Medicinal Plant Raw Materials Research Articles

The study of marketing opportunities for the use of the raw material of feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium L.) in the pharmacotherapy of musculoskeletal system diseases

Aim. To form a modern idea of the market structure and trends in the consumption of drugs for the pharmacotherapy of rheumatoid arthritis, to determine the possible potential for use of plant raw material of feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium). Materials and methods. The study was conducted using the structural analysis, logical and graphical methods, and marketing analysis methods. Results. It was found that in the pre-war period the market for drugs affecting the musculoskeletal system developed quite vigorously – its growth rate in the period of 2020-2021 ranged from 16 to 29 % in natural units and from 20 to 30 % in monetary terms. According to the structure of producing countries, the market was significantly import-dependent. The market for synthetic drugs was quite saturated, represented by various dosage forms – tablets, powder for suspension, injection solutions (ampoules), granules, capsules, sachets, alcohol solutions, oil solutions, suppositories, oral suspensions, transdermal patches, gels, ointments. The research was conducted taking into account the study of marketing opportunities for the use of the raw material of Tanacetum parthenium in the pharmacotherapy of diseases of the musculoskeletal system since this raw material had certain advantages compared to synthetic analogs. It should be noted that the market of herbal medicines for the treatment of the musculoskeletal system diseases or the prevention of their manifestations is very limited and is represented by a minimum number of product items and one representative of the medicinal flora – Symphytum officinale. In addition, 90 % of the market for this group of drugs belongs to foreign manufacturers. Although research of the market for biological supplements indicates a certain demand for products based on the medicinal plant raw material. Conclusions. Based on the trends identified, we can state the positive development of the market for drugs that affect the musculoskeletal system, the prospects for the development of drugs based on the medicinal plant raw material, including Tanacetum parthenium.

РАЗРАБОТКА МЕТОДА ИДЕНТИФИКАЦИИ И ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЕ ЭФИРНОГО МАСЛА В ПОБЕГАХ ТУИ ЗАПАДНОЙ (THUJA OCCIDENTALIS)

The purpose of the study is to develop methods for identifying terpenoids and assessing the quantitative content of essential oil in the shoots of western thuja (Thuja occidentalis). The object of the study was samples of thuja occidentalis shoots. The raw materials were used fresh. To carry out qualitative reactions, well-known methods were selected that are most often used in the analysis of essential oil raw materials. Identification of essential oil components was carried out by TLC on Silufol plates. A solution of α-pinene was used as a standard. The quantitative content of essential oil in the raw materials was determined by steam distillation in accordance with the GPM method 1.5.3.00010.15 Determination of the content of essential oil in medicinal plant raw materials and medicinal herbal preparations. The authors proposed qualitative reactions for identifying terpenoids in raw materials, which can be used to form the “Authenticity” section for a new type of raw material - thuja occidentalis shoots. α-pinene was identified by TLC. A quantitative assessment of the essential oil content in raw materials was carried out. Qualitative reactions were experimentally selected to confirm the presence of terpenoids in alcoholic extracts from thuja occidentalis shoots, as well as for unsaturated compounds in essential oil obtained by steam distillation. Using TLC, α-pinene was identified in the analyzed samples. The presence of additional 8 adsorption zones in the essential oil samples was also revealed. Assessment of the quantitative content of essential oil in raw materials, carried out according to method 2 OFS.1.5.3.00010.15 “Determination of the content of essential oil in medicinal plant raw materials and medicinal herbal preparations.” The data obtained during the experiment allows us to recommend the inclusion of an essential oil content of at least 2.84% in the quality indicators of western thuja shoots.

