Regression Mediation Analyses Research Articles

The effect of Financial Literacy, Access to Finance, and Financial Risk Attitude on the Culinary Business Performance of SMEs in Yogjakarta

Individuals, households, and business entities that have met the criteria as businesses have SMEs as productive businesses. Micro, small, and medium enterprises (SMEs) significantly contribute to a region's economic development. Financial literacy, access to finance, and financial risk attitude are important in improving business performance. This study aimed to examine the effect of financial literacy on access to finance, financial risk attitude, and culinary business performance. Test mediating roles access of finance and financial risk attitude on the impact of financial literacy on the performance of the MSME culinary business in Yogyakarta.
 Statistical analysis model using mediation regression. The research sample is the Actor Culinary business SMEs in Yogyakarta. Sampling technique with purposive sampling. Respondents were 135 SME Culinary Entrepreneurs. Mediation regression analysis tool using PLS. The research results show that: 1) Financial literacy positively affects culinary business performance. 2) Financial literacy has a positive effect on access to finance. 3) Access to finance mediates the effect of financial literacy on culinary business performance. 4) Financial literacy has a positive effect on financial risk attitudes. 5) Financial risk attitudes mediate the effect of financial literacy on culinary business performance.
 The research results recommend the importance of increasing financial literacy and ease of access to finance. Analyzing risk is needed for SME culinary business actors to improve business performance and sustainability.

진로장벽이 진로결정자기효능감에 미치는 영향에서 진로스트레스의 매개효과

This study was conducted with the purpose of confirming the annual correction of career stress in the effect of career barriers on career decision self-efficacy for adolescents in correctional facilities. Also, based on this, it was intended to be used as basic data for the development of educational programs to reduce career stress of adolescents in correctional facilities.
 The research subjects surveyed adolescents in G Juvenile Prison, and a total of 127 copies were used as the final analysis data. For analysis data, descriptive statistical analysis, correlation analysis, multiple regression analysis, and mediation regression analysis were performed using SPSS 24.0.
 As a result of the study, it was found that among the sub-factors of career barriers, indecisive personality, lack of job information, and lack of self-clearance had a significant positive effect on career stress. In addition, it was confirmed that career decision self-efficacy has a mediating effect in the relationship between career barriers and career stress.
 Based on the results of this study, by developing and applying an educational program to reduce the career stress of juvenile delinquents in correctional facilities, it will be possible to help the adolescents in correctional facilities to positively adapt to society after release.

Can Gratitude Become a Religiosity Mediator on Employee Job Satisfaction?

Aims: This study aimed to determine the role of gratitude as a mediator between the influence of religiosity on employee job satisfaction Methods: Quantitative research design with purposive sampling technique on 40 Primagroup Indonesia employees. Data were collected using the Religiosity Scale, Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire, and Gratitude Scale, distributed directly to the respondents. Data analysis used Mediation Regression Analysis with the help of the SPSS version 26 program. Results: The test results of the direct influence of religiosity on job satisfaction were not significant (β = 0.10; p = 0.56 (p > 0.05)), meaning that hypothesis 1 was rejected. These results show that there is no direct influence of religiosity on job satisfaction when a gratitude mediator is presented. The results of the gratitude test as a mediator of the influence of religiosity on job satisfaction showed significant results (β = 0.23; p = 0.04 (p < 0.05)), which means that hypothesis 2 is accepted. Conclusion: The results showed that gratitude could mediate the effect of religiosity on employee job satisfaction. Gratitude can fully mediate the influence of religiosity on employee job satisfaction. So employees who have religiosity will feel more satisfied with their workers if through gratitude.

Pengaruh Pendidikan Ekonomi Keluarga Terhadap Perilaku Produktif Anak Dengan Religius Sebagai Variabel Mediasi

The research aim to examining the effect of family economic education on the productive behavior of children with religion as a mediating variable in adolescents in Lubang Buaya Village. This research is an associative quantitative research in which the research subjects were teenagers from Lubang Buaya Village, totaling ±120 respondents. Sampling was carried out using non-probability sampling with purposive sampling technique. The data collection method used a questionnaire which was distributed to teenagers in the Lubang Buaya Village. Data analysis technique using mediation regression analysis. The research results obtained include. First, family economic education has a positive and significant effect on the productive behavior of children in Lubang Buaya Village. Second, religion has a positive and significant effect on the productive behavior of children in Lubang Buaya Village. Third, religion strengthens the relationship between family economic education and children's productive behavior in Lubang Buaya Village.

