Medicinal Agents Research Articles

Reimagining Medical Education Toward Antiracist Praxis.

Medicine has a longstanding history of racism that promulgates existing health inequities. Current medical education, largely based on the biomedical framework, omits critical discourse on racism and White supremacy, which continue to harm individuals and communities of color. Such ahistorical and apolitical orientation inadequately trains learners to identify and address racism in clinical practice. Although curricula on racial health disparities, social determinants of health, cultural competency, and implicit bias have been operationalized by several medical schools, they do not identify the racism embedded in systems of care, nor do they provide transformative steps toward true health equity and justice. As such, this article proposes bold radical frameworks as the foundation for reimagining medical education in the United States. Founded on critical race theory, abolition, and decolonization, the authors provide a view of an antiracist medical education, one that highlights the history and legacy of racism in medicine and positions medical trainees and practicing physicians as active agents in medicine's antiracist transformation.

Clinical Use of COX-2 Inhibitors Containing Quinoline Heterocycle as a Selective Therapeutic Agents for Complementary Medicine

Clinical Use of COX-2 Inhibitors Containing Quinoline Heterocycle as a Selective Therapeutic Agents for Complementary Medicine

An acute respiratory distress syndrome drug development collaboration stimulated by the Virginia Drug Discovery Consortium.

The genesis of most older medicinal agents has generally been empirical. During the past one and a half centuries, at least in the Western countries, discovering and developing drugs has been primarily the domain of pharmaceutical companies largely built upon concepts emerging from organic chemistry. Public sector funding for the discovery of new therapeutics has more recently stimulated local, national, and international groups to band together and focus on new human disease targets and novel treatment approaches. This Perspective describes one contemporary example of a newly formed collaboration that was simulated by a regional drug discovery consortium. University of Virginia, Old Dominion University, and a university spinout company, KeViRx, Inc., partnered under a NIH Small Business Innovation Research grant, to produce potential therapeutics for acute respiratory distress syndrome resulting from the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.

Computer‐aided evaluation of targets and biological activity spectra for new piperidine derivatives

<b>Background:</b> The unique ability of piperidine to combine with various molecular fragments makes it possible to use its chemical structure to create new drugs with potential pharmacological effects. However, preliminary studies are required to predict the activity of new compounds in order to determine the direction of further preclinical studies.<br /> <b>Aim: </b>This study aims at determining the potential targets and spectrum of biological activity of new piperidine derivatives by the <i>in silico</i> method.<br /> <b>Material and methods: </b>Prediction of the effects on targets and the spectrum of biological activity of three new piperidine derivatives synthesized at the Bekturov Institute of Chemical Sciences JSC was analyzed in this study. The chemical structures of these compounds were studied <i>in silico</i> using the web tool SwissTargetPrediction to identify the most likely protein targets. PASS (Prediction of Activity Spectra for Substances) online tool was used to predict the possible pharmacological activity of the studied compounds.<br /> <b>Results: </b>New modified piperidine derivatives are able to affect different enzymes, receptors, transport systems, voltage-gated ion channels, thereby providing a wide range of biological activities applicable in various fields of medicine. These substances represent interest in the treatment of cancer, central nervous system diseases, as local anesthetic, antiarrhythmic and antimicrobial agents, and are promising for pharmacological activity demonstration in preclinical studies.<br /> <b>Conclusion</b>: A comprehensive analysis of the above results leads to the conclusion that the compounds under study should be considered as potential substances for the design of new highly effective medicinal agents with a wide range of practical applications.

Physiological Activities of the King of Bitters (Andrographis paniculata): A Review.

Andrographis paniculata is a versatile tropical plant that is considered to have many essential medicinal properties. Plants can combine an open scope of the natural active compound that carries out significant organic roles and are used as pharmaceuticals. Herbal plants have therapeutic and prophylactic properties, so scientists are concentrating on developing crude drugs to make people's lives easier. Medicinal plants are the primary sources of therapeutic remedies for various ailments. These potential medicinal effects are primarily attributed to their active phytoconstituents. The importance of plants has been well understood by society and is well documented by scientists who have attached medicinal values to plants since ancient times. A. paniculata has been used as a herbal remedy for treating the upper gastrointestinal tract and upper respiratory tract, fever, herpes, diabetes, and other chronic illness.The A. paniculata treats a wide range of diseases in traditional medicinal systems, and its intended benefits must be evaluated. Depending on different plant studies, this review aims to discuss the medicinal values, pharmacological activity, and toxicity profile of A. paniculata like antibacterial, antioxidative, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer activity for successful plant usage. In order to address the forthcoming research opportunities in the future, there is a need to establish a means of bridging the existing gap. It underscores the compilation of extensive pharmacological uses in order to establish the potential of A. paniculata as a versatile medicinal agent.