ОЦЕНКА ПЕРСПЕКТИВ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ СЫРЬЯ ТАВОЛГИ В ФАРМАЦИИ И МЕДИЦИНЕ

An analysis of the scientific literature has shown a significant interest of researchers around the world in the study of medicinal plant raw materials and new sources of herbal preparations of various pharmacological effects. One of such promising objects is the vyazolistnaya meadowsweet or labaznik, an unpretentious plant widely distributed on the territory of the Russian Federation. Due to its diverse chemical composition, labaznik has a wide range of properties necessary for the manufacture of various drugs with high pharmacological activity. The main group of biologically active substances of meadowsweet are phenolic compounds. The essential oil has noticeable antimicrobial and antifunginal activity. Today, being a pharmacopoeial plant in the Republic of Belarus, France and the United Kingdom, in the Russian Federation, meadowsweet does not have the appropriate regulatory documentation, which makes it difficult to use this plant as a source of medicines. In addition, the presence of a number of dietary supplements on the pharmaceutical market, which include different types of raw materials of meadowsweet, also requires the availability of appropriate regulatory documents. The pharmacological activity of different types of raw materials has been confirmed in a significant number of studies by scientists from different countries, however, the plant is still of interest for further testing, especially in the Russian Federation for the formation of regulatory documentation. In this article, the authors conducted a systematic analysis of scientific research on the pharmacological activity of various types of raw materials of the labasnik and assessed the prospects for its use in Russian pharmaceutical practice.

Закономерности в распределении химических элементов в листьях березы

The biological activity of medicinal plant raw materials and herbal remedies is due to a complex of biologically active substances and chemical elements. The study of the influence of growth conditions on the composition and content of chemical elements in medicinal plants and medicinal plant raw materials is relevant. Of particular interest is the study of patterns in the distribution of chemical elements in medicinal plants, medicinal plant raw materials and the possibility of using the identified patterns to establish the authenticity and purity of raw materials. Birch leaves collected in an ecologically clean area and in areas with varying degrees of anthropogenic load were studied. The composition and content of elements were analyzed by ICP-MS (ELAN DRC-e ICP-MS mass spectrometer, Agilent 715 ICP-OES optical emission spectrometer). Statistical processing of the results of chemical analysis was carried out in Microsoft ® Excel 2010. The concentrations of 60 elements were compared using the least squares method. A comparative analysis of the logarithms of concentrations in birch leaves collected from growing areas that differ in the degree of anthropogenic load showed a strong correlation between them (r = 0.99; R2 = 0.9). A diagram showing the periodic dependence of the logarithm of the concentrations of chemical elements represents the elemental profile of birch leaves and can be usedto determine their authenticity and purity.

ИЗУЧЕНИЕ ХИМИЧЕСКИХ СВОЙСТВ РАСТИТЕЛЬНОГО СЫРЬЯ ПАРМЕЛИИ (PARMELIA)

The analysis of the literature data shows the growing interest of researchers in the search for new medicinal plant raw materials. There is scientific evidence demonstrating the prospects for the use in medical practice of parmelia layers containing lichen acids as part of a fraction of polyphenolic substances and water-soluble polysaccharides. Representatives of the Parmeliaceae family have a wide habitat in the Russian Federation, growing on trunks and branches of various tree species, most often deciduous, less often coniferous, but also fixed on rocky surfaces and stones. The lack of modern regulatory documentation for this raw material undoubtedly prevents the introduction of parmelia layers into widespread medical practice. The results of the identified important BAS indicate the relevance and prospects of further studies of parmelia aimed at the subsequent inclusion of selected techniques in the regulatory documentation being developed. The purpose of this work is to conduct a preliminary chemical analysis of the raw materials of parmelia, aimed at identifying and quantifying the main groups of BAS. To carry out qualitative reactions, the analyzed raw materials were crushed, after which aqueous extracts were prepared in accordance with the GPA.1.4.1.0018.15 "Infusions and decoctions". Water-alcohol extracts were prepared in accordance with the GPA.1.4.1.0019.15 "Tinctures". In the course of the study, the authors identified such BAS groups as polysaccharides, polyphenolic substances and peptides in the raw materials of the parmelia stratum. The quantitative determination of the amount of water-soluble polysaccharides was carried out by gravimetric methods, polyphenolic substances by the Folin-Chicalteu method.

