Medical Books Research Articles

Fat in Four Cultures: A Global Ethnography of Weight By CindiStrutz Sreetharan, AlexandraBrewis, JessicaHardin, SarahTrainer, and AmberWutich. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press. 2021. pp. 222.

Medical Anthropology QuarterlyEarly View BOOK REVIEW Fat in Four Cultures: A Global Ethnography of Weight By Cindi Strutz Sreetharan, Alexandra Brewis, Jessica Hardin, Sarah Trainer, and Amber Wutich. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press. 2021. pp. 222. Arianna Huhn, Corresponding Author Arianna Huhn [email protected] orcid.org/0009-0000-7647-4788 California State University, San Bernardino Arianna Huhn, California State University, Department of Anthropology, San Bernardino, California, USA. Email: [email protected]Search for more papers by this author Arianna Huhn, Corresponding Author Arianna Huhn [email protected] orcid.org/0009-0000-7647-4788 California State University, San Bernardino Arianna Huhn, California State University, Department of Anthropology, San Bernardino, California, USA. Email: [email protected]Search for more papers by this author First published: 19 June 2023 https://doi.org/10.1111/maq.12775Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL No abstract is available for this article. REFERENCES About the Series. Nd. University of Toronto Press. http://www.utpteachingculture.com/about-the-series/. Accessed 5/11/2023. Jordan, Brigitte. 1978. Birth in Four Cultures: A Crosscultural Investigation of Childbirth in Yucatan, Holland, Sweden, and the United States. Montreal: Eden Press Women's Publications. LeVine, Robert A. 2010. “The Six Cultures Study: Prologue to a History of a Landmark Project” in Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 41(4): 513– 521. Early ViewOnline Version of Record before inclusion in an issue ReferencesRelatedInformation

Distinguishment of XU Qiu-fu's thirteen ghost points

In addition to the well-known thirteen ghost points in Qianjin Fang (Important Formulas worth a Thousand Gold Pieces), "XU Qiu-fu's thirteen ghost points" is recorded in other medical books. The contents of "XU Qiu-fu's thirteen ghost points" are not exactly same among these medical books, which mainly focus on the nomination and selection of the ghost points. Even though, there are many similarity when compared with the thirteen ghost points in Qianjin Fang in terms of acupoint selection, acupoint location and the sequence of needle insertion, as well as the therapeutic methods. The authors believe that "XU Qiu-fu's thirteen ghost points" is actually adapted based on the framework of the thirteen ghost points in Qianjin Fang.

Основополагающие принципы стандартизации и систематизации информации о наборах данных для машинного обучения в медицинской диагностике

Backgraund: Active implementation of artificial intelligence technologies in the healthcare in recent years promotes increasing amount of medical data for the development of machine learning models, including radiology and instrumental diagnostics data. To solve various problems of digital medical technologies, new datasets are being created through machine learning algorithms, therefore, the problems of their systematization and standardization, storage, access, rational and safe use become actual. A i m : development of an approach to systematization and standardization of information about datasets to represent, store, apply and optimize the use of datasets and ensure the safety and transparency of the development and testing of medical devices using artificial intelligence. M a t e r i a l s a n d m e t h o d s : analysis of own and international experience in the creation and use of medical datasets, medical reference books searching and analysis, registry structure development and justification, scientific publications search with the keywords “datasets”, “registry of medical data”, placed in the databases of the RSCI, Scopus, Web of Science. R e s u l t s . The register of medical instrumental diagnostics datasets structure has been developed in accordance with stages of datasets lifecycle: 7 parameters at the initiation stage, 8 – at the planning stage, 70 – dataset card, 1 – version change, 14 – at the use stage, total – 100 parameters. We propose datasets classification according to the purpose of their creation, a classification of data verification methods, as well as the principles of forming names for standardization and datasets presentation clarity. In addition, the main features of the organization of maintaining this registry are highlighted: management, data quality, confidentiality and security. C o n c l u s i o n s . For the first time, an original technology of medical datasets for instrumental diagnostics structuring and systematization is proposed. It is based on the developed terminology and principles of information classification. This makes it possible to standardize the structure of information about datasets for machine learning, and ensures the storage centralization. It also allows to get quick access to all information about the dataset, and ensure transparency, reliability and reproducibility of artificial intelligence developments. Creating a registry makes it possible to quickly form visual data libraries. This allows a wide range of researchers, developers and companies to choose data sets for their tasks. This approach ensures their widespread use, resource optimization and contributes to the rapid development and implementation of artificial intelligence.

Dracunculiasis over the centuries: the history of a parasite unfamiliar to the West.

Dracunculiasis (Guinea Worm Disease) is a terrible disease limited, even historically, to the arid and poor areas of our planet and which in the West has always been seen as an exotic disease and therefore has never taken root in the collective imagination. This parasitosis is transmitted to humans by drinking water contaminated with crustacean harboring larvae of Dracunculus medinensis, a nematode. The natural history of the disease is caused by adult worms invading connective tissues and causing blistering, ulceration and edema. Well known in Ancient Egypt where the disease was endemic in its southern area, was known in Europe mainly from the reports of medical writers starting from the Roman imperial period but without direct knowledge. In Middle age the descriptions of this disease that physicians and surgeons could read on medical books, at the end, were attributed to veterinary parasitic disease. In Modern age only during the colonialist era dracunculiasis was perceived as a problem, however sporadic. In 1986 Guinea Worm Eradication Program (GWEP) was launch without success. Thus, the disappearance of this parasitosis should still be postponed but not abandoned.

Discussion of Acute Deficiency Syndrome Theory and its Clinical Application

Discussion of Acute Deficiency Syndrome Theory and its Clinical Application

Sanwei DouKou Decoction ameliorate Alzheimer disease by increasing endogenous neural stem cells proliferation through the Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway.

Sanwei DouKou decoction (SDKD) is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) prescription derived from the Tibetan medical book "Si Bu Yi Dian" and is clinically used for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the potential mechanism of SDKD treatment for AD remains elusive. This study aims to explore the potential mechanism by which SDKD alleviates AD. Extracts of SDKD were identified with Gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS). 5×FAD mice were treated with SDKD for 8 weeks. The efficacy of SDKD against AD was evaluated by in-vivo experiments. Morris water maze and contextual fear conditioning tests were used to detect the learning and memory ability of mice. Hematoxylin-eosin staining (H&E) staining was used to observe the pathological changes of brain tissue. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the positive expression of Nestin in hippocampus. In in-vitro experiments, the Cell Counting Kit 8 (CCK-8) technique was used to detect cell viability, the proliferation of neural stem cells was detected by immunofluorescence staining, the intracellular protein expression was detected by Western Blot. The results of this study suggested that SDKD may ameliorate AD. SDKD significantly shortened the escape latency of mice in the Morris water maze experiment, increased the number of times the mice crossed the target quadrant, and prolonged freezing time in the contextual fear memory experiment. SDKD also improved neuronal pathology in the hippocampus, decreased neuronal loss, and increased Nestin protein levels. Furthermore, in in-vitro experiments, SDKD could significantly increase Neural stem cells (NSCs) viability, promoted NSCs proliferation, and also effectively activated the Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway, increased Wnt family member 3A (Wnt3a), β-catenin and CyclinD1 protein levels, activated the NSCs proliferation pathways in AD model mouse brain tissue. The present study demonstrated that sanwei doukou decoction can ameliorate AD by increasing endogenous neural stem cells proliferation through the Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway. Our observations justify the traditional use of SDKD for a treatment of AD in nervous system.

ETCM v2.0: An update with comprehensive resource and rich annotations for traditional Chinese medicine.

Existing traditional Chinese medicine (TCM)-related databases are still insufficient in data standardization, integrity and precision, and need to be updated urgently. Herein, an Encyclopedia of Traditional Chinese Medicine version 2.0 (ETCM v2.0, http://www.tcmip.cn/ETCM2/front/#/) was constructed as the latest curated database hosting 48,442 TCM formulas recorded by ancient Chinese medical books, 9872 Chinese patent drugs, 2079 Chinese medicinal materials and 38,298 ingredients. To facilitate the mechanistic research and new drug discovery, we improved the target identification method based on a two-dimensional ligand similarity search module, which provides the confirmed and/or potential targets of each ingredient, as well as their binding activities. Importantly, five TCM formulas/Chinese patent drugs/herbs/ingredients with the highest Jaccard similarity scores to the submitted drugs are offered in ETCM v2.0, which may be of significance to identify prescriptions/herbs/ingredients with similar clinical efficacy, to summarize the rules of prescription use, and to find alternative drugs for endangered Chinese medicinal materials. Moreover, ETCM v2.0 provides an enhanced JavaScript-based network visualization tool for creating, modifying and exploring multi-scale biological networks. ETCM v2.0 may be a major data warehouse for the quality marker identification of TCMs, the TCM-derived drug discovery and repurposing, and the pharmacological mechanism investigation of TCMs against various human diseases.

Content Analysis on Sports Medicine Practices of the Sections in the "Manual Treatment of Diseases" of Haly Abbas's Kāmil al-Ṣināʿa al-Ṭibbiyya

Background: This research aims to examine the current validity and usage of the information on 'fractures', 'dislocations' and 'sprains' written by Haly Abbas in the medical encyclopedia named Kāmil al-Ṣināʿa al-Ṭibbiyya. Methods: In this qualitative study, the 9th article of the 2nd volume of the encyclopedic medicine book Kāmil al-Ṣināʿa al-Ṭibbiyya, called "Manual Treatment of Diseases" was used. The related article examined sections including fractures, dislocations, and sprains. The information given by Haly Abbas in the relevant sections was analyzed as content and compared with today's literature. Results: Issues related to fractures, dislocations, and sprains, were identified between sections 82-111 of the 9th article (Manual Treatment of Diseases) of the 2nd volume of Kāmil al-Ṣināʿa al-Ṭibbiyya. These topics in the related article are categorized under three main headings in separate titles. The comparison of Haly Abbas's treatment algorithm and recovery durations with today is summarized in tables. Conclusion: Many of the explanations and information about fractures, dislocations, and sprains in Kāmil al-Ṣināʿa al-Ṭibbiyya, written by Haly Abbas in the 10th century, were compatible with his predecessors, shed light on the scientists who grew up after him, and was found to be similar to the treatment methods used today with more advanced facilities.

Folic acid - influence on male fertility, spermatogenesis, sperm DNA fragmentation and subsequent growth of the embryo and fetus

Introduction: Men's infertility is a multifactorial disorder. According to scientific literature, among men with reduced fertility, growing interest in folic acid is observed. This review describes the effect of folic acid on spermatogenesis, sperm concentration, sperm DNA fragmentation and the growth of the embryo and fetus. Material and methods: The work was based on the articles published in PubMed, medical books and websites. Results: Folic acid affects the trajectory of embryo growth in pregnancy conceived spontaneously, there is a negative correlation between the concentration of folic acid in the semen and the indicator of sperm DNA fragmentation and sperm concentration are statistically higher in folic acid supplements. Conclusions: The results suggest that the father's exposure to folic acid before conception may affect the health of his offspring, and therefore care before conception should be changed from an approach focused on a woman to a couple-based approach.

The relationship between Zhu Kerou and the publication Medical History in the Past and Present

Medical History in the Past and Present (Gu Jin Yi Shi), written by Wang Honghan, has been valued by historians since its discovery. Its publication was linked to Zhu Kerou but the relationship between the book and Zhu had been unclear for a long time. This paper examined medical books, medical notes, letters and local chronicles and other related materials. It was found that Zhu Kerou, also named Wengang and Yanyu, lived in Wu County, Jiangsu. He had studied under Miao Zunyi, a well-known doctor at that time, as his medical teacher for more than ten years. However, he did not maintain medicine as his career, but made a living with arts. He wrote Notes of Orchid (Di Yi Xiang Bi Ji) and had it published, collated and edited as part of the first seven volumes of Medical History in the Past and Present (Gu Jin Yi Shi). He also contributed to two additional volumes of this book.

The inscription of Treatise on Febrile Diseases by Zhao Kaimei and the position of its attached official dispatch and name by the Imperial College of the Northern Song Dynasty

The Treatise on Febrile Diseases (Shang Han Lun) inscripted and published by Zhao Kaimei in the Ming Dynasty was believed to be reprinted from the version of the Northern Song Dynasty, based on its official dispatch, at the beginning of the book, in the third year of the Yuanyou Period of the Northern Song Dynasty. However, the authenticity of the official dispatch remained controversial among scholars of medical history and literature. This paper reports on an investigation of the formation process of the official dispatch, classifies the titles recorded after the inscription, makes comparisons with the medical books inscripted in the same period, and analyzes the causes of the official dispatch and the title in Treatise on Febrile Diseases inscripted by Zhao Kaimei. It was found that the inscription, the official dispatch and the titles were authentic and that the position of the official dispatch was moved from the end of the book to the beginning of the book.

Accidents, diseases and health complaints among seafarers on German-flagged container ships

BackgroundFor seafarers on the high seas health hazards are various and due to the setting also specific. The spectrum of job-related health impairments and accidents is mainly influenced by the maritime characteristics. The aim of this study is to assess the kind of accidents and the frequency of diseases and health complaints among seafarers on German container ships by evaluating medical log books.MethodsA systematic analysis of 14,628 medical entries from 95 medical log books of 58 container ships under German flag from 1995 to 2015 was performed. This monocentric retrospective and descriptive study used information on accidents, diseases and health complaints among different occupational groups and medical treatment procedures for the analysis and evaluation.ResultsThe analysis showed that more than one third of all consultations with the Health Officer on board are related to internal (33.7%) and surgical (31.3%) symptoms. Almost twenty percent of consultations were due to respiratory infections (19.6%) and accidents (17.9%). Accidents represented the most frequent reason for unfitness for sea service (31.2%). Based on occupational categories, most injuries occurred among deck crew (22.5%), followed by ratings working in the engine room (18.9%). In 106 cases, telemedical contact with a physician ashore was necessary. In total, 15 seafarers had to be evacuated from the ship for further medical treatment onshore. Medicine/drug application was the most common therapeutic measure on board, accounting for 77% of all consultations.ConclusionsThe high proportion of health complaints and accidents among seafarers shows that there is a need to optimize medical care at sea and accident prevention, e.g. by standardized treatment algorithms or improving the medical training of Health Officers. The development and introduction of a digital patient file to record medical treatments on the vessels could also improve medical documentation on board.

Mixing Medicines: Ecologies of Care in Buddhist Siberia by TatianaChudakova. New York: Fordham University Press, 2021. pp. 344.

Medical Anthropology QuarterlyEarly View BOOK REVIEW Mixing Medicines: Ecologies of Care in Buddhist Siberia by Tatiana Chudakova. New York: Fordham University Press, 2021. pp. 344. Barbara Gerke, Corresponding Author Barbara Gerke [email protected] University of Vienna Email: [email protected]Search for more papers by this author Barbara Gerke, Corresponding Author Barbara Gerke [email protected] University of Vienna Email: [email protected]Search for more papers by this author First published: 24 May 2023 https://doi.org/10.1111/maq.12770Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL No abstract is available for this article. Early ViewOnline Version of Record before inclusion in an issue RelatedInformation

I Was Never Alone or Oporniki: An Ethnographic Play on Disability in RussiaCassandraHartblay. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2020. pp. 218.

Medical Anthropology QuarterlyEarly View BOOK REVIEW I Was Never Alone or Oporniki: An Ethnographic Play on Disability in Russia , Cassandra Hartblay. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2020. pp. 218. Emily Lim Rogers, Corresponding Author Emily Lim Rogers [email protected] orcid.org/0000-0003-2571-482X Duke University, Durham, NC, USA Email: [email protected]Search for more papers by this author Emily Lim Rogers, Corresponding Author Emily Lim Rogers [email protected] orcid.org/0000-0003-2571-482X Duke University, Durham, NC, USA Email: [email protected]Search for more papers by this author First published: 24 May 2023 https://doi.org/10.1111/maq.12774Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL No abstract is available for this article. Early ViewOnline Version of Record before inclusion in an issue RelatedInformation

Anxious Experts: Disaster Response and Spiritual Care from 9/11 to the Climate Crisis By JoshuaMoses, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2022, 224 pp.

Medical Anthropology QuarterlyEarly View BOOK REVIEW Anxious Experts: Disaster Response and Spiritual Care from 9/11 to the Climate Crisis By Joshua Moses, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2022, 224 pp. Karla Vermeulen, Karla Vermeulen SUNY New PaltzSearch for more papers by this author Karla Vermeulen, Karla Vermeulen SUNY New PaltzSearch for more papers by this author First published: 24 May 2023 https://doi.org/10.1111/maq.12771Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL No abstract is available for this article. Early ViewOnline Version of Record before inclusion in an issue RelatedInformation

Just Get on the Pill: The Uneven Burden of Reproductive Politics By Krystale E.Littlejohn. Oakland: University of California Press, 2021. pp. 184

Medical Anthropology QuarterlyEarly View BOOK REVIEW Just Get on the Pill: The Uneven Burden of Reproductive Politics By Krystale E. Littlejohn. Oakland: University of California Press, 2021. pp. 184 Whitney Arey, Whitney Arey University of Texas, AustinSearch for more papers by this author Whitney Arey, Whitney Arey University of Texas, AustinSearch for more papers by this author First published: 24 May 2023 https://doi.org/10.1111/maq.12769Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL No abstract is available for this article. Early ViewOnline Version of Record before inclusion in an issue RelatedInformation

Statistics in Medicine

This is a book which has seen four editions, so it must have some merit. The two editors are eminent academics in the USA with a background in statics and significant experience in biomedical research. They summarize the purpose of the book as ‘to teach and provide reference on statistical methods for research workers in the medical sciences’. The primary target audience of the book is medical practitioners, medical students and practicing medical researchers. Indeed, the editors demonstrate the value of the book with the quote: ‘When you treat a patient, you treat one patient. When you do research, you treat 10,000 patients’. The book proposes to guide medical and biomedical investigators in designing a study to answer carefully posed questions with appropriately chosen measures, analyse and interpret the data arising from that design, and estimate the sample size required to achieve a useful result. Indeed, its 28 chapters cover what you would expect in a medical statistics book and more in terms of its scope and detail. For example, it explores ethical issues in the conduct of medical studies, provides useful tips on designing questionnaires and surveys, and even the relationship between data science, machine learning and artificial intelligence.

Tabib : Chatbot for Healthcare Automation with Audio Assistance using Artificial Intelligence

Individuals must prioritize health care in order to live a happy and healthy life. However, consulting a doctor in the event of a health problem is not always straightforward. The proposed concept is to use Artificial Intelligence to con- struct a chatbot for healthcare as a virtual assistant. Natural language pro- cessing and neural networks will be used to train the medical database in the healthcare chatbot system. The healthcare chatbot was created to lower total healthcare expenses and enhance access to medical knowledge. There are certain chatbots that operate as medical reference books, providing patients with additional knowledge about their ailment and assisting them in improving their health. In the proposed paper the chatbot system converses with patients about their health difficulties via voice-to-voice & text-to-text and offers a cus- tomized diagnosis based on their symptoms. In addition to text assistance this chat bot has audio assistance feature that massively help the disabled (visually impaired) patients to access the system. This feature eliminates the restric- tions that visually impaired patients face with currently available text enabled healthcare chat bots. We will be using the current location of the user and provide information about all doctors that are in and around the users loca- tion. Users can book appointments with different doctors in their locality. As a result, people will be aware of their health status and get immediate medication and will be aware of appropriate therapies.

‘악핵독종(惡核毒腫)’ 치료에서 ‘치혈지통(治血止痛)’으로

Ruxiang, one of the most commonly imported herbs, has been mentioned in Chinese literature since the Wei and Jin periods. With the growth of overseas trade during the Tang and Song periods, the massive importation of herbs, including Ruxiang, brought about significant changes in the understanding and utilization of Ruxiang. This study examines historical changes in the perception and utilization of Ruxiang in China.
 In the literature of the third century, Ruxiang was mentioned as a “strange item from the south” and understood as a “medicinal herb.” Particularly during the sixth century, TaoHongjing(陶弘景)’s Bencaojingjizhu本草經集注 focused on the therapeutic effects of Ruxiang for treating carbuncles and abscesses, and specific prescriptions that used Ruxiang were related to these ailments. This understanding continued until the early Tang Dynasty, during which Ruxiang was mainly used for treating carbuncles and abscesses or intestinal gas and bad odor.
 The perception of the efficacy of Ruxiang changed in the eighth century. Notably, ChenCangqi(陳藏器) emphasized its efficacy in treating stroke, female infertility, blood circulation, deafness, and diarrhea in Bencaoshiyi本草拾遺. However, there are no records of Ruxiang being used to treat these conditions in formulary books(醫方書) compiled during that time as well as in Waitaimiyao外台祕要.
 By the end of the late Tang and Five Dynasties periods, with the establishment of local governments and the development of overseas trade, the importation of Ruxiang increased considerably, resulting in significant changes in how it was perceived and used. With Rihuazibencao日華子本草 compiled in the southern region in the tenth century, a more advanced understanding of the efficacy of Ruxiang emerged, which included protecting the regularity of Qi(氣), protecting the waist and knees, stopping pain, and promoting skin regeneration. Additionally, Taipingshenghuifang太平聖惠方 compiled during the Song Dynasty included various prescriptions that reflected the changing perception of Ruxiang’s efficacy since the eighth century, including treatments for stroke, female infertility, and diarrhea.
 Bencaotujing本草圖經 from the mid-Northern Song Dynasty emphasized the efficacy of Ruxiang in treating blood and promoting circulation, a fact that was further confirmed in Taipinghuiminhejijufang太平惠民和劑局方 prescriptions added during the Southern Song period. Ruxiang’s effectiveness in ‘boosting the meridian circulation,’ which was particularly mentioned in the added prescriptions during the Southern Song period came to be highlighted by Yishuixuepai易水學派 and medical scholars such as Zhangyuansu張 元素 and Wanghaogu王好古 during the thirteenth century.
 In conclusion, in the sixth century, Ruxiang was understood to be effective at treating carbuncles and abscesses and dispelling negative energy. Such an understanding of Ruxiang’s efficacy shifted toward an emphasis on its ability to invigorate blood circulation and alleviate pain in the eleventh to thirteenth centuries. This evolution reflected an expanded understanding of Ruxiang’s efficacy and the gradual establishment of an increasingly theoretical framework to explain it. Additionally, the expanded understanding of Ruxiang’s efficacy can be observed in the many usages to which it was put in medical books, which expanded significantly from the tenth and eleventh centuries onward, during the time of large-scale Ruxiang importation. The appearance of medical prescriptions that used Ruxiang in the Song Dynasty’s Taipingshenghuifang太平聖惠方 likely resulted from the expanded understanding of Ruxiang’s efficacy and the increased importation of Ruxiang from the late Tang Dynasty to the Five Dynasties periods.

How Did the Clinical Medicine Progress during the Unified Silla Era: Installment of the Medical Education Center 'Uihak', and Its Effects.

In this research, I aimed to recognize the historical meaning of installing the medical education center, 'Uihak', during the Silla dynasty. 'Uihak' was installed in 692, in the first year of King Hyoso 's rule. 'Uihak' was founded by using various Chinese medical classics as its textbooks for medical education, such as the Classic of Plain Questions. The wooden prescriptions excavated from Anapji, which is thought to have been created in the middle of the 8th century, and the Chinese medical book Prescriptions for Universal Benefit, which the envoy of Silla tried to acquire in 803, reflect the idea on medicine during that period in Silla. By this time, the field of medicine began to develop the idea to discern the locations and mechanism of disease patterns by centering on the viscera and bowels while making use of the herbal prescriptions based on various drugs. This means that clinical medicine founded upon the medical education achieved in 'Uihak' was being realized in the medical fields as well. According to the Chronicles of the Three States, for the illness of Queen Sunduk in 636, medicine, praying, and the method of esoteric Buddhism was tried out as a means of her cure. Comparatively, for the treatment of the first rank Chunggong in 822, the Kingdom's representative doctor with professional medical knowledge was sought out to fine a cure. The analyses of the human disease, diagnosis, treatment method, etc., given by the kingdom's representative doctor were identical to those recommended in the medical textbooks used in 'Uihak'. As such, we can posit that his academic background was 'Uihak' and the education given there. The Classic of Materia Medica, which was also used in 'Uihak', was a book professionally centered on the drug branch of medicine. The Classic of Materia Medica is a terminology referring to various books on drugs, including the Shennong's Classic of Materia Medica, the Variorum of the Classic of Materia Medica, the Newly Revised Materia Medica, etc. Thus, we cannot specify what the classic of Materia Medica actually taught, based on only its terminology. However, based on the wooden prescriptions excavated from Anapji, and from the terminology of drugs recorded in the drug trading document Purchase List for Silla goods preserved in Shosoin of Japan, we can hypothesize that in the middle of the 8th century, the Newly Revised Materia Medica was indeed being circulated. Based on these evidences, we can also hypothesize that Silla was part of the network of drug trading that encompassed the entire region of Asia. After unifying the Korean peninsula, the Kingdom of Silla actively adopted the medical educational system of Tang China. By using the obtained medical knowledge, Silla cured illnesses and used the medical knowledge on various drugs recorded in the Newly Revised Materia Medica to pursue trade with China, Japan, and other countries. Through the installation of 'Uihak', the same medicine has now begun to be officially used in East Asia, including Silla.