Convergent Deboronative and Decarboxylative Phosphonylation Enabled by the Phosphite Radical Trap "BecaP".

Carbon-phosphorus bond formation is significant in synthetic chemistry because phosphorus-containing compounds offer numerous indispensable biochemical roles. While there is a plethora of methods to access organophosphorus compounds, phosphonylations of readily accessible alkyl radicals to form aliphatic phosphonates are rare and not commonly used in synthesis. Herein, we introduce a novel phosphorus radical trap "BecaP" that enables facile and efficient phosphonylation of alkyl radicals under visible light photocatalytic conditions. Importantly, the ambiphilic nature of BecaP allows redox neutral reactions with both nucleophilic (activated by single-electron oxidation) and electrophilic (activated by single-electron reduction) alkyl radical precursors. Thus, a broad scope of feedstock alkyl potassium trifluoroborate salts and redox active carboxylate esters could be employed, with each class of substrate proceeding through a distinct mechanistic pathway. The mild conditions are applicable to the late-stage installation of phosphonate motifs into medicinal agents and natural products, which is showcased by the straightforward conversion of baclofen (muscle relaxant) to phaclofen (GABAB antagonist).

Integrating Synthesis, Physicochemical Characterization, and In Silico Studies of Cordycepin-Loaded Bovine Serum Albumin Nanoparticles.

Cordycepin gets rapidly metabolized in the body into inactive form due to its structural similarity to adenosine, thus inhibiting its development as a medicinal agent. This study was aimed to improve the solubility and stability of cordycepin, a potential drug with known antiproliferative activity, by encapsulating it in bovine serum albumin: β-cyclodextrin nanoparticles. Cordycepin-loaded nanoparticles (CLNPs) were synthesized using the antisolvent method and characterized thoroughly using various techniques. Our dynamic light scattering measurement showed a particle size and zeta potential of 160 ± 2.75 nm and -20.21 ± 2.1 mV, respectively, for CLNPs. Transmission electron microscopy studies revealed that particles were spherical in morphology. These CLNPs showed sustained release of cordycepin with encapsulation and loading efficiency of 81.62 ± 1.5 and 27.02 ± 2.0%, respectively, based on high-performance liquid chromatography and UV-vis studies. Based on differential scanning calorimetry and zeta potential studies, CLNPs improve cordycepin stability and solubility. Our molecular simulations and binding energy calculation also showed favorable protein interaction between cordycepin, bovine serum albumin, and β-cyclodextrin, further supporting the notion of improved stability. In vitro cytotoxicity, apoptosis, and cellular uptake studies on breast cancer cells showed that the synthesized nanoparticles had greater cytotoxicity as compared to free cordycepin.

Inorganic nanoparticle-integrated mesenchymal stem cells: A potential biological agent for multifaceted applications.

Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-based therapies are flourishing. MSCs could be used as potential therapeutic agents for regenerative medicine due to their own repair function. Meanwhile, the natural predisposition toward inflammation or injury sites makes them promising carriers for targeted drug delivery. Inorganic nanoparticles (INPs) are greatly favored for their unique properties and potential applications in biomedical fields. Current research has integrated INPs with MSCs to enhance their regenerative or antitumor functions. This model also allows the in vivo fate tracking of MSCs in multiple imaging modalities, as many INPs are also excellent contrast agents. Thus, INP-integrated MSCs would be a multifunctional biologic agent with great potential. In this review, the current roles performed by the integration of INPs with MSCs, including (i) enhancing their repair and regeneration capacity via the improvement of migration, survival, paracrine, or differentiation properties, (ii) empowering tumor-killing ability through agent loaded or hyperthermia, and (iii) conferring traceability are summarized. An introduction of INP-integrated MSCs for simultaneous treatment and tracking is also included. The promising applications of INP-integrated MSCs in future treatments are emphasized and the challenges to their clinical translation are discussed.