ACCUMULATION OF ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDES IN MEDICINAL PLANT RAW MATERIALS OF THE VORONEZH REGION

The purpose of the study is to examine the peculiarities of accumulation of the most dangerous organochlorine pesticides in medicinal plant materials of Voronezh region agrocenoses.
 Materials and Methods. The author analyzed pharmacopoeial species of medicinal plant raw materials, widespread in central Russia. The plants belong to both natural plant communities and synanthropic vegetation: common nettle leaves, common plantain leaves, ginger plant flowers, small-leaved lime flowers, quinquelobate motherwort herb, absinthium herb, common yarrow herb, knotgrass herb, common burdock roots, and common dandelion roots. Samples of the surface soil were also taken. The author determined dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, hexachlorocyclohexane, hexachlorane, and aldrin content in medicinal plant raw materials and surface soil. The studies were carried out on a Tsvet 500M gas chromatograph with a microsyringe dispenser, glass capillary separation columns and flame ionization detection.
 Results. Studies of surface soil samples and medicinal plant raw materials showed the virtual absence of organochlorine pesticides in the analyzed materials: the content of hexachlorocyclohexane and its isomers (total) was less than 0.001 mg/kg, the content of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and its metabolites (total) was less than 0.007 mg/kg. Aldrin and hexachlorane were not detected. The results obtained favorably distinguish the Voronezh region from other constituent entities of the Russian Federation, where high concentrations of organochlorine pesticides are periodically detected both in soil and in plants. This fact opens prospects for the cultivation and procurement of wild plants in the Voronezh region.

MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION OF THE CEPHALARIA GIGANTEA (LEDEB.) BOBROV

Giant cephalaria [Cephalaria gigantea (Ledeb.) Bobrov] is a promising source of biologically active compounds. The analysis of the scientific periodical literature shows a high interest in the aboveground part of this plant species. To give the Cephalaria gigantea herbs pharmacopoeia status, it is necessary to solve a number of issues, in particular, the development of regulatory documentation for the standardization of new medicinal plant raw materials. One of the important aspects of standardization of medicinal plant raw materials is the issue of confirming its authenticity by morphological and anatomical analysis. The literature data indicate, that the anatomical and histological features of the structure of the Cephalaria gigantea herbs have not been sufficiently studied. This article presents the results of a morphological and anatomical study of the aboveground part of the Cephalaria gigantea.

A comparative analysis of compounding aqueous extracts from the medicinal plant raw material in accordance with the requirements of the regulatory legal acts of Ukraine and the European Union

