Medical Informatics Education Research Articles

Comparison of the adequacies of the OSCE and vOSCE to assess the competencies required under Brazilian medical curriculum guidelines: a multicenter study

BackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic has led to the popularization of information and communication technology in medical education. This study aimed to compare the objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) and the virtual objective structured clinical examination (vOSCE), based on expert opinion, as tools for assessing the competencies needed under medical curriculum guidelines in Brazil.MethodsIn this multicenter study, the suitability levels of the OSCE and vOSCE for assessing the competencies needed under the Brazilian National Curriculum Guidelines (DCNs) were compared. The DCNs encompass five groups of domains, namely, health education; general; health management; public health needs; and individual health needs. Sixteen teaching experts served as judges. They responded to a questionnaire with the provided Likert scores indicating the ability of the OSCE and vOSCE to assess each type of competency. Virtual meetings were held via the Delphi method and a focus group-based approach to enable the experts to reach a consensus.ResultsA total of 200 items included in the guidelines (100 for the OSCE and 100 for the vOSCE) were evaluated across a total of 3,200 responses. Analysis via the Likert scale revealed a high proportion of positive evaluations for the use of the vOSCE, with kappa values ​​ranging from 0.4 to 0.72. The values ​​of the absolute agreement (positive view) between examiners and equivalence with the kappa statistic for the adoption of the vOSCE ranged from 0.38 to 0.72. Via the use of virtual meetings (Delphi and focus groups), consensus was reached regarding the capacity of the OSCE and vOSCE to evaluate 97% and 92% of these items, respectively.ConclusionThe vOSCE can be employed to assess relevant competencies. However, it faces limitations regarding 8% (8/100) of the items, and some items (3%) cannot be assessed via either method. The difference in results between the two assessment methodologies (OSCE and vOSCE) is 5%. It is necessary to invest in the creation of instruments that can be used to apply the vOSCE and to conduct cost‒benefit analysis of its broader application in health education institutions. We conclude that the vOSCE is an effective tool for assessing most competencies of medical professionals and students required under Brazilian guidelines.

AI-Enhanced Healthcare: Integrating ChatGPT-4 in ePROs for Improved Oncology Care and Decision-Making: A Pilot Evaluation

Background: Since 2023, ChatGPT-4 has been impactful across several sectors including healthcare, where it aids in medical information analysis and education. Electronic patient-reported outcomes (ePROs) play a crucial role in monitoring cancer patients’ post-treatment symptoms, enabling early interventions. However, managing the voluminous ePRO data presents significant challenges. This study assesses the feasibility of utilizing ChatGPT-4 for analyzing side effect data from ePROs. Methods: Thirty cancer patients were consecutively collected via a web-based ePRO platform, reporting side effects over 4 weeks. ChatGPT-4, simulating oncologists, dietitians, and nurses, analyzed this data and offered improvement suggestions, which were then reviewed by professionals in those fields. Results: Two oncologists, two dieticians, and two nurses evaluated the AI’s performance across roles with 540 reviews. ChatGPT-4 excelled in data accuracy and completeness and was noted for its empathy and support, enhancing communication and reducing caregiver stress. It was potentially effective as a dietician. Discussion: This study offers preliminary insights into the feasibility of integrating AI tools like ChatGPT-4 into ePRO cancer care, highlighting its potential to reduce healthcare provider workload. Key directions for future research include enhancing AI’s capabilities in cancer care knowledge validation, emotional support, improving doctor-patient communication, increasing patient health literacy, and minimizing errors in AI-driven clinical processes. As technology advances, AI holds promise for playing a more significant role in ePRO cancer care and supporting shared decision-making between clinicians and patients.

Human-Robot Interaction and Social Robot: The Emerging Field of Healthcare Robotics and Current and Future Perspectives for Spinal Care.

Recent advances in robotics technology and artificial intelligence (AI) have sparked increased interest in humanoid robots that resemble humans and social robots capable of interacting socially. Alongside this trend, a new field of robot research called human-robot interaction (HRI) is gaining prominence. The aim of this review paper is to introduce the fundamental concepts of HRI and social robots, examine their current applications in the medical field, and discuss the current and future prospects of HRI and social robots in spinal care. HRI is an interdisciplinary field where robotics, AI, social sciences, design, and various disciplines collaborate organically to develop robots that successfully interact with humans as the ultimate goal. While social robots are not yet widely deployed in clinical environments, ongoing HRI research encompasses various areas such as nursing and caregiving support, social and emotional assistance, rehabilitation and cognitive enhancement for the elderly, medical information provision and education, as well as patient monitoring and data collection. Although still in its early stages, research related to spinal care includes studies on robotic support for rehabilitation exercises, assistance in gait training, and questionnaire-based assessments for spinal pain. Future applications of social robots in spinal care will require diverse HRI research efforts and active involvement from spinal specialists.

From Crisis to Connectivity: Exploring the Role of Information and Communication Technologies in Medical Education During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

In a virtual setting at a private university in Lima, Peru, 277 medical students participated in a study in 2021 during the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Theaim was to investigate how information and communication technologies (ICTs) were utilized as educational aids in their field. The findings showed a high level of satisfaction with ICT resources, especially among female students (54%). However, challenges were present: 64% faced technical issues during virtual classes, while 60% saw information availability and internet access as major advantages. Despite connectivity problems affecting 83% of students, 55% believed ICTs supported collaborative learning. Interestingly, while 64% found ICT use distracting, 52% found it easy to use. ICTs played a significant role in medical education, introducing new methods and tools despite obstaclesand providing a dynamic and adaptable e-learning environment.

Incorporating ChatGPT in Medical Informatics Education: Mixed Methods Study on Student Perceptions and Experiential Integration Proposals.

The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies, such as ChatGPT, in the educational landscape has the potential to enhance the learning experience of medical informatics students and prepare them for using AI in professional settings. The incorporation of AI in classes aims to develop critical thinking by encouraging students to interact with ChatGPT and critically analyze the responses generated by the chatbot. This approach also helps students develop important skills in the field of biomedical and health informatics to enhance their interaction with AI tools. The aim of the study is to explore the perceptions of students regarding the use of ChatGPT as a learning tool in their educational context and provide professors with examples of prompts for incorporating ChatGPT into their teaching and learning activities, thereby enhancing the educational experience for students in medical informatics courses. This study used a mixed methods approach to gain insights from students regarding the use of ChatGPT in education. To accomplish this, a structured questionnaire was applied to evaluate students' familiarity with ChatGPT, gauge their perceptions of its use, and understand their attitudes toward its use in academic and learning tasks. Learning outcomes of 2 courses were analyzed to propose ChatGPT's incorporation in master's programs in medicine and medical informatics. The majority of students expressed satisfaction with the use of ChatGPT in education, finding it beneficial for various purposes, including generating academic content, brainstorming ideas, and rewriting text. While some participants raised concerns about potential biases and the need for informed use, the overall perception was positive. Additionally, the study proposed integrating ChatGPT into 2 specific courses in the master's programs in medicine and medical informatics. The incorporation of ChatGPT was envisioned to enhance student learning experiences and assist in project planning, programming code generation, examination preparation, workflow exploration, and technical interview preparation, thus advancing medical informatics education. In medical teaching, it will be used as an assistant for simplifying the explanation of concepts and solving complex problems, as well as for generating clinical narratives and patient simulators. The study's valuable insights into medical faculty students' perspectives and integration proposals for ChatGPT serve as an informative guide for professors aiming to enhance medical informatics education. The research delves into the potential of ChatGPT, emphasizes the necessity of collaboration in academic environments, identifies subject areas with discernible benefits, and underscores its transformative role in fostering innovative and engaging learning experiences. The envisaged proposals hold promise in empowering future health care professionals to work in the rapidly evolving era of digital health care.

Chatbot-generative pretrained transformer: Potential role in medical education and clinical settings

ABSTRACT The chatbot-generative pretrained transformer (ChatGPT) was developed as a prototype by OpenAI on November 30, 2022. Artificial Intelligence software is designed to generate and enhance dialog and discussion among users. ChatGPT has attracted significant attention from the scientific community, physicians, and the public. It provides appropriate answers and explanations for various subjects. ChatGPT is a useful tool in scientific writing, generating essays, editorials, blogs, brief revisions, providing explanations, and generating initial drafts of articles. It uses multiple choice questions and helps in image identification and clinical settings. However, ChatGPT has ethical issues, with multiple risks of misinformation, inaccuracy, prejudice, and plagiarism. ChatGPT cannot replace human judgement, and the outcome must be examined by humans before being used in decision-making policies. When using ChatGPT, it is essential to exercise caution when verifying the accuracy, validity, and reliability of the contents and the source of information in medical education, scientific writing, and clinical settings.

Developing Topics.

U.S. POINTER is a Phase 3, multicenter, randomized 2-year clinical trial of two multidomain lifestyle interventions in 2111 older adults who are at increased risk of cognitive decline and dementia due sedentary lifestyle, poor diet, and other factors such as family history of memory impairment and suboptimum cardiovascular health. Enrollment took place at five geographically diverse sites, beginning in 2019 and completing in early 2023. Participants are randomly assigned to one of two lifestyle intervention groups that differ in format, intensity, and accountability. Those randomized to the Self-Guided Lifestyle Intervention receive annual medical monitoring and health education information, tools, and support to encourage increased physical and cognitive activity and a healthier diet through 2-3 annual group meetings. Those randomized to the Structured Lifestyle Intervention receive frequent medical monitoring of cardiovascular health and a structured program of exercise (primarily aerobic), nutritional counseling, cognitive training and social engagement initially through weekly and then monthly group meetings. U.S. POINTER includes partnerships with local chapters of the Alzheimer's Association and lifestyle specialists to assist with intervention delivery. The primary outcome is 2-year change in cognitive function measured with a global cognition composite score that permits harmonization with FINGER and other trials. Secondary and tertiary outcomes include measures of executive function and episodic memory, physical activity, diet, cognitive and physical activity, cardiometabolic disease risks, mood, quality of life, health care costs, and health care utilization. U.S. POINTER is generating a richly phenotyped cohort that will provide a rigorous comparison of two lifestyle interventions designed to preserve cognitive function. It has nurtured 4 ancillary studies to assess intervention effects on outcomes related to sleep quality, brain structure and pathology, peripheral and neurovascular function, and the microbiome. It also partners with clinical trials within the World-Wide FINGERS international network. The study is generating an archive of biospecimens and de-identified public use data. Plans for a post-intervention observational study of the U.S. POINTER cohort are underway. U.S. POINTER provides an important national resource to advance the field in understanding the role of nonpharmacological interventions in reducing risk for cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease and related dementia.

Readiness of Medical Recording and Health Information Education Institutions in the Digital Transformation Era of UTAUT Based

Based on the results of the 2022 PERSI survey, Electronic Medical Records (EMR) ownership is not yet optimal. Permenkes Number 24 of 2022 concerning Medical Records, one of which mandates that EMR be mandatory in all hospitals in Indonesia. The Ministry of Health has a target in December 2023 to have completed the integration of One Health in all hospitals in Indonesia. Hospitals throughout Indonesia must race in the development of EMR according to the target of the Indonesian Ministry of Health. The aim to assist government programs by increasing knowledge of medical records and health information officers (PMIK) regarding the challenges and strategies of health education institutions in preparing graduates in the era of digital transformation of UTAUT-based health information. The method used is through an online national seminar with several speakers and attended by ≥ 570 participants. The results are achievement of increasing the enthusiasm of participants in increasing their knowledge with indicators of success obtaining post-test scores that are dominated by correct answers, interactive question, and answer discussions. The conclusion seminar activity can help government programs in increasing digital acceleration in Health Facilities, this can be continued in further research programs on evaluating the use of EMR.

Cohort Establishment and Operation at Pusan National University School of Medicine

Pusan National University School of Medicine (PNUSOM) began analyzing the cohort of pre-medical students admitted in 2015 and has been conducting purposeful analyses for the past 3 years. The aim of this paper is to introduce the process of cohort establishment, cohort composition, and the utilization of cohort analysis results. PNUSOM did not initially form a cohort with a purpose or through a systematic process, but was able to collect longitudinal data on students through the establishment of a Medical Education Information System and an organization that supports medical education. Cohort construction at our university is different in terms of a clear orientation toward research questions, flexibility in cohort composition, and subsequent guideline supplementation. We investigated the relevance of admission factors, performance improvements, satisfaction with the educational environment, and promotion and failure rate in undergraduate students, as well as performance levels and career paths in graduates. The results were presented to the Admissions Committee, Curriculum Committee, Learning Outcomes Committee, and Student Guidance Committee to be used as a basis for innovations and improvements in education. Since cohort studies require long-term efforts, it is necessary to ensure the efficiency of data collection for graduate cohorts, as well as the validity and ethics of the study.

Exploring Microbes in Breast Tumors From Women of Different Races

Exploring Microbes in Breast Tumors From Women of Different Races

ChatGPT in transfusion medicine: A new frontier for patients?

Artificial intelligence (AI) systems are infiltrating and shaping medicine and health science research.1 One increasingly popular open-access AI application is ChatGPT (Chat Generative Pre-Trained Transformer, OpenAI, San Francisco, California), a large language model that can generate human-like text in response to user questions. The potential implications of this technology are far-reaching, from academic publishing and automated clinical documentation to medical education and knowledge assessment.2-6 Questions remain about how open-access AI models affect how patients engage in their own healthcare. To query ChatGPT's transfusion medicine content, a question was posed on the platform (Jan 30 Version, Free Research Preview8) from the potential perspective of a patient: “What does it mean to have anti-K antibodies?” Since the ChatGPT model is iterative and trained by information from the internet, user feedback, and AI trainer review,7 the response to the original question was regenerated twice using the “regenerate response” button, with each iteration separated by 5 minutes. ChatGPT responded with relevant results. The original response was succinct (Figure 1A). The second response additionally described symptoms related to an anti-K antibody-mediated transfusion reaction but erroneously implied that Rho(D) immune globulin could prevent development of anti-K antibodies during pregnancy (Figure 1B). The third response mentioned the Kell name but incorrectly indicated that the K antigen contributes to the determination of one's ABO blood group (Figure 1C). Clinicians, patients, and individuals who may generate medical education information should be aware of the potential to obtain AI-generated transfusion medicine information, which is currently subject to variability and potential errors. The authors declare no conflict of interest related to this research.

Bioengineering and medical informatics education in MD programs: perspectives from three Italian experiences

BackgroundGiven the impact of bioengineering and medical informatics technologies in health care, the design and implementation of education programs able to combine medical curricula with a proper teaching on engineering and informatics is now of paramount importance. In Italy, this goal has to fit in with the existing higher education system, which is structured into Bachelor programs and Master programs. Medicine and Surgery programs, instead, are designed as a six-year single-cycle Degree Program in Medicine and Surgery which comprises both class attendance and hospital internship and training. This program allows students to become Medical Doctors (MD). The different organization of this University program makes it not easy to introduce further contents, namely hard science courses, in the educational program. Notwithstanding this, we present here some recent innovative programs aimed at widening MD curriculum by including biomedical engineering and informatics subjects. In particular, we will introduce three of them. Two are joint-degree programs, the first between Humanitas University and Politecnico di Milano (MEDTEC School), and the second between University of Calabria and University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro (Medicina e Chirurgia TD). The Third one is a Professional Master coupled with an MD degree, based on a joint program among Pavia University, Pisa University, the Institute of Advanced studies in Pavia and the Scuola Superiore S. Anna in Pisa (MEET). ContributionThe paper provides a description of the fundamental design principles of the three above mentioned programs, and explores some aspects of the teaching modules, highlighting their positive aspects. In particular, we show how the three different programs allow students to enrich their knowledge by studying engineering subjects and innovative methods and technologies, as well as their applications to patient care. ConclusionsThe MEDTEC program is the first degree program at Italian and international scale which integrates medical and engineering subjects. In the following years, other programs were issued in Italy, defining similar education programs to couple a degree in medicine education with bioengineering and medical informatics, among which Medicina e Chirurgia TD and MEET. We believe the experiences described here in this paper represent the possibility of bridging the gap between medical and technological competencies.

Telehealth Intervention of Cardiovascular Diseases Patients: A Quantitative Study

Telehealth provides medical treatment, patient education, self-care, and health information using digital communication technology. Telehealth involves remote data exchange between a patient and a healthcare provider. Telehealth may enhance health care in underdeveloped countries. This research examines how Pakistani physicians and nurses see telemedicine for cardiovascular disease therapy. We employed non-probability sampling to pick respondents for this quantitative investigation. In this research, 30 individuals completed a well-designed questionnaire. 63 percent were male, 37 percent female. The researchers concluded that telemedicine intervention is useful for cardiovascular disease and possibly many other illnesses and ailments. These findings did not prove it was always useful. International NGOs are helping telehealth expand. These organisations help poor rural Pakistanis improve their health. Telehealth and personal health information has spread via electronic and social media. Telehealth helps battle cardiovascular problems by connecting patients in urban and rural Pakistan to competent hospitals and institutes. Telehealth may reduce patient wait times. Telehealth platform users who continuously address their particular health challenges may outperform the overall population, according to the research. Telehealt make treatment easier and more accessible for patients. There aren't enough physicians, nurses, hospital beds, specialists, or appointments on patients' chosen

Recommendations of the International Medical Informatics Association (IMIA) on Education in Biomedical and Health Informatics: Second Revision

BackgroundThe purpose of educational recommendations is to assist in establishing courses and programs in a discipline, to further develop existing educational activities in the various nations, and to support international initiatives for collaboration and sharing of courseware. The International Medical Informatics Association (IMIA) has published two versions of its international recommendations in biomedical and health informatics (BMHI) education, initially in 2000 and revised in 2010. Given the recent changes to the science, technology, the needs of the healthcare systems, and the workforce of BMHI, a revision of the recommendations is necessary. ObjectiveThe aim of these updated recommendations is to support educators in developing BMHI curricula at different education levels, to identify essential skills and competencies for certification of healthcare professionals and those working in the field of BMHI, to provide a tool for evaluators of academic BMHI programs to compare and accredit the quality of delivered programs, and to motivate universities, organizations, and health authorities to recognize the need for establishing and further developing BMHI educational programs. MethodAn IMIA taskforce, established in 2017, updated the recommendations. The taskforce included representatives from all IMIA regions, with several having been involved in the development of the previous version. Workshops were held at different IMIA conferences, and an international Delphi study was performed to collect expert input on new and revised competencies. ResultsRecommendations are provided for courses/course tracks in BMHI as part of educational programs in biomedical and health sciences, health information management, and informatics/computer science, as well as for dedicated programs in BMHI (leading to bachelor's, master's, or doctoral degree). The educational needs are described for the roles of BMHI user, BMHI generalist, and BMHI specialist across six domain areas – BMHI core principles; health sciences and services; computer, data and information sciences; social and behavioral sciences; management science; and BMHI specialization. Furthermore, recommendations are provided for dedicated educational programs in BMHI at the level of bachelor's, master's, and doctoral degrees. These are the mainstream academic programs in BMHI. In addition, recommendations for continuing education, certification, and accreditation procedures are provided. ConclusionThe IMIA recommendations reflect societal changes related to globalization, digitalization, and digital transformation in general and in healthcare specifically, and center on educational needs for the healthcare workforce, computer scientists, and decision makers to acquire BMHI knowledge and skills at various levels. To support education in BMHI, IMIA offers accreditation of quality BMHI education programs. It supports information exchange on programs and courses in BMHI through its Working Group on Health and Medical Informatics Education.

ANALISIS KETENAGAAN PENGELOLA REKAM MEDIS & INFORMASI KESEHATAN DI PUSKESMAS SRONDOL

Puskesmas in carrying out health services, one of its authorities is to carry out medical record management. Referring to Permenkes no. 55 of 2013 article 2 which states that the administration of medical records must be carried out by medical recorders. Medical Recorder is a person who has passed the Medical Record and Health Information education in accordance with the provisions of the legislation.The purpose of this research is to know the management of medical records, and health information as well as the staff for managing medical records at the Srondol Health Center. This type of research is descriptive qualitative with a case study approach.The results showed that the Srondol Health Center provided health services to BPJS patients and general patients. The patient naming system at the Srondol Health Center is adjusted to ID cards, family cards and other identity cards. Medical record management activities experienced several obstacles because they did not have officers with a medical record education background so that the transfer of medical record media from manual to electronic was constrained. The writing of patient names (Mr, Ny, Son, Br) is not standardized. Diagnostic coding is only known and carried out by doctors and midwives.The conclusion obtained is that the management of medical records and health information at the Srondol Health Center still found some things that were not in accordance with the regulations, so it was advisable to make adjustments to the medical record personnel regulations to improve their services.

The Understanding of Medical Informatics among Dental and Medical Students.

Background Current medical care deeply relies on informatics during all stages of patient care, which is significantly enhanced due to its use. The healthcare professional's formation in medical informatics results crucial for their everyday practice. However, healthcare study programs not always provide education about the use of this wide variety of systems, and young professionals find that they need to learn about it over the experience. The aim of this study was to assess the understanding of medical and dental students regarding medical informatics and ICTs. Materials and Methods A questionnaire was produced with 3 sections and a total of 24 questions. Students replied to the survey before and after taking the medical informatics course. Results A total of 719 students from second year of medical and dental school were recruited for the study between the period of September of 2017-May 2018, September 2018-May 2019, September 2019-May 2020, and September 2020-May 2021. Medical and dental students showed a good level of understanding regarding medical informatics, as well as a good perception of the relevance of ICT learning for the professional practice. Course attendance increased the percentage of students that felt confident of their knowledge about medical informatics. However, most students felt that little or no medical informatics education was lectured at their schools and that the University should adapt the academic program to include it. After taking the course, the student's perception on this matter was improved. Conclusion Medical and dental students find medical informatics learning useful for their future professional practice and feel inclined to use it. However, they feel that Universities need to adapt their programs in order to include medical education courses and trainings; partly because they are not completely aware of the use of ICTs that already are established in their courses.

Tinjauan dan Pelaksanaan Penyusutan Rekam Medis Di RSU Madani Medan

Depreciation of medical record documents is an activity to separate documents that are declared active and inactive. If the implementation of depreciation is delayed, there will be a buildup of medical record documents that fill the medical record document storage rack. The accumulation of medical record documents makes storage shelves untidy and prone to misplacement of medical record documents (missfile). In Permenkes No. 269/MENKES/PERIII/2008 concerning medical records, medical records are files containing notes and documents regarding patient identity, examination, treatment, actions and other services provided to patients. The purpose of this study was to determine the implementation of shrinking medical record files at Madani Hospital Medan. This type of research is descriptive qualitative. This method is used to describe the cause of the non-implementation of shrinkage of medical record files at RSU Madani Medan. Collecting data in this study conducted interviews with medical record officers. Based on the results of research at Madani General Hospital in Medan, there were 6 medical record officers and only 4 people with RMIK D-III educational background. The implementation of sorting medical record files at RSU Madani Medan is not in accordance with standard operating procedures because the sorting process is more than 5 years old. Hospitals should provide training for filing officers. For non-medical record officers, medical record education and health information to better understand the implementation of depreciation. Hospitals also need to immediately make a retention schedule so that there is a regular schedule for retention.

Using Robots in Medical Informatics Education.

Although robots have been used for quite some time in education on school and university level, we found no reports of robots being used in the teaching of medical informatics. Thus we present the timetable and structure of a one week, 2 ECTS blocked course for robots in medical informatics initiated in autumn 2022. 19 participants completed the first iteration. We report about the requirements in terms of an appropriate programming environment, the combination among robots and our medical informatics lab and the results of the student's evaluation of the first instance as well as the experiences with the two types of robots used.

Design and Application of Health Education Apps Based on WeChat for Self-Management among Patients.

We started to design and test health education Apps for self-management among patients to provide a rich source of clinical support and information for patients to increase their ability of self-management. First, a multidisciplinary research team worked together to design and conduct the research. With their help, we redesigned an apps to incorporate some personalized changes for patients' needs. Second, we chose a questionnaire from the Comprehensive Service Platform for the Elderly self-designed by CHENYu. Finally, a purposive sample of 34 users were tested experiences and satisfaction of users in Jul 2021. This research was successfully conducted in 22 wards among 23159 patients and 40440 chapters about healthy information sent to patients from Mar 2019 to January 2021 by smartphone. The data showed that 91.2% of participants resolved that the evaluation effect of the proposed application was better, in comparison with the paper version as routine verbal instruction. Additionally, 85.3% of participants wanted to continue to receive medical education information after discharge from the hospital. The top four most popular medical education information that they would like to receive included drug administration, disease prevention, nursing, and home care. Moreover, the top four most popular types of user suggestions were one-on-one online Q & A, continue to see every session, accelerate the speed of browsing and page updated, and free Wifi. The user satisfaction of the application was considerably high. The apps was welcomed by patients who wanted to increase their knowledge level of disease and perform self-management better.

Continuing Medical Education Information.

Continuing Medical Education Information.