Rutin is a potent senomorphic agent to target senescent cells and can improve chemotherapeutic efficacy.

Aging is a major risk factor for most chronic disorders, for which cellular senescence is one of the central hallmarks. Senescent cells develop the pro-inflammatory senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), which significantly contributes to organismal aging and age-related disorders. Development of senotherapeutics, an emerging class of therapeutic agents to target senescent cells, allows to effectively delay aging and alleviate chronic pathologies. Here we report preliminary outputs from screening of a natural medicinal agent (NMA) library for senotherapeutic candidates and validated several agents with prominent potential as senomorphics. Rutin, a phytochemical constituent found in a number of plants, showed remarkable capacity in targeting senescent cells by dampening expression of the full spectrum SASP. Further analysis indicated that rutin restrains the acute stress-associated phenotype (ASAP) by specifically interfering with the interactions of ATM with HIF1α, a master regulator of cellular and systemic homeostasis activated during senescence, and of ATM with TRAF6, part of a key signaling axis supporting the ASAP development toward the SASP. Conditioned media produced by senescent stromal cells enhanced the malignant phenotypes of prostate cancer cells, including in vitro proliferation, migration, invasion, and more importantly, chemoresistance, while rutin remarkably downregulated these gain-of-functions. Although classic chemotherapy reduced tumor progression, the treatment outcome was substantially improved upon combination of a chemotherapeutic agent with rutin. Our study provides a proof of concept for rutin as an emerging natural senomorphic agent, and presents an effective therapeutic avenue for alleviating age-related pathologies including cancer.

Antipathogenic Efficacy of Biogenic Silver Nanoparticles and Antibiofilm Activities Against Multi-drug-Resistant ESKAPE Pathogens.

The silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were produced by employing a biogenic loom and tested for antipathogenic assets against multi-drug-resistant (MDR) ESKAPE bacteria. Biogenically synthesized AgNPs were characterized adopting various high-throughput techniques such as UHRTEM, SEM with EDX, DLS, TGA-DTA, and XRD and spectroscopic analysis showed polydispersion of nanoparticles. In this context, AgNPs with the attribute of spherical-shaped nanoparticles with an average size of 26nm were successfully synthesized utilizing bacterial supernatant. The antipathogenic activities of AgNPs were assessed against 11 strains of MDR ESKAPE bacteria including Enterococcus faecium; methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Klebsiella pneumonia; Acinetobacter baumannii; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Enterobacter aerogenes; and Enterobacter species. The exposure of biogenic AgNPs in a well diffusion assay showed all the growth inhibitions of ESKAPE bacteria at 200μg/ml after 18h of incubation. Growth kinetics demonstrated maximum killing at 60μg/ml after 4h of completion. The highest biofilm depletions were found at 100μg/ml in adhesion assay. Live/dead assays showed effective killing of the ESKAPE bacteria at 10μg/ml in pre-existing biofilms. The effective inhibitory concentrations of AgNPs were investigated ranging from 10 to 200μg/ml. The selected pathogens found sensitive to AgNPs are statistically significant (P < 0.05) than that of cefotaxime/AgNO3. Consequently, a broad spectrum of antimicrobial potentials of AgNPs can be alternative to conventional antimicrobial agents for future medicine.

Genome characteristics of the optrA-positive Clostridium perfringens strain QHY-2 carrying a novel plasmid type.