In the world pharmaceutical practice, there are significant differences regarding the requirements for the technological parameters of aqueous extracts from medicinal plant raw materials.
 Aim. To conduct a comparative analysis of the requirements of regulatory documents of Ukraine, the European Union and Poland regarding the compounding of water extracts from medicinal plant raw materials.
 Materials and methods. Comparative analysis was carried out using systemic and structural-logical analysis. The object of research was normative legal acts regulating medicines compounding in Ukraine, European Pharmacopoeia (EP) XI ed., European Medicines Agency (EMA), Pharmacopoeia of Poland (PP) VI and IX ed., textbook "Farmacja stosowana, Technologia formaci leku; podręcznik dla studentów farmacji" and others.
 Results and discussion. As a result of the analysis, a few distinctive features in the technology of water extracts from medicinal plant raw materials were revealed compared to the requirements of the EU and Poland. According to the requirements of European Pharmacopoeia and the European Medicines Agency, aqueous extracts from medicinal plant raw materials, so-called herbal teas, are prepared with the methods of maceration, infusion and decoction. Macerates are prepared from mucilaginous medicinal plant raw materials with the method of cold infusion at room temperature for 30 minutes. Infusions are usually prepared from delicate parts of the plant, while medicinal plant raw materials are poured with hot water with an initial temperature of 90-100 ºС and infused by gradually cooling the extract at room temperature for 5-15 minutes. Decoctions are usually prepared from roots, rhizomes and bark by boiling medicinal plant raw materials in a boiling water bath for 15-30 minutes, while the raw materials are initially poured with an extractant at room temperature, and after boiling, the extract is immediately filtered.
 The compounding peculiarities of water extracts from medicinal plant raw materials in Poland are as follows: the ratio of medicinal plant raw materials to the extractant with weak biologically active substances is 1:10, with mucus-containing medicinal plant raw materials – 1:20; for medicinal plant raw materials with cardiac glycosides and alkaloids – 1:100; water extracts are prepared by mass, while water absorption coefficients or consumption coefficients are not taken into account; for acidification, 0.5 g of citric acid per 100 g of extractant is added to extracts from alkaloid-containing raw materials; macerates are prepared from mucilage-containing raw materials only by the cold infusion method (for example, flax seed macerate); infusions are prepared only from medicinal plant raw materials containing cardiac glycosides (Lily of the Valley herb, Adonis vernalis herb), where raw materials are poured with boiling water, infused in a water bath for 15 minutes and cooled at room temperature for 15 minutes; decoctions are always prepared from other types of medicinal plant raw materials, where the raw materials are poured with an extractant at room temperature, heated and boiled in a boiling water bath for 30 minutes, filtered without cooling.
 Conclusions. A comparative analysis of the technological parameters of water extracts compounding from medicinal plant raw materials in accordance with the requirements of regulatory documents of Ukraine, the European Union and the Republic of Poland was carried out. A number of differences have been established, particularly in the methods of recipes prescribing, features of calculations, in the ratio of medicinal plant raw materials to the extractant, temperature regimes, extraction time, medium pH, the concepts of the processes of maceration, infusion and decoction. It was found that compared to domestic regulations, the technological process in the EU and Poland is optimized in terms of time, energy and in some cases, raw material expenditure. The obtained results have a practical importance, as they are the basis for further scientific research on the substantiation of the influence of technological factors on the quantitative content of the main groups of biological active substances in the compounded water extracts.

Development of a technique for determining the viability of dormant organisms in powdered substances

The purposes of pharmaceutical biotechnology and quality control of probiotics containing lyophilized bacterial preparations, as well as the purpose of ensuring biological safety, require methods for rapid determination of the viability of dormant forms. This paper describes an approach to determining the viability of dry powdered substances. Lyophilized powder of Kalanchoe daigermontiana, dry dormant eggs of Artemia salina, and dry powder of Lycopodium sp. spores were proposed as model objects. Suspensions of virus-like particles (VLPs) to SARS-CoV-2 were proposed as a cell-free reference material. The following methods of elemental analysis were used in the study: X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF) on an energy-dispersive device, atomic absorption spectroscopy with electrothermal atomization, and Zeeman background correction (GZ-AAS). The free water content was determined by NMR spin echo. A new method was also used for recording the kinetics of changes in broadband radio emission in the centimeter and millimeter wavelength ranges, with a measurement duration of up to 20 minutes. Live and inactivated powdered preparations of K. daigermontiana and A. salina were prepared and characterized by elemental composition, water content, and spin-spin relaxation time (T2). For these live and inactivated preparations, it was determined that the flux density of intrinsic thermal radio emission decreases by an order of magnitude with the loss of viability. In the future, the results obtained will allow for a rapid test of the viability of lyophilized therapeutics (from medicinal plants to bacterial mixtures that stabilize the intestinal microflora).
 Keywords: millimeter emission, X-ray fluorescence analysis, NMR spin echo, nanoparticles, powdered substances, medicinal plant raw materials

Technology for obtaining a dry complex of basfrom a plant of the from species Rosa beggeriana Schrenk