Analyzing the Effects of Smartphone Addiction, Parental Attachment, Peer Attachment on Impulsivity in School-Disengaged Adolescents

Purpose: This study examined the effects of smartphone addiction, parental attachment, and peer attachment on impulsivity among dropout adolescents, using 318 adolescents who participated in the fifth year of the Panel Survey of School Disengaged Adolescents.
 Method: To investigate the impact of smartphone addiction on impulsivity among school dropouts, we conducted inter-variable correlation analysis, three-step mediated regression analysis, and Sobel test.
 Results: First, the correlations between impulsivity, smartphone addiction, parental attachment, and peer attachment of dropout adolescents were analyzed, and the results showed that parental attachment and peer attachment were negatively related to impulsivity and smartphone addiction were positively related to impulsivity. Second, the mediating effects of parental attachment and peer attachment on the effects of smartphone addiction on impulsivity of dropout adolescents were analyzed, and the results showed that both parental attachment and peer attachment had mediating effects on reducing impulsivity of dropout adolescents.
 Conclusion: This study is significant in that it confirms the influence of parental attachment and peer attachment on smartphone addiction and impulsivity among dropout adolescents. Therefore, based on the findings of this study, various educational interventions are needed to reduce the impulsivity of dropout adolescents through various pathways of adolescent impulsivity, and at the same time, programs that promote healthy parent-child relationships and peer relationships should be actively implemented as a preventive measure.

Racial discrimination, self-efficacy, and oral health behaviours in adolescents.

To examine the mediation effect of discrimination on the association of self-efficacy and oral health behaviours among adolescents. A cross sectional study of adolescents aged 12 to 18 years who were recruited from the University outpatient dental clinic were asked to complete a questionnaire consisting of: demographics (12 items), oral health behaviours (7 items), general self-efficacy (10 items) and self-efficacy for self-care (SESS, 15 items). Perceived discrimination was assessed if the adolescent had ever been treated unfairly based on their race. Perceived discrimination was assessed if the adolescent had ever been treated unfairly based on their race. Using pathway analyses, the relationship between oral health behaviours, self-efficacy, and discrimination was explored. Mediation and hierarchal logistic regression analyses were conducted. Of 252 participants, mean (SD) age was 14 (1.8) years old. 60% were female, 81% were born in Canada, 56% identified themselves as White, and 20% perceived discrimination. Mean score of all task-specific self-efficacies were significantly different within respective oral health behaviour categories (P-value <0.001). Of demographics, age and ethnicity (White) were significantly associated with discrimination (OR = 1.25: 95% CI; 1.06-1.48 and OR = 0.29: 95% CI; 0.15-0.55, respectively). Perceived discrimination was positively associated with higher sugar consumption and mediate the association between diet self-efficacy and adolescent's dietary behaviour. Significant mediation effect of perceived discrimination on the association of diet specific self-efficacy and diet oral health behaviour was observed. Oral health behaviours were self-reported which may have influenced the results.

Personality, perceptions and behavior: A study of speeding amongst drivers in Victoria, Australia

Introduction: Road crashes present a serious public health issue. Many people are seriously or fatally injured every year in avoidable crashes. While these crashes can have multiple contributing factors, including road design and condition, vehicle design and condition, the environment and human error, the performance of illegal driving behavior, including speeding, may also play a role. The current study aimed to examine the mediating influence that four potential deterrents (perceptions towards enforcement, crash risk, social norms and disapproval, and negative personal/emotional affect) have between the Big Five personality traits (conscientiousness; extraversion; agreeableness; neuroticism; openness) and expectations to speed. Methods: A total of 5,108 drivers in Victoria, Australia completed an online survey in 2019. A mediated regression analysis was used to examine pathways in a conceptual model developed for the study. Results: The results showed that perceptions towards the four potential deterrents examined did mediate the relationship (either completely or partially) between personality and expectations to speed. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that if interventions to deter illegal driving behavior are to be successful, one factor that could be taken into account is the personality traits of drivers who may be at greatest risk of the performance of illegal driving behaviors.

Rationale for governance and effective guidelines towards attainment of shared e-scooter micromobility benefits in Windsor, Ontario