Clostridium perfringens is a bacterial species of importance to both public and animal health. The gene optrA is the first gene that confers resistance to the tedizolid, a last-resort antimicrobial agent in human medicine. Herein, we whole-genome sequenced and analyzed one optrA-positive C. perfringens strain QHY-2 from Tibetan sheep in Qinghai province and identified one optrA plasmid pQHY-2. The plasmid shared similar structure with the optrA-positive plasmids p2C45 and p21-D-5b previously identified in C. perfringens, demonstrating the potential horizontal transmission of the optrA plasmids among C. perfringens strains. Annotation of the optrA-positive plasmids showed optrA and erm(A) located on a segment flanked by IS element IS1216E, and fexA, optrA, and erm(A) located on a segment flanked by IS element ISVlu1, which revealed the possible dissemination mechanism. Additionally, a Tn6218-like transposon carrying aac(6')-aph(2″) and erm(B) was also detected on pQHY-2, demonstrating the transposition of Tn6218 and spread of antibiotic resistance among Clostridium bacteria. Molecular analysis indicated the optrA-positive plasmids belonged to a plasmid type distinct from the pCW3-like plasmids, pCP13-like plasmids, or pIP404-like plasmids. Further structure analysis showed they might be formed by inserting segments into plasmid pCPCPI53k-r1_1, which coexist with two pCW3-like plasmids and one pCP13-like plasmid in C. perfringens strain CPI 53k-r1 isolated from a healthy human in Finland. IMPORTANCE Antimicrobial resistance is now a global concern posing threats to food safety and public health. The pCW3-like plasmids can encode several main toxin genes and three antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), including tetA(P), tetB(P), and erm(B), which used to be considered as the main carrier of ARGs in Clostridium perfringens. In this study, we found the optrA plasmids, which belonged to a novel plasmid type, could also harbor many other ARGs, indicating this type of plasmid might be the potential repository of ARGs in C. perfringens. Additionally, this type of plasmid could coexist with the pCW3-like plasmids and pCP13-like plasmids that encoded toxin genes associated with gastrointestinal diseases, which showed the potential threat to public health.

An update on phytochemistry and pharmacology of Croton malambo H. Karst

The genus Croton is one of the most characteristic groups of plants belonging to the Euphorbiaceae family. Under this genus is Croton malambo H. Karst, a tree found in the Guajira peninsula, shared by Colombia and Venezuela. The inhabitants of this region have used this plant as a treatment for rheumatism, body pain, wounds, bumps, local inflammation, dermal infection, toothache, umbilical infections, headaches, and bronchitis. This short review provides traditional knowledge, phytochemistry, and pharmacological studies of C. malambo. The literature reviewed for this article was obtained from the Web of Science, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar research published before March 2023, and own results. Phytochemical investigations reveal that the plant is a rich source of triterpenes, phenyl compounds, lignans, entkauranes, alkaloids, monoterpenes, and volatiles. The results of pharmacological tests on this plant indicate antidiabetic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, and anticancer effects. This paper resume information on the phytochemical constituents and the pharmacological studies on extracts, compounds, and volatiles on Croton malambo. The purpose of this review is to stimulate future research that insides the potential of this species to obtain new medicinal agents in important diseases like diabetes and cancer.

Beneficial role of kaempferol and its derivatives from different plant sources on respiratory diseases in experimental models.

Respiratory illnesses impose a significant health burden and cause deaths worldwide. Despite many advanced strategies to improve patient outcomes, they are often less effective. There is still considerable room for improvement in the treatment of various respiratory diseases. In recent years, alternative medicinal agents derived from food plants have shown better beneficial effects against a wide variety of disease models, including cancer. In this regard, kaempferol (KMF) and its derivatives are the most commonly found dietary flavonols. They have been found to exhibit protective effects on multiple chronic diseases like diabetes, fibrosis, and so on. A few recent articles have reviewed the pharmacological actions of KMF in cancer, central nervous system diseases, and chronic inflammatory diseases. However, there is no comprehensive review that exists regarding the beneficial effects of KMF and its derivatives on both malignant- and non-malignant respiratory diseases. Many experimental studies reveal that KMF and its derivatives are helpful in managing a wide range of respiratory diseases, including acute lung injury, fibrosis, asthma, cancer, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and their underlying molecular mechanisms. In addition, we also discussed the chemistry and sources, the absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) properties, methods to enhance bioavailability, as well as our perspective on future research with KMF and its derivatives.

Traumatic Brain Injury: Acupuncture Treatment.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. It is estimated that half of the people in the world will experience at least 1 episode of TBI during their lifetimes. While the primary injury to the brain parenchyma is usually irreversible, the secondary effects, which involve cellular dysfunction, derangement of blood flow, and blood-brain barrier changes in ionic flux and elevated levels of free radicals are potentially amenable to treatment. At present, there are no neuroprotective agents in mainstream medicine to interrupt these secondary processes and improve the patient's neurologic outcome. Acupuncture holds promise to fill this gap and scientific evidence to that effect is presented. Sports-related brain injury is discussed in detail.