The study of medicinal plant raw materials as a source for the creation of unique and highly effective medicines based on it is of great importance for the development of pharmacy and medicine in Kazakhstan. Various types of rosehip contain a valuable complex of biologically active compounds (BAC), which causes their widespread use in folk medicine due to antioxidant, antiinflammatory, choleretic and body-strengthening effects, as well as pharmacopoeial objects of both the plants themselves and the medicines obtained on their basis. The object of this study – Rosa beggeriana Schrenk, which grows only in Asia, in particular Kazakhstan, Iran, and some parts of China, and has an almost unexplored valuable arsenal of compounds with biological activity, can increase the share of domestic medicines in the pharmaceutical market of the country. Goals and objectives. The purpose is to identify the suitability of raw material for further use in medicine. Research methods. The research object was collected during the fruiting season along the Ili River in the Almaty region and dried in accordance with recommendations for this type of raw material. In this study, chemical and physicochemical research methods were used. The article presents data on the establishment of the goodness of the studied Rosa beggeriana Schrenk plants and the dry complex of BAC obtained on a comparative context with the wellknown pharmacopoeia species of this plant family of Rosa canina plants, the mineral composition of macro- and microelements and the development of an optimal technology for obtaining a complex of biologically active substances from Rosa beggeriana Schrenk in the form of a dry extract. Conclusion. It has been established that this type of rose hip can be used for medical purposes and is not inferior in quality to the widespread type of rose hip Rosa canina. Parameters were also established under which the highest yield of raw materials can be obtained.

DEVELOPMENT OF A REFERENCE SAMPLE FOR RAPID ANALYSIS OF AN ELEMENTAL COMPOSITION OF MEDICINAL PLANT RAW MATERIALS

Objective: Development and validation of a technique for preparation of a reference sample for elemental microanalysis using the XRF technique in terms of repeatability, reproducibility, and optimization of the technique for rapid determination of the elemental composition of medicinal plants based on X-ray fluorescence analysis. Methods: Samples: fresh shoots of Kalanchoe daigremontiana, ready reference sample "Birch Leaf" LB-1 (A. P. Vinogradov Institute of Geochemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk, Russia), and IAEA reference sample SRM 2976 (IAEA, MEL, Monaco). The dispersed fraction was analyzed using a Master Sizer 2000 instrument (Malvern Panalytical, Worcestershire, UK). Elemental analysis using an energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer EDX-7000 Shimadzu (Shimadzu Corporation, Kyoto, Japan), GZ-AAS using an Agilent instrument, model 240Z AA instrument (Agilent Technologies, Inc., Santa Clara, USA) with electrothermal atomization and Zeeman background correction, and ICP-MS using an Agilent 7500 CE instrument (Agilent Technologies, Inc., Santa Clara, USA). Results: By the LALLS method, they were separated by the maximum distribution, which was 63 microns, and a minor fraction of 39 microns. This indicates sufficient homogeneity in the sample. Further, homogeneity was proved by the XRF method by measuring six independent samples obtained by the quartering method. Also, the elemental composition of the reference samples was determined: completely dried, homogenized before sifting, and homogenized after sifting. Further, the obtained reference sample of K. daigremontiana was compared with reference samples: IAEA SRM 2976 and "birch leaf methods: ICP-MS, GZ-AAS, XRF. Conclusion: The reference sample will allow for rapid analysis of medicinal plant raw materials. Standardization of medicinal plants by the content of microelements will allow observing species differences as well as adjusting the concentrations of microelements for therapeutic purposes using medicinal plants.

Quantitative analysis of rutin in flavonoid-rich plant raw material by HPTLC

Introduction. Due to the increasing requirements for the quality of pharmaceutical products, the requirements for standardization of herbal medicines are also growing, which in turn necessitates the development of approaches to quality control of medicinal plant raw materials. The use of such an advanced method as high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) will improve the quality of drug standardization, which is associated with the advantages of this method: minimized sample preparation, parallel determination of small volumes, elution time, high sensitivity, efficiency and speed. Objective. Quantitative determination of rutin by high-performance thin-layer chromatography, as well as comparison of the results of quantitative determination of the amount of flavonoids in terms of rutin by the spectrophotometric method. Material and methods. Medicinal plant raw materials – violet herb – were subjected to extraction using a developed method with 70 and 96% ethanol. Quantitative determination of rutin in extracts was carried out by HPTLC and spectrophotometry. Results. The developed method for the quantitative determination of rutin was validated in terms of linearity, specificity and accuracy. The difference in the extractive ability of the solvents used was shown. The percentage of rutin determined using the HPTLC method in an ethanol (96%) extract (3 µl) is 3.0826%, in an ethanol (70%) extract (3 µl) – 1.5911%. The percentage of rutin determined using the HPTLC method in an ethanol (96%) extract (5 µl) is 3.0894%, in an ethanol (70%) extract (5 µl) – 1.6064%. The percentage of total flavonoids in terms of rutin determined using the spectrophotometric method in the ethanol (96%) extract is 3.4289%, in the ethanol (70%) extract – 2.4176%. Conclusion. As a result of the study, a method for the quantitative determination of rutin was developed and validated, which can be used in the standardization of violet herb.

Comparative study of morphological and anatomical features of Bidens L. Species

Introduction. Determining closely related impure species when confirming the authenticity of medicinal plant raw materials (mprms) is a very difficult and controversial task, especially for crushed and powdered mprms. One of such objects is the three-part beggarticks, which is prone to polymorphism and occupies the same area with the nodding beggarticks, the Spanish needles and the devil's beggarticks. Objective: to conduct a comparative pharmacognostic analysis of species of the genus Bidens L., which can be collected together with the pharmacopoeial species – three-part beggarticks. Material and methods. The objects of study were dried herbs of three-part beggarticks (Bidens tripartita L.), nodding beggarticks (Bidens cernua L.), Spanish needles (Bidens bipinnata L.), and devil's beggarticks (Bidens frondosa L.), collected in the Moscow region in 2020–2021. In this work, we studied the anatomical and morphological structure of leaves, as the most preferred part from a diagnostic point of view. The study of anatomical and morphological characteristics was carried out in accordance with the General Pharmacopoeial Monograph of the Russian Federation State Pharmacopoeia XIV 1.5.1.0003.15 “Leaves”. Results. A comparative description of the anatomical-diagnostic external and microscopic characteristics of the Bidens leaves has been obtained. Bidens tripartita and Bidens frondosa are higher than others. In contrast to the impure species, the Bidens tripartita has the largest deeply trifid, irregular serrated leaves, more pronounced tortuosity of the epidermal cells of the upper side of the leaf, multicellular thin-walled caterpillar-like and simple thick-walled hairs are combined, and the secretory canals in the mesophyll located along the vein. Conclusion. Among the studied Bidens species, each has characteristic features of its morphological and anatomical structure. These specific features can be used to establish the authenticity of the mprms and distinguish it from impure Bidens species, which require further research.

Comparative Study of The Chemical Composition and Pharmacological Activity of Three Chemotypes of Peppermint

The aim of the work was to study the composition of the alcohol extract, antioxidant activity and pharmacological properties of peppermint leaves of three forms - menthol, linalool and carvone. Materials and methods: Chromatography-mass-spectrometric analysis was performed on an Agilent Technologies device. For the model evaluation of antioxidant activity, the aerometric method for measuring the total antioxidant activity was used, implemented in the TsvetYauza-01-AA device. Tonic activity was studied in terms of the duration of swimming of laboratory animal (male mice) with a load of 7% of the animal's body weight until complete fatigue - "The mouse forced swim test". The discussion of the results. When studying the chemical composition of medicinal plant raw materials of peppermint leaves of menthol, linalool, carvone types, more than 50 compounds were identified. A comparative analysis showed that the content of menthol in peppermint leaves of the menthol type can exceed the content of menthol in other chemotypes by ten or more times. At the same time, the tonic effect of an aqueous extract from peppermint leaves is mostly associated with the menthol. It should be taken into account when using this type of raw material in the manufacturing. Findings. The raw material of peppermint leaves may have a different degree of pharmacological activity depending on the chemotype, which should be taken into consideration when using this type of raw material.

Terpenoids and phenolic compounds as biologically active compounds of medicinal plants with diuretic effect

The aim of the study was to summarize and systematize the literature data, as well as the results of the carried out research in the field of medicinal plants used as diuretics in the Russian Federation and abroad.Materials and methods. During the search for this review article materials, the abstract databases of PubMed, Google Scholar, as well as the ResearchGate and elibrary.ru were used. The search was carried out according to the publications for the period from 2005 to 2023. The keywords were as follows: herbal diuretics, diuretic drugs, kidney diseases, types of medicinal plant raw materials. The data from the authors’ previous scientific research on the analysis of the diuretic properties of certain types of medicinal plant raw materials, as well as individual substances of a phenolic nature isolated from them (simple phenols, flavonoids), were also reviewed.Results. It was determined that the diuretic activity of most of the medicinal plants used, is due to such groups of biologically active compounds as terpenoids (essential oils and saponins), simple phenols, flavonoids and anthracene derivatives related to the secondary metabolites. It has been shown that, despite the fact that many herbal diuretics have concomitant anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antiviral, antihistamine and other properties relevant from the point of view of etiology and pathogenesis of the disease, it is reasonable to use them as part of collections of medicinal plants and other combined medicinal herbal preparations, as this is in accordance with the global trend. The types of medicinal plant raw materials that can be a promising source of new diuretic herbal medicines, have been examined in this review.Conclusion. It has been determined that terpenoids and phenolic compounds make the greatest contribution to the manifestation of the diuretic activity of medicinal herbal preparations, among which the greatest structural diversity is noted for flavonoids. It has been established that in the composition of any drug, taking into account the peculiarities of etiology and pathogenesis of the disease, herbal diuretics can be both the main drug and an auxiliary component. The expediency of using medicinal plant raw materials with a diuretic effect as part of collections of medicinal plants and other combined preparations used in the treatment of kidney and urinary tract diseases has been also substantiated.

Determination of the composition of pharmaceutical substances used in drugs with antiarrhythmic activity

Cardiac arrhythmias are the most common pathologies of the cardiovascular system. Allapinin® and Allaforte® from “Pharmcenter VILAR” are effective IC-class antiarrhythmic agents. The main component of these drugs is a pharmaceutical substance with INN: lappaconitine hydrobromide, which in addition to lappaconitine hydrobromide itself, contains impurities of other diterpene alkaloids. This work is devoted to a detailed analysis of the alkaloid composition of a new pharmaceutical substance isolated from roots and rhizomes, as well as from the aerial part of plants of the genus Aconite (monkshood, wolfsbane) of the Ranunculaceae family (buttercups) using chromato-mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy. In addition, an assessment was made of the quantitative ratios of alkaloids in several samples of pharmaceutical substances isolated from different batches of medicinal plant raw materials.

The effect of complex pharmacotherapy regimens using a herbal remedy from <i>Hippophae rhamnoides</i> on biochemical blood parameters of rats with paracetamol hepatitis

Background. The use of complexes of synthetic and herbal remedies as hepatoprotectors in the treatment of liver pathologies of various etiologies is an urgent task of pharmacology. A promising type of medicinal plant raw material is an extract of Hippophaes rhamnoides leaves. The hepatoprotective effect of extract of Hippophaes rhamnoides leaves in combination with ademethionine has not been studied to date.The aim of the research was to study changes in biochemical markers of hepatic function in the application of complex schemes of pharmacotherapy of experimental liver damage with paracetamol using Extractum foliorum Hippophaes rhamnoides.Materials and methods. The experimental study was performed on Wistar rats, the animals were divided into six groups. Group 1 (intact) – animals without a model of liver damage and without treatment; in Group 2 (control) paracetamol was used to create experimental hepatitis without treatment (positive control group); in Group 3 (comparison) a combination of “silibinin + ademethionine” was used on a model of paracetamol hepatitis; in Group 4 (experimental) extract of Hippophaes rhamnoides leaves was used on the model of paracetamol hepatitis; in Group 5 (experimental) ademethionine was used on a model of paracetamol hepatitis; in Group 6 (experimental) a combination of extract of Hippophaes rhamnoides leaves and ademethionine was used on a model of paracetamol hepatitis. The functional state of the liver of experimental animals was determined by biochemical parameters.Results. When using a combination of extract of Hippophaes rhamnoides leaves with ademethionine, the studied biochemical parameters significantly (p < 0.05) differed from the numerical values in the negative control group and were closest to those in the intact group than in other experimental groups.Conclusions. A comparison of the effectiveness of the use of extract of Hippophaes rhamnoides leaves in combination with ademethionine by the total effect on blood biochemical parameters determines this complex as a promising drug for further research.

Antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of Panax ginseng and Hedysarum neglectum root crop extracts.

In order to ensure the timely and uninterrupted supply of medicinal plant raw materials, the methods of cultivation of plant cell cultures, namely, the production of plant root cultures, are relevant. In this paper, the geroprotective potential of Hedysarum neglectum Ledeb and Panax ginseng C. A. Mey root cultures is studied. They were cultured under in vitro conditions by transforming the rhizome (H. neglectum) and seed seedlings (P. ginseng) with Agrobacterium rhizogenes 15834 Swiss. To identify the geroprotective potential, the antimicrobial disc-diffusion method and the antioxidant activity were analyzed by titration of KMnO4 extracts of plant root cultures. The qualitative and quantitative composition was analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography, thin-layer chromatography, and gas chromatography with mass spectrometry. In the course of the work, the presence of antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of plant root culture extracts was established. Biologically active substances contained in extracts of Hedysarum neglectum Ledeb root crops and Panax ginseng C. A. Mey are characterized by geroprotective potential, so they can act as a source of natural antioxidants in the functional nutrition of the geroprotective orientation.

Development of the cream composition with Georgian thermal water and herb extracts

Thermal mineral waters contain a certain amount of mineral substances. They are widely used around the world to develop pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. Georgia is rich in thermal mineral water and plant resources, but Georgian mineral waters and medicinal plant raw materials have not been used together in any of the dermato-cosmetic products produced in Georgia. The aim of this work is to develop the cream composition with mineral waters from Georgian hot springs and herb extracts. Material and methods. The objects of the study were Georgian thermal waters and herb extracts. Thermal waters of various degrees of mineralization were used: Sulori (mineralization - 182,6 mg/L), Tskaltubo (mineralization - 0,8 g/L) and Borjomi (mineralization - 5-7 g/L). For the study, the main methods for developing dosage forms, experimental and technological studies, physical, physico-chemical, biopharmaceutical and other methods were used. Research results. Based on preliminary tests, preference was given to highly mineralized water “Borjomi” and its dilutions. This allowed us to develop a general strategy for creating a formula for creams containing thermal mineral water and herb extracts. The experiments were conducted with different dilutions of Borjomi. A model system suitable for mineral waters of any degree of mineralization was developed. Preliminary tests determined the ratio of the main components, with the use of which ten versions of cream were developed, and their physicochemical properties, sterility and toxicological safety were studied. Conclusions. The critical analysis of thermal waters of Georgia was carried out and the more mineralized thermal water of Borjomi was used in the model systems. A methodological approach to the development of this type of medical and cosmetic creams for the use of selected thermal waters and plant raw materials was substantiated. The cream formulation was developed using Georgian thermal water and plant extracts. The conditions of their stability and safety were studied

ОRGANOGENESIS LEVISTICUM OFFICINALE C. KOCH AND LEONURUS GUNGUELOBATUS GILIB AND CLASSIFICATION OF THE FOLLOWING KINDS

The article shows the issues of growing perspectives and the use of Levisticum officinalis and Leonurus gunguelobatus Gilib in the lowland areas of Transcarpathia. The results of the study of growing peculiarities and development of the given cultures under the influence of agro climatic conditions have been given and 11 basic stages of medicinal herbs development have been singled out, taking into consideration which it is possible to influence the growing of the new sorts of medicinal plants with the definite parameters corresponding to the demands of the modern production of the high quality medicinal plant raw material. Key words: levisticum, leonurus, meaning, classification, use, growing perspective, organogenesis, stages