Medical Delivery System Research Articles

Optimization of hydrogel composition for effective release of drug

Abstract Hydrogels are possible materials that could be useful in medication delivery systems. Diverse release mechanisms are used when drug molecules embedded in the hydrogel structure need to be released. Both case I and case II of transport refer to the release of the medication during the intermolecular arrangement because of swelling. Numerous mathematical models have been proposed that only include one form of transport; nevertheless, both transport pathways are required for the entire release of a drug from a gel matrix. The case I transport during swelling and the case II transport during the fully swollen condition are both displayed by crosslinked hyaluronic acid hydrogel systems. The methodology put out in this paper enables for the selection of suitable gel compositions while attempting to account for both transit instances. In the Data Envelopment Analysis coupled with principal component analysis approaches are enable the optimization and selection of gel compositions that account for both transport situations.

Development, Characterization and Evaluation of Phytosomal Gel of Curcumin for the Treatment of Topical Fungal Infection

An innovative approach to the delivery of phytoconstituents and plant extracts for therapeutic and cosmetic purposes constitutes a herbal medication delivery system. However, their bioavailability is low because of their high molecular size and low lipid solubility. Turmeric (Curcuma longa) and Curcuma xanthorrhiza oil contain the active component curcumin, also known as diferuloylmethane. This medication can kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria, fungi, viruses, and fungi, and it can reduce inflammation, lower blood sugar, and speed the healing of wounds. In this study, we created a phytosomal gel containing Curcumin and analyzed its efficacy. Anti-solvent precipitation was used to create Curcumin phytosomes in three separate batches with varying drug-to-soya lecithin ratios. Several tests, including those of yield, solubility, drug content, entrapment efficiency, and in vitro drug release, were conducted on phytosomal formulations. Based on a number of evaluation criteria, the formulation F1 was chosen as the optimal formulation to include into a gel basis of varying proportions utilizing carbopol 940 and PEG400 as polymers. This formulation contained drug extract: soya lecithin in the ratio 1:1. Maximum drug absorption (98.19%) was observed after 8 hours in the improved formulation (G2). 45 days of stability testing was conducted at 40oC ±20oC, 70±5%.RH The drug's potency, pH, dispersibility, extrudability, viscosity, or in-vitro diffusion profile all remained unchanged. The Curcumin phytosomal gel was found to have a superior diffusion and stability profile, making it an appealing vehicle for the delivery of the various phytoconstituents.

Emulgel: An Effective Drug Delivery System

When emulgel comes to administering hydrophobic medications, many of the benefits of gels are also severe disadvantages. An emulsion-based strategy is adapted to bypass barriers, giving even a hydrophobic medicinal component to take advantage of the special features of gels. Emulgel is a dosage form that combines gels and emulsions. The utilization of novel polymers has sparked a lot of curiosity in recent years. The direct convenience of the skin as a target organ for diagnostic and therapeutic objectives distinguishes dermatological pharmacology. Both hydrophilic and hydrophobic chemicals are blocked by this barrier is created by combining hydrophilic horn cells with a hydrophobic intercellular medium. Within the primary group of semi-solid preparations, the use of opaque gels in cosmetics and pharmaceutical preparations has grown. By lowering surface and interfacial tensions while raising aqueous phase viscosity, these chemicals allow the formation of stable emulsions and creams. An emulgel is created by adding a gelling ingredient to a conventional emulsion's aqueous phase. In various ways, these emulsifiers exceed both novel vesicular systems and traditional systems. Using various permeation enhancers, emulsifiers could be used as better topical medication delivery systems than they are today. The use of emulsifiers can be expanded to include analgesics and antifungals. Analgesics and antifungals can both benefit from emulsifiers. We discuss the types, advantages, marked emulgel, formulation of emulgel, emulgel preparation, and characterization.

Entropy optimization of non-Newtonian hybrid nanofluid EMHD flow by numerical and Levenberg–Marquardt backpropagation approach over a rotating disk

The goal of this study is to analyze the heat transfer characteristics of a Casson hybrid nanofluid flow system by incorporating EMHD (electromagnetohydrodynamic) and entropy production using the stochastic solver and Levenberg-Marquardt backpropagation neural networks. Self-similarity transformations are used to turn the mathematical model of a system of partial into a series of ordinary differential equations. The datasets are built through Runge–Kutta fourth order with a shooting approach, which aids in the generation of a continuous neural network mapping. To grasp the neural network mapping, the validation, training and testing processes are used to estimate the solutions of various physical constraints. For this hybrid model, the determination, convergence, verification and stability of Levenberg-Marquardt backpropagation neural network mappings are evaluated using regression-based statistical analysis, mean squared error and error histograms. To acquire high possibilities in drug delivery systems, hybrid nanofluids are regarded as blood-based nanofluids with dispersion of hybrid ( and ) nanoparticles. Due to this reason, this model might be beneficial for medication delivery systems, particularly if pharmaceuticals are injected into the bloodstream.

Drug-Loaded Silver Nanoparticles-A Tool for Delivery of a Mebeverine Precursor in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Treatment.

Chronic, multifactorial illnesses of the gastrointestinal tract include inflammatory bowel diseases. One of the greatest methods for regulated medicine administration in a particular region of inflammation is the nanoparticle system. Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) have been utilized as drug delivery systems in the pharmaceutical industry. The goal of the current study is to synthesize drug-loaded Ag NPs using a previously described 3-methyl-1-phenylbutan-2-amine, as a mebeverine precursor (MP). Methods: A green, galactose-assisted method for the rapid synthesis and stabilization of Ag NPs as a drug-delivery system is presented. Galactose was used as a reducing and capping agent forming a thin layer encasing the nanoparticles. Results: The structure, size distribution, zeta potential, surface charge, and the role of the capping agent of drug-loaded Ag NPs were discussed. The drug release of the MP-loaded Ag NPs was also investigated. The Ag NPs indicated a very good drug release between 80 and 85%. Based on the preliminary results, Ag NPs might be a promising medication delivery system for MP and a useful treatment option for inflammatory bowel disease. Therefore, future research into the potential medical applications of the produced Ag NPs is necessary.

Formulation Perspectives in Topical Antifungal Drug Therapy: A Review

Topical medication delivery is the process of directly treating a cutaneous ailment or the cutaneous manifestation of a general disease by applying a pharmaceutical dosage form to the skin with the goal of reducing the drug's pharmacological or other effects to the surface of skin. A wide range of pharmacological dosage forms, such as semisolids, liquid preparations, sprays, solid powders, gels, creams, and ointments, are used in topical drug delivery systems. A gel is a cross-linked polymer network swollen in a liquid medium. Its properties depend strongly on the interaction between solid state polymer and the liquid component. Gels don't have a flow that is steady. An interlacing three-dimensional network of dispersed phase particles is created by the interaction of the polymer and the liquid dispersion medium. Because topical gel formulations are less oily and readily removed from the skin, they provide an effective medication delivery mechanism. Compared to cream and ointments, gel composition offers greater application properties and stability. One of the most frequent issues with dermatological problems is fungal infection of the skin. The most effective option for treating cutaneous infections is topical treatment. The most popular antifungals in the treatment of both local and systemic fungal infections are azoles. The benefits of topical treatment for fungal infections include less risk of systemic adverse effects and medications that are targeted to the infection site. Important actions for boosting treatment effectiveness include formulation design and optimization. The most helpful aspects of a topical medication delivery system are the medication's physiochemical characteristics and formulation type. As a result, some recent developments in formulation have been researched for the delivery of antifungal medications via the target region of the skin. This review focuses on the research that has been done so far on antifungal gel and a thorough analysis of it.
 Keywords: Topical gel, Antifungal, Drug delivery, dispersion medium, fungal infection, adverse effects

Synergy and Coordination Between Biomimetic Nanoparticles and Biological Cells/Tissues/Organs/Systems: Applications in Nanomedicine and Prospect

Biomimetics nanoparticles (BNPs) have delivered exceptional results in terms of efficiency and functionality since they are based on the premise that nature is the perfect blueprint for inventing anything new. This concept has made it possible to generate true profits by minimizing waste and reducing research expenses. Physicochemical biomimicry is used to increase the bio-catalytic activity of nanoparticles by mimicking red blood cells. Employing biological molecules, a low-cost and ecologically friendly method of biomimetic synthesis of bio-metal nanoparticles (NPs) is generated. The most often utilized synthesis procedures for biomimetic nanoparticles, particularly for nanomedical applications, include magnetic biomimetic nanoparticles, metal/metal oxide biomimetic nanoparticles, and organic, ceramic, and hybrid biomimetic nanoparticles. These biomimetic, biodegradable nanodevices, and derivatives might be employed as biological sensors, medication delivery systems, and detoxification agents. This revolutionary progress is exhibited by modern clinical methods for effective wound treatment and performing operations. In this manuscript, numerous mechanisms for the synthesis of BNPs for biomedical and medical applications have been explored. This paper further discusses the synergistic interaction between BNPs and cells, tissues, and biological systems. Nanomedical (NM) applications of currently fabricated BNPs are reported in this review. This manuscript concludes by providing prospects for BNPs in the medical industry.

NANOSPONGES: AS A DYNAMIC DRUG DELIVERY APPROACH FOR TARGETED DELIVERY

Recent advancements in nanotechnology have resulted in improved medicine delivery to the target site. Nanosponges are three-dimensional drug delivery systems that are nanoscale in size and created by cross-linking polymers. The introduction of Nanosponges has been a significant step toward overcoming issues such as drug toxicity, low bioavailability, and predictable medication release. Using a new way of nanotechnology, nanosponges, which are porous with small sponges (below one µm) flowing throughout the body, have demonstrated excellent results in delivering drugs. As a result, they reach the target place, attach to the skin's surface, and slowly release the medicine. Nanosponges can be used to encapsulate a wide range of medicines, including both hydrophilic and lipophilic pharmaceuticals. The medication delivery method using nanosponges is one of the most promising fields in pharmacy. It can be used as a biocatalyst carrier for vaccines, antibodies, enzymes, and proteins to be released. The existing study enlightens on the preparation method, evaluation, and prospective application in a medication delivery system and also focuses on patents filed in the field of nanosponges.

An Insight into In Vitro Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, Cytotoxic, and Apoptosis Induction Potential of Mangiferin, a Bioactive Compound Derived from Mangifera indica

Due to their low cost, toxicity, and health risks, medicinal plants have come to be seen as useful products and sources of biologically active compounds. Mangifera indica L., a medicinal plant with a long history, has a high bioactive metabolites content. Mangiferin (C19H18O11) is primary isolated from M. indica's leaves, which has many pharmacological benefits. In this investigation, ultrasonic-assisted extraction with ethanol as the extraction solvent was applied to obtain mangiferin from a local type of M. indica leaves. HPLC was performed after a dichloromethane-ethyl acetate liquid-liquid fractionation method. Further, UV-vis, FTIR, and NMR spectroscopy were utilized to elucidate the structure. Interestingly, purified mangiferin displayed promising antimicrobial efficacy against a diverse variety of fungal and bacterial pathogens with MICs of 1.95-62.5 and 1.95-31.25 µg/mL, respectively. Time-kill patterns also showed that mangiferin had both bactericidal and fungicidal action. Furthermore, it exhibited strong radical dosage-dependent scavenging activity (IC50 = 17.6 μg/mL) compared to vitamin C (Vc, IC50 = 11.9 μg/mL), suggesting it could be developed into a viable antioxidant agent. To our delight, the IC50 values of mangiferin for the MCF-7 and HeLa cell lines were 41.2 and 44.7 μg/mL, respectively, from MTT cell viability testing, and it was less harmful when tested against the noncancerous cell line. Notably, it significantly induced cell apoptosis in MCF-7 cells by 62.2-83.4% using annexin V-FITC/PI labeling. Hence, our findings suggest that mangiferin can be used in the medical industry to create therapeutic interventions and medication delivery systems for society.

A Narrative Review on Drug Loaded Nanosponges as a Carrier for Drug Delivery

Long-term attempts to create effi cient, targeted medication delivery systems have been delayed by the complexity of the chemical interactions required to build drug delivery systems. Colloidal nanosponges may be adapted to operate with hydrophilic or hydrophobic medicines. This implies that issues with medicine toxicity, reduced bioavailability, and widespread drug release might all be addressed. A nanosponge is a microscopic sponge that can navigate its way to the required location within a living organism. The drug is gently released as the patch clings to the skin of the affl icted region. The nanosponge’s porous construction allows it to trap drug molecules and release them gradually. Perhaps the most exciting development in the pharmaceutical industry is the nanosponge drug delivery device (NSDDS). This review aims to give readers an in-depth look at how nanosponges are made, evaluated, and put to use in the medical fi eld.

Challenges and Opportunities for Extracellular Vesicles in Clinical Oncology Therapy

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-bound vesicles that can be released by all cell types. They may have different biogenesis, physical features, and cargo. EVs are important biomarkers for the diagnosis and prediction of many diseases due to their essential role in intercellular communication, their highly variable cargoes, and their accumulation in various body fluids. These natural particles have been investigated as potential therapeutic materials for many diseases. In our previous studies, the clinical usage of tumor-cell-derived microparticles (T-MPs) as a novel medication delivery system was examined. This review summarizes the clinical translation of EVs and related clinical trials, aiming to provide suggestions for safer and more effective oncology therapeutic systems, particularly in biotherapeutic and immunotherapeutic systems.

Fluorescent Probes as a Tool in Diagnostic and Drug Delivery Systems.

Over the last few years, the development of fluorescent probes has received considerable attention. Fluorescence signaling allows noninvasive and harmless real-time imaging with great spectral resolution in living objects, which is extremely useful for modern biomedical applications. This review presents the basic photophysical principles and strategies for the rational design of fluorescent probes as visualization agents in medical diagnosis and drug delivery systems. Common photophysical phenomena, such as Intramolecular Charge Transfer (ICT), Twisted Intramolecular Charge Transfer (TICT), Photoinduced Electron Transfer (PET), Excited-State Intramolecular Proton Transfer (ESIPT), Fluorescent Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET), and Aggregation-Induced Emission (AIE), are described as platforms for fluorescence sensing and imaging in vivo and in vitro. The presented examples are focused on the visualization of pH, biologically important cations and anions, reactive oxygen species (ROS), viscosity, biomolecules, and enzymes that find application for diagnostic purposes. The general strategies regarding fluorescence probes as molecular logic devices and fluorescence-drug conjugates for theranostic and drug delivery systems are discussed. This work could be of help for researchers working in the field of fluorescence sensing compounds, molecular logic gates, and drug delivery.

Melanin theranostic nanoplatform as an efficient drug delivery system for imaging-guided renal fibrosis therapy

As renal fibrosis nanotherapeutics, the endogenous biomaterial melanin not only has natural biocompatibility and biodegradability but also has inherent photoacoustic imaging ability and certain anti-inflammatory effects. These properties determine that melanin can not only as a carrier of medication but also track the biodistribution and renal uptake of drugs in vivo by photoacoustic imaging in real-time. Curcumin is a natural compound with biological activity, which has excellent ROS scavenging ability and good anti-inflammatory property. These materials appear more advantages in the development of nanoscale diagnostic and therapeutic platforms for future clinical translation. Herein, this study developed curcumin-loaded melanin nanoparticles (MNP-PEG-CUR NPs) as an efficient medication delivery system for photoacoustic imaging guidance renal fibrosis treatment. The nanoparticles are about 10 nm in size, exhibit good renal clearance efficiency, excellent photoacoustic imaging ability, and good in vitro and in vivo biocompatibility. These preliminary results indicated that MNP-PEG-CUR have clinically applicable potential as a therapeutic nanoplatform for renal fibrosis.

Unmet healthcare needs predict frailty onset in the middle-aged and older population in China: A prospective cohort analysis.

Older populations have a relatively high prevalence of unmet healthcare needs, which can result in poor health status. Moreover, in the coming century, frailty is expected to become one of the most serious global public health challenges. However, there is a lack of clear evidence proving an association between unmet healthcare needs and frailty. This study aimed to assess whether unmet healthcare needs predict the onset of frailty in China. The association between frailty and unmet healthcare needs was explored by analyzing data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) using random-effects logistic regression and Cox regression with time-varying exposure. At baseline, 7,719 respondents were included in the analysis. Random-effects logistic regression shows that unmet outpatient healthcare needs were associated with increased risk of both contemporaneous (adjusted OR [aOR], 1.17; 95% CI, 1.02-1.35) and lagged (aOR, 1.24; 95% CI, 1.05-1.45) frailty, as were unmet inpatient needs (contemporaneous: aOR, 1.28; 95% CI, 1.00-1.64; lagged: aOR, 1.55; 95% CI, 1.17-2.06). For respondents not classified as frail at baseline (n = 5,392), Cox regression with time-varying exposure shows significant associations of both unmet outpatient needs (adjusted HR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.05-1.44) and unmet inpatient needs (adjusted HR, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.11-1.99) with increased risk of developing frailty. Reducing unmet healthcare needs would be a valuable intervention to decrease frailty risk and promote healthy aging in middle-aged and older populations. It is urgent and essential that the equity and accessibility of the medical insurance and health delivery systems be strengthened.

Floating Tablet for Drug Delivery System

The purpose of developing novel delivery systems was to address some issues with the physicochemical properties of pharmaceutical compounds as well as formulation creation, as well as some flaws in conventional dosage forms. The controlled release floating system is a way of medication administration that shows promise. Device for dispensing a potential drug with a narrowing window of absorption. Medicines are insoluble or just very slightly soluble, as well as those that release locally in the stomach and have a low rate of absorption in the colon. Under the floating drug delivery system is a continuous supply gastroretentive medicine administration system. minimally soluble medications are delivered to the absorption site in a controlled manner. These points discuss the floating drug delivery system's advantages and disadvantages in comparison to more conventional drug administration technique. The floating medication delivery system is covered in great length in the review, along with its benefits and drawbacks compared to more traditional drug administration methods.These considerations must be examined when developing dosage forms. There are numerous ways that this dosage type was developed. The review's primary objectives were the formulation and evaluation of the effervescent floating medication delivery system. The goal of this comprehensive study is to bring together the ongoing research on this delivery method, which highlights the different effects that can affect and lessen stomach retention and offers crucial information on its formulation.

Electrospinning of Potential Medical Devices (Wound Dressings, Tissue Engineering Scaffolds, Face Masks) and Their Regulatory Approach.

Electrospinning is the simplest and most widely used technology for producing ultra-thin fibers. During electrospinning, the high voltage causes a thin jet to be launched from the liquid polymer and then deposited onto the grounded collector. Depending on the type of the fluid, solution and melt electrospinning are distinguished. The morphology and physicochemical properties of the produced fibers depend on many factors, which can be categorized into three groups: process parameters, material properties, and ambient parameters. In the biomedical field, electrospun nanofibers have a wide variety of applications ranging from medication delivery systems to tissue engineering scaffolds and soft electronics. Many of these showed promising results for potential use as medical devices in the future. Medical devices are used to cure, prevent, or diagnose diseases without the presence of any active pharmaceutical ingredients. The regulation of conventional medical devices is strict and carefully controlled; however, it is not yet properly defined in the case of nanotechnology-made devices. This review is divided into two parts. The first part provides an overview on electrospinning through several examples, while the second part focuses on developments in the field of electrospun medical devices. Additionally, the relevant regulatory framework is summarized at the end of this paper.

Water- and feed-based arginine impacts on gut integrity in weanling pigs.

Two hundred and forty newly weaned pigs (PIC, Hendersonville, TN) were used to determine if supplementing additional arginine (Arg) either in the water or in the feed, and the combinations thereof, improved intestinal integrity and growth performance in nursery pigs. Each of the 80 pens contained three pigs (21 ± 2 d of age) which were randomly allotted to treatments in 4 × 3 factorial arrangement consisting of four water treatments (0%, 4%, 8%, and 12% Arg stock delivered through a 1:128 medication delivery system) in combination with three dietary Arg treatments (1.35%, 1.55%, and 1.75% standardized ileal digestible Arg; SID). Pigs and feeders were weighed at the d0, d6 (water and diet change), d20 (diet change), and d41 for the calculation of average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and feed efficiency (G:F). Eighty pigs, 1 pig/pen, were euthanized at d6 for ileum evaluation of villus height and crypt depth. The remaining pigs were taken off the Arg-water treatment and fed phase-2 diets formulated to contain 1.35%, 1.55%, and 1.75% SID Arg. All pigs received a common diet from d20 to d41. Data were analyzed by pen as repeated measures (SAS 9.4). No interaction between water- and dietary-Arg was detected on nursery pig growth performance. There was a significant quadratic effect of SID Arg in the feed on pig final body weight (BW), ADG, ADFI, and G:F (P ≤ 0.037), where feeding 1.55% dietary Arg tended to improve growth performance compared to the 1.35% level for the 41 d of the trial (P ≤ 0.088). The use of the stock 8% Arg in the water resulted in a reduction in crypt depth (0:132.5, 4:140.7, 8:117.3, 12:132.0; P ≤ 0.01) and an improvement in intestinal permeability. The 4% oral Arg significantly reduced villous height:crypt depth ratio (0:2.50, 4:2.09, 8:2.56, 12:2.43; P ≤ 0.02). In conclusion, the feeding of 1.55% Arg resulted in an improvement in nursery pig ADG, ADFI, G:F, and final BW but did not alter intestinal villi morphology; however, the use of Arg in the water resulted in an improvement in intestinal villi, but no phenotypical change in piglet growth in the nursery.

Recent Formulation Development Advances and Drug Delivery Insights for Medicated Chewing Gums

Oral medication delivery system research has resulted in the development of new formulations and technology. Such studies demonstrate the importance of the oral route among patients. We’ve gone through all of the benefits and drawbacks of medicated chewing gum as a contemporary medication delivery system, including the history, benefits and drawbacks, production processes, composition variations, assessment tests, and samples of different medicated chewing gum kinds. The acceptance of medicated chewing gum has grown over time. Chewing gum’s advantages and therapeutic benefits encourage its development, as shown by the fact that new formulations including new pharmaceuticals have been generated in the past and will be found in the market by the formation of new medicated chewing gums. Medicated chewing gums have a broad range of potential uses that will be identified in the future. Chewing gums now have the same qualification criteria as pills. Patients’ compliance is improved by using medicated chewing gums as a delivery strategy in patient-centered research.

Implementation of a Smarter Herbal Medication Delivery System Employing an AI-Powered Chatbot

Medicinal plants are a practical and cost-effective alternative for treating common ailments, especially in areas with limited access to public healthcare systems. This paper introduces a prototype of an intelligent interactive system that merges chatbot technology with artificial intelligence (AI) to address inquiries related to treatment alternatives and the application of different medicinal plants for prevalent health conditions which promote and advance alternative healing practices in the locality. The platform is a hybrid online chat service that prioritizes consumer health and encourages the responsible use of medicinal plants. This study used a survey questionnaire to gather information from traditional healers and users and concerned government agencies about how well the system prototype performed. The system's performance was assessed in terms of effectiveness, efficiency, and customer satisfaction, with respondents providing an aggregate rating of "Strongly Agree". Significantly, this study lays the groundwork for education on the use of local medicinal plants to cure illnesses and highlights the importance of providing users with accurate and reliable information on the safe use of medicinal plants. This approach empowers users to make informed decisions about the plants they use, reducing the likelihood of harmful effects and optimizing the potential benefits of medicinal plants. By supporting this effort, this study contributes to the achievement of the third Sustainable Development Goal of the UN, which aims to promote health and well-being by offering the local populace a low-cost option as a first line of defense for improving their health and wellness.

A Brief Review on Applications of Gold and Silver Nanoparticles in Drug Delivery and DNA Interaction

Nanoparticles (NPs) are among the several NMs that can function as nano carriers because of their improved solubility, prolonged release, targeting potential, and aid in medication dosage reduction. Recent developments are discussed in this overview. To distribute medications, these small materials can locate the precise location in the body. In addition, they can lessen the negative effects of medications and assist patients in taking fewer pills while still achieving the same or better benefits. The development of nanoparticle medication delivery systems has been one of the most important research fields. This brief overview will concentrate on the traits that make for effective drug delivery systems based on nanoparticles as well as the numerous disease conditions where these nanoparticle systems have shown promise.