Beneficial sterols in selected edible insects and their associated antibacterial activities

Edible insects are increasingly gaining popularity as research reveals multiple benefits. However, the rediscovery of natural products from insects as medicinal agents has received limited attention. This study aimed at evaluating the diversity of sterols in extracts of nine edible insects and potential antibacterial activities. Dichloromethane extracts of these insects were analyzed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry to identify important sterols, followed by evaluation of their anti-bacterial activities. Nineteen sterols were identified with the highest recorded in African fruit beetle [Pachnoda sinuata (47.37%)], crickets [Gryllus bimaculatus (36.84%) and Scapsipedus icipe (31.58%)]. Cholesterol was the most prevalent, except in black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens). Bioactivity revealed S. icipe as the most potent extract against Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis whereas G. bimaculatus was highest against Methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus 25923. These findings unravels the diversity of sterols in edible insects and their possible application in food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries.

Phytochemistry, Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Activities and Acute Toxicity Studies of Phragmanthera Usuiensis (Oliv.) M.G. Gilbert

Plants have played a significant role in healthcare throughout history by providing medicinal substances. Phragmanthera usuiensis leaves have been used by traditional practitioners for the treatment of oxidative stress-related diseases in the study area, primarily for treating arthritis. The objective of the study was to investigate the phytochemical composition, analgesic effect, anti-inflammatory effect, and acute toxicity of the methanolic extract of P. usuiensis leaves. The phytochemical composition of the methanolic extract of P. usuiensis leaves was studied using qualitative and quantitative methods. The analgesic effect was investigated through the hotplate method, and the anti-inflammatory activity through the carrageenan-induced paw edema model. Investigation of acute toxicity was carried out as per the OECD guidelines on acute oral toxicity – Acute Toxic Classic (ATC) method, with the acute toxicity being administered orally by gavage. Treatment of the animals was initiated at the starting dose level of 300 mg/kg body weight and carried out with six animals (three animals per step). Treatment of animals at the next dose of 2000 mg/kg body weight was delayed until the survival of the previously dosed animals was ensured. The methanolic extracts of P. usuiensis possess several phytochemicals that exhibited promising free analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. The phytochemicals found in the methanol extract include alkaloids, tannins, glycosides, saponins, steroids, flavonoids, terpenoids, phenols, coumarins, and free sugars. All groups of test animals did not exhibit any serious toxic or lethal effects even at the administration of the limit dose, 2000 mg/kg body weight. The study has successfully validated the use of Phragmanthera usuiensis leaf as having activity that potentially can be used to treat oxidative stress-related disorders like arthritis. Moreover, the study confirmed that these plants exhibit analgesic and anti-inflammatory actives. Additionally, it established the safety of the extracts for use as medicinal agents in the management of oxidative stress.

Naru-3 inhibits inflammation, synovial hyperplasia, and neovascularization in collagen-induced arthritis in rats.

Naru-3 is a prescribed formulation based on the theory of Mongolian medicine for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Naru-3 consists of three medicinal agents: Aconitum kusnezoffii Reichb (caowu), Terminalia chebula Retz (hezi), and Piper longum L (biba). These medicinal agents are widely distributed in the Mongolian area of China and have been used to treat rheumatism for centuries. Mongolian medicine Naru-3 is commonly prescribed to treat RA, but its mechanism of action is unknown. A rat collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) model was established to investigate the mechanism of Naru-3. Rats were treated with Naru-3, Etanercept (ETN), and sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) for four weeks. After treatment was terminated, paw thickness, ankle diameter, and arthritis index (AI) were scored. Synovial hyperplasia was evaluated using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and two-dimensional ultrasonography. Synovitis and neovascularization were assayed using power Doppler imaging (PDI) and contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS). Levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), interleukin (IL)-1, and CD31 in the serum or synovium were detected using ELISA and immunohistochemistry analyses. Naru-3 and ETN alleviated the symptoms of CIA as evidenced by diminished paw thickness, ankle diameter, and AI scores. Mechanistically, Naru-3 inhibited synovial hyperplasia, synovitis, and neovascularization by diminishing systemic and local inflammation, as indicated by the relative expression of VEGF and IL-1 in the serum and synovium. After four weeks of treatment, no significant neovascularization was observed in the Naru-3 group, but neovascularization and synovitis occurred in the ETN group, as demonstrated by H&E staining, PDI, and CEUS examination. Naru-3 inhibited inflammation, synovial hyperplasia, and neovascularization and alleviates RA in our CIA rat model. No symptom recurrence was observed four weeks after drug treatment.