The paper evaluates e-scooter trips using six-month (May to October 2021) pilot study data in Windsor. It employs exploratory and kernel density analysis to gain insight into spatiotemporal e-scooter trip dimensions in the city. Also, it uses regression mediation analysis to determine the effect of population and household densities on the relationship between average household income and the trips generated from Wards in the city. In total, 114,071 e-scooter trips were used for disaggregated and aggregated analysis. At a disaggregated level, exploratory studies showed that e-scooter use generally starts around 10:00 am. Depending on the weekdays, e-scooters' trip peak between 7:00 pm and midnight and are primarily used for short distances, duration, and at lower speeds. Across the study months, trips gradually decreased, but compared to fall months, spring and summer months have higher numbers of rides. Increased trips around weekends, late-night peak riding, and identical kernel density hotspots of the trip starts and ends locations around a downtown park in the city suggest e-scooter might be replacing walking or cycling. The study highlights e-scooter use for recreational purposes and safety concerns with late night riding of e-scooters in the city. Further, aggregated origin and destination (O-D) of e-scooter trips revealed that most trips start and end within the same Wards and occasionally in neighboring Wards that shared similar boundaries. This served as the basis for mediation analysis for understanding the influence of population and/or household density on the relationship between income and trips originating from Wards. The results from the mediation analysis showed that the average household income plays a more significant role in e-scooter ridership in Windsor. Thus, the study recommends effective e-scooter integration and governance within the city for the sustainable benefits of e-scooters to be derived. It highlights the need to adopt lessons derived from other countries that fully implement e-scooter micromobility modes.

Psychopathic traits in the interpersonal context: Is the effect of psychopathic traits on prosocial behavior mediated by peer problems?

Psychopathic traits are often investigated within the individual, while most traits come to expression within the interpersonal context. Low social communion might even be an important overlooked core feature of psychopathy. This raises the question how psychopathic (i.e., Grandiose-Manipulative, Callous-Unemotional, and Irresponsible-Impulsive) traits affect the tendency to show prosocial behavior, and whether peer problems explain this relationship. Besides, the effects of gender on these subrelations are explored. In total, 541 community adolescents and emerging adults (26.4 % men; 16–25 years old, Mage = 21.7, SDage = 2.50) completed questionnaires, measuring psychopathic traits, prosocial behavior, and peer problems. The relationship between psychopathic traits and prosocial behavior was investigated with three separate moderated mediation regression analyses (for Grandiose-Manipulative, Callous-Unemotional, and Impulsive-Irresponsible traits separately) including peer problems as mediator and gender as moderator. Significant direct negative effects of Grandiose-Manipulative and Callous-Unemotional traits on prosocial behavior were found, though not for Impulsive-Irresponsible traits. Peer problems did not mediate this relation and gender was no moderator. The significant moderation effect indicated that only for women a significant direct positive effect of Callous-Unemotional traits on peer problems was found, but not for men nor other psychopathic traits. More gender differences were found with men (vs. women) scoring significantly higher on all three psychopathic traits and lower on prosocial behavior. Implications of psychopathic traits within the interpersonal context are discussed and future research could further investigate how this relationship can be explained, for example by including different types of measures and other potential mediators (e.g., empathy).

The Effect of Relationship Marketing on Long-Term Orientation to Strengthen the Competitiveness of One-Person Hair Shop: Mediating Effect of Customer Emotion Response

This study aims to establish a plan to revitalize the management of one-person hair shops by systematically researching relationship marketing as a way to strengthen the competitiveness of one-person hair shops and presenting it as basic data for marketing. For this study, a survey was conducted focusing on residents of the Seoul metropolitan area who have experience using or are using a one-person hair shop. The survey was conducted for about a month from January 15, 2023 to February 20, 2023, and 288 copies were used for statistical analysis. Frequency analysis, factor analysis, reliability analysis, regression analysis, and mediated regression analysis were performed using SPSS 25.0. As a result, it was confirmed that relationship marketing had a positive (+) effect on both customer emotional response and long-term orientation, and research on the mediating role of customer emotional response in the relationship between relationship marketing and long-term orientation showed that reliability and store image were completely mediated. Based on the results of this study, it was found that single-person hair shops need to not only make steady efforts to maintain consumers' long-term orientation by strengthening customer sentiment responses through differentiated relationship marketing, but also establish a system to manage customers systematically and efficiently. In-depth understanding of customers through customer emotional responses plays a major role in strengthening the competitiveness of One-person hair shops by maintaining positive relationships.

The Effect of Customer Engagement on Customer Loyalty Through Customer Satisfaction at Shopee

This study aims to determine whether Customer Satisfaction (Z) completely mediates or partially mediates the relationship between Customer Engagement (X) and Customer Loyalty (Y). The research problem addressed the lack of loyalty towards the Shopee marketplace, as preliminary survey results indicated obstacles such as difficulties in returning products and funds, inability to choose preferred shipping services, and negative experiences that deterred revisiting the Shopee website. The sample for this study consisted of students in Kuningan Regency. The author employed the survey method and distributed questionnaires through Google Forms to 140 respondents. Data collection was conducted using questionnaires, and the measurement used an interval scale. The data obtained were analyzed used the mediation regression analysis method, which involved testing simple regression analysis and multiple regression analysis to determine whether Customer Satisfