribution of the host, suggest the likelihood of other endophytic Colletotrichum species in V. dunalianum var. urophyllum and this requires further investigation. The pathogenicity of the Colletotrichum species isolated from V. dunalianum var. urophyllum also needs testing.

The antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of phenol-rich extracts of Dracocephalum forrestii W. W. Smith shoot cultures grown in the nutrient sprinkle bioreactor

Dracocephalum forrestii is known as a medicinal plant in China. The present work evaluates the potential of its shoots to biosynthesise phenolic compounds during bioreactor cultivation. Qualitative UPLC-PDA-ESI-MS analysis revealed the presence of nine caffeic acid derivatives in the hydromethanolic extract. Quantitative UPLC-PDA analysis then found the predominant compounds to be rosmarinic acid (17.90 mg/g DW) and salvianolic acid B (6.5 mg/g DW). Regarding antioxidant activity, the extract demonstrated strong potential to scavenge both DPPH and O2∙− radicals (NBT) (IC50 values 30.67 μg/ml and 69.06 μg/ml, respectively) and reduce Fe3+ ions (1319 μM Fe(II)/g DW of extract – FRAP test). The extract also showed moderate growth-limiting activity against 13 selected pathogenic bacteria and fungi strains, with the MIC and MBC values ranging from 2.5 to 5.0 mg/ml in most cases.

α-Amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitor effects and pancreatic response to diabetes mellitus on Wistar rats of Ephedra alata areal part decoction with immunohistochemical analyses.

Ephedra alata, known as a medicinal plant in China, was used in this study as aqueous extract from aerial parts, for diabetes mellitus treatment. This study was carried out on two parts, in vitro, we tested the effect of the studied extract on the inhibition of α-glucosidase and α-amylase activities, and in vivo on Wistar male rats receiving alloxan intraperitoneally at a rate of 125mg/kg. Extract (100, 200, and 300mg/kg of body weight) was administrated for 28days by oral gavage. Blood glucose, amylase, lipase, and lipid profile level were determined. Oxidative stress was evaluated by enzymatic activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and by estimation of lipid peroxidation and protein carbonyl (PC) level. Histopathological changes in pancreas were investigated under photonic microscopy using immunohistochemical procedure. Our findings showed that aqueous extract inhibited in vitro both α-glucosidase and α-amylase activities and its use in vivo at 300mg/kg of body weight restored pancreas weight and weight gain, ameliorated significantly (p˂0.05) biochemical parameters; it prevented the increase in lipid and protein oxidation and the decrease in enzymatic and non-enzymatic defense system. Histological study of treated animals showed a comparable healed regeneration of beta cells.

Identification of diterpenoid compounds that interfere with Fli-1 DNA binding to suppress leukemogenesis

The ETS transcription factor Fli-1 controls the expression of genes involved in hematopoiesis including cell proliferation, survival, and differentiation. Dysregulation of Fli-1 induces hematopoietic and solid tumors, rendering it an important target for therapeutic intervention. Through high content screens of a library of chemicals isolated from medicinal plants in China for inhibitors of a Fli-1 transcriptional reporter cells, we hereby report the identification of diterpenoid-like compounds that strongly inhibit Fli-1 transcriptional activity. These agents suppressed the growth of erythroleukemic cells by inducing apoptosis and differentiation. They also inhibited survival and proliferation of B-cell leukemic cell lines as well as primary B-cell lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) isolated from 7 patients. Moreover, these inhibitors blocked leukemogenesis in a mouse model of erythroleukemia, in which Fli-1 is the driver of tumor initiation. Computational docking analysis revealed that the diterpenoid-like compounds bind with high affinity to nucleotide residues in a pocket near the major groove within the DNA-binding sites of Fli-1. Functional inhibition of Fli-1 by these compounds triggered its further downregulation through miR-145, whose promoter is normally repressed by Fli-1. These results uncover the importance of Fli-1 in leukemogenesis, a Fli-1-miR145 autoregulatory loop and new anti-Fli-1 diterpenoid agents for the treatment of diverse hematological malignancies overexpressing this transcription factor.

Sequence and phylogenetic analysis of complete plastid genome of a medicinal plant Heracleum moellendorffii

Heracleum moellendorffii Hance is a traditional widely used medicinal plant in China, also known for an edible wild herb. The complete chloroplast genome of H. moellendorffii was 149,349 bp in length, composed of a large single-copy (LSC) and a small single-copy (SSC) region joined by two identical inverted repeat regions (IRA and IRB). The cp genome contained 130 genes, including 85 protein-coding genes, eight rRNA genes, and 37 tRNA genes. The GC content was 37.5%. Phylogenetic tree indicated that H. moellendorffii was close to Pastinaca pimpinellifolia.

Characterization of the complete chloroplast genome of the Chinese Kadsura vine Kadsura longipedunculata (Schisandraceae)

Kadsura (Schisandraceae) comprises ca. 16 species and widely distributes in eastern Asia. Many species in the genus were used as important medicinal plants in China and other Asian countries. In present study, we described the first Kadsura chloroplast genome, Kadsura longipedunculata, based on illumine pair-end sequencing data. The complete plastome length is 145,346 bp long with a large single copy, a small single copy, and two inverted repeat regions of length 94,947, 17,752, and 16,323 bp, respectively. A total of 118 genes were identified, including 75 protein-coding gens, 8 rRNA genes, and 34 tRNA genes. Eighteen plastome accessions from Austrobaileyales, Nymphaeales, and Magnoliales were selected to assess the phylogenetic placement of genus.

Characterization of the complete plastid genome of Cardiocrinum cathayanum, an endemic medicinal plant in China

The complete chloroplast genome from Cardiocrinum cathayanum (Liliaceae), an important herbaceous perennial species of the Liliaceae, is determined in this study. We characterized its whole plastid genome sequence using the Illumina sequencing platform. The whole plastid genome of C. cathayanum was a typical quadripartite circular molecule with 152,502 bp in length, comprised of a large single copy region of 82,517 bp, a small single copy region of 17,311 bp, and two inverted repeat regions of 26,337 bp. A total of 136 genes, 84 protein-coding genes, 38 tRNA, and 8 rRNA genes were identified. The GC content in the chloroplast genome, LSC region, SSC region, and IR region were 42.5, 34.9, 30.8, and 42.5%, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that C. cathayanum is more closely related with Allium cepa, Allium prattii, Amana edulis, and Erythronium sibiricum, these species were clustered into a clade with high bootstrap support.

The complete chloroplast genome of Malania oleifera (Olacaceae), an endangered species in China

Malania oleifera is a rare and threatened medicinal plant in China. In this study, the complete chloroplast genome (cp) of M. oleifera was sequenced, assembled, and analyzed. The circular complete cp genome of M. oleifera was 158,163 bp in length and contained a large single copy region (LSC, 87,212 bp), a small single copy region (SSC, 439 bp), and 2 short inverted repeat (IRa and IRb) regions (35,256 bp). The cp genome encodes 97 unique genes, including 62 protein-coding genes, 30 transfer RNA genes, 4 ribosomal RNA genes, and a pseudogene. Phylogenetic analysis of M. oleifera showed that M. oleifera was the sister group with Champereia manillana from Opiliaceae and Osyris alba from Santalaceae.

Epigenetic Factors Altered in Dehisced Anther Correlated to Seed Dormancy in <i>Paris polyphylla</i> var. Yunnanensis

Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis (Franch.), one of the best-known medicinal plants in China, has a dehiscent anther which physiologically work in pollination, however, the dehiscent anther always closes in response to darkness every day, and watering or raining every time. To explore this frequently closing and its unkown physiology, next-generation sequencing was performed, and the transcriptome was de novo assembled. RNA-sequencing was carried out in 15 samples including seven openning samples, four closed samples owing to darkness or watering, and tissue samples (leaf, petal, calyx, and stigma) were used for control. We obtained 72.75 GB data, assembled into 79,815 unigenes. Differentially expressed unigenes (DEGs) between opened and closed anther samples were 6231 and the DEGs between anther and control samples were 2831. Comparation between the two DEGs by KEGG enrichment showed that “plant hormone signal transduction” pathway is the most significant pathway for DEGs from closing anther vs. opening anther, and expression model of DEGs in the pathway might elicit change in germination and seed dormancy. Further examination of the action of the signal pathway on physiology showed “chromatin binding” function was prominent in “DNA binding” function of annotated DEGs between opened and closed anthers, of the 215 “chromatin binding” unigenes, 120 were involved in epigenetic silencing, and 50 of the epigenetic unigenes were directly related to germination or seed dormancy, strongly correlating anther closing to epigenetic modification and seed dormancy. These results were verified that at least three auxins involved in seed dormancy showed same expression patterns occurred in abnormal closing anther and seed embryo in Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis. In conclusion, the information from transcriptome point out that frequent abnormal closing of dehiscent anthers possibly transfer the impact on seed dormancy, and epigenetic modification happened in closing may be the cause.

Distribution and chemical forms of cadmium in Coptis chinensis Franch. determined by laser ablation ICP-MS, cell fractionation, and sequential extraction

Coptis chinensis Franch., is a widely used medicinal plant in China. This plant is often contaminated by cadmium (Cd) and render health risk to human consumers. Understanding distribution of Cd and its chemical forms is important to evaluate accumulation of the metal and its detoxification mechanisms in this plant. Since few studies have focused on this aspect, we used laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) to spatially locate Cd in rhizome cross-sections, and ICP-MS to analyze the Cd subcellular distribution and the chemical forms of Cd in different tissues. Rhizome bioimaging results showed that Cd was distributed predominantly within the periderm, cortex, pith, and root trace vascular bundle. The LA-ICP-MS results suggested that Ca2+ channels might be a pathway for Cd entry into the plant. Subcellular distribution data indicated that most of Cd was associated with the cell wall (41.8–77.1%) and the soluble fraction (14.4–52.7%) in all tissues. Analysis of chemical forms revealed that majority Cd existed in less mobile and less toxic forms in all tissues, and P could convert to insoluble phosphate with Cd to moderate Cd toxicity. The new understanding of Cd accumulation and detoxification might provide novel strategies for reducing the levels of Cd in C. chinensis Franch., thereby mitigating its potential transfer to humans and providing a theoretical basis for evaluating the Cd status in other medicinal plants. Further, our findings might provide a basis for establishing a reasonable Cd limit level of traditional Chinese medicinal materials.

Structural features, antioxidant and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities of polysaccharides from stem of Physalis alkekengi L.

Physalis alkekengi L. (P. alkekengi) is an important medicinal plant in China. In this study, two polysaccharides (SPAP-1 and SPAP-2) were isolated from the stem of P. alkekengi using hot water extraction method. The extract was further purified by DEAE-cellulose and Sephadex G-200 chromatography. The chemical characteristics, surface features and thermal stability of SPAP-1 and SPAP-2 were evaluated. For the first time, high-performance liquid chromatography with refractive index detection and amino column (without sample derivatization) was performed to analyze the monosaccharide composition of polysaccharides obtained from the stem of P. alkekengi. As a result, SPAP-1 (Mw = 9.1 kDa) consisted of rhamnose, arabinose, galacturonic acid, mannose, and glucose in the ratio of 1.0:1.5:1.9:29.1:1.03, while SPAP-2 (Mw = 13.5 kDa) comprised of rhamnose, xylose, arabinose, mannose and glucose in the ratio of 31.8:14.8:1.0:6.5:22.6. Additionally, the antioxidant effects of SPAP-1 and SPAP-2 were evaluated by ferric reducing power, 2,2′-Azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate acid) (ABTS) and 2.2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assays. The results showed that the purified polysaccharides exerted significant scavenging activities. Subsequently, acetylcholinesterase inhibitory effects in vitro of the polysaccharides were investigated, which showed that, SPAP-1 and SPAP-2 showed moderate acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities. Thus, the polysaccharide content in P. alkekengi stem as promising source of natural products possess good antioxidant activities and may exert beneficial effects on cognitive function.

High-Efficiency Somatic Embryogenesis from Seedlings of Koelreuteria paniculata Laxm.

Research Highlights: In the current study, we established a method for plant regeneration via somatic embryogenesis (SE) in Koelreuteria paniculata Laxm. for the first time. Background and Objectives: K. paniculata is an important ornamental and medicinal plant in China. However, the plant has difficulty with asexual reproduction, which imposes a limitation on large-scale propagation. Materials and Methods: Embryogenic calluses were induced from stems of aseptic seedlings on induction media. The effects of different media types and concentrations of N6-benzyladenine (BA), α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) on callus induction were examined. Embryogenic calluses were then transferred to Driver-Kuniyuki Walnut (DKW) media containing NAA (0.1–0.2 mg L−1) or 2,4-D (0.5–2.0 mg L−1) to develop somatic embryos. Cotyledon embryos were cultured on DKW media containing NAA (0.1–0.2 mg L−1) until maturation, and were then transferred to 1/2 DKW medium supplemented with 1.0 mg L−1 indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) to produce complete plants. The effects of IBA and NAA on rhizogenesis were then examined by clonal culture. Results: The maximum callus induction frequency (80.25%) was obtained on DKW medium supplemented by 0.5 mg L−1 BA, 0.25 mg L−1 NAA, and 1.5 mg L−1 2,4-D. NAA had a more pronounced effect on somatic embryo growth than did 2,4-D, with a maximum SE frequency (54.75%) observed with 0.1 mg L−1 NAA added to DKW medium. For clonal culture, the highest rooting rate (52%) was observed on 1/4 DKW medium containing 1.5 mg L−1 IBA. Histology studies confirmed the presence of embryogenic calluses and somatic embryos in different stages. Conclusions: This protocol provides a novel method for large-scale propagation of K. paniculata, and creates opportunities for genetic engineering in this species.

Construction of a high-density genetic map and QTLs mapping with GBS from the interspecific F1 population of P. ostii ‘Fengdan Bai’ and P. suffruticosa ‘Xin Riyuejin’

Tree peony (Paeonia suffruticosa Andrews.) is an important ornamental and medicinal plant in China. However, the genetic mechanisms controlling the traits of interest have not been extensively investigated. In this study, an F1 hybrid population, derived from the cross of P. ostti (‘Feng Dan’) as the female parent and P. suffruticosa (‘Xin Riyuejin’) as the male parent, was used to construct the genetic linkage map using genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) technique. From the high–throughput sequencing, a total of 243.35 Gb raw data were generated. And then 257,335,738 high-quality GBS markers were detected. Finally, an integrated genetic map containing 3868 markers was constructed, which distributed on 5 linkage groups (LGs). The genetic linkage map spanned 13175.5 cM with an average distance of 3.406 cM between adjacent markers. Based on this map, QTL analysis was performed. A total of 6 QTLs for 4 phenotypic traits of flower number, petal length, petal number and flowering stage were detected. This high-density genetic linkage map and QTL mapping for important flower-related traits using GBS with an F1 population of tree peony in this study will provide a solid foundation for gene positional cloning and molecular marker-assisted breeding in the near future.

Structural Characterization of Polysaccharides from Dendrobium officinale and Their Effects on Apoptosis of HeLa Cell Line.

Dendrobium officinale is a widely used medicinal plant in China with numerous bio-activities. However, the main structure and anti-tumor activity of the polysaccharides from this plant have not been investigated. In this study, we elucidated the main structure of polysaccharides purified with DEAE and Sephadex G-25 from Dendrobium officinale grown under different planting conditions. In addition, the anti-tumor activity was tested via MTT assays. The results showed that the polysaccharides of Dendrobium officinale grown under different conditions were almost the same, with slight differences in the branched chain; both polysaccharide fractions consisted of (1→4)-linked mannose and (1→4)-linked glucose, with an O-acetyl group in the mannose. After degradation, the polysaccharide fractions from wild plants showed significant anti-proliferation activity in HeLa cells. The fractions F1 and F3 induced apoptosis by up-regulating the expression of ERK, JNK, and p38. We concluded that polysaccharides from Dendrobium officinale planted in the wild exhibit significant anti-tumor effects only after being degraded to smaller molecular weight species. The planting mode is a significant factor in the pharmacological activity of Dendrobium officinale. We advise that the planting conditions for Dendrobium officinale should be changed.