Insight Of Engineered Nano-Based Biologics Approaches Used To Combat Autoimmune Disease Using Tnf-Α & Il Inhibitors.

Autoimmune disease is increasing widely, and the biologicals in autoimmune disease play a vital role in the cure. Biologicals have an affinity to bind the specific target molecule and suppress inflammation. The different biologicals are used to treat various autoimmune diseases by preventing the cytokines from unlocking cells and causing inflammation. Each biologic targets a different cytokine. The common classes of biologic that are used to treat autoimmune disease are i) Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNFα) inhibitors and ii) Interleukin Inhibitors (IL). Along with biologics, nanomedicine has shown to be a successful method for creating customized nanomaterials with the potential to deliver medicinal agents to particular organs or tissues drugs without causing immunosuppressive or immunostimulatory adverse effects. This article reviews biologics used in treating Autoimmune Disease (AD) and the mechanism involved. The examination of current developments that have been made to create innovative nanoparticle-based therapies for autoimmune illnesses and their inclusion in vaccines. Also, recent clinical trials display nanosystem strategies for treating AD.

ASSESSMENT OF THE ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF Cymbopogan citratus (Lemon grass) LEAF EXTRACT AGAINST SOME PHYTOPATHOGENS

Since the beginning of mankind, nature has been a source of medicinal agent for thousands of years. A plant pathogen is an infectious organism that is capable of causing disease to plants. This research work was aimed at assessing the antifungal activity of Cymbopogan citratus leaf extract on some phytopathogenic fungi isolated from agricultural soils. Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus tamari and Mucor circinelloides were isolated from an agricultural soil. Aspergillus tamari displayed highest susceptibility to the 50% ethanolic extract of the plant with a mycelial radial growth inhibition measurement of 18.25 ± 0.25 mm while Mucor circinelloides displayed the least susceptibility to the 100% ethanolic extract with a mycelial radial growth inhibition of 45.25 ± 0.25 mm. The results were significantly different from the controls (63.25 ± 0.75 mm, Aspergillus niger; 43.25 ± 1.25 mm, Aspergillus tamari and 63.75 ± 0.75 mm, Mucor circinelloides). In the same vein, the aqueous extract also displayed appreciable antifungal activity. The radial growth inhibition of the aqueous extract ranged from 24.25 ± 0.25 mm (25%, Mucor circinelloides) to 34.50 ± 0.50mm (100%, Aspergillus tamari). These were significantly different from the controls. This Study has shown that lemon grass leaf extract possesses antifungal activities to control phytopathogens, from the result obtained, it can be stated that lemon grass can be exploited as an alternative to chemical fungicides in combating resistance amongst phytopathogens.

A Review on General Concept and Preparation Methods together with Characterization Techniques of Silver Nanoparticles

Silver and its compounds have been used for thousands of years as antibacterial and medicinal agents. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) subsequently received much attention due to their unusual physical, chemical, and biological properties, which are mainly caused by AgNP size, structure, composition, luster, and structure compared to their bulk species. When free radicals interact with bacteria, they can cause damage to the cell membrane, enabling it to penetrate and eventually lead to cell death. Compared to other salts, silver nanoparticles have excellent antibacterial activity due to their large surface area, allowing for high interaction with bacteria. There are many techniques for producing silver nanoparticles, including physical, chemical, and biological processes.Physical and chemical processes for making silver nanoparticles are expensive and complicated, whereas biological approaches are easier and safer to implement. In the biological and environmental areas, metal nanoparticles with controlled particle size and surface chemistry have a broad spectrum of applications. Nanomaterials must becharacterized in addition to the manufacturing procedures to explore differences in activity based on morphological distinctions. AgNPs are widely used as antibacterial agents in the field of health, food storage, textiles, and various environmental applications.So, in this systematic review, we examined silver nanoparticle preparation methods, characterization, applications, and fundamental concepts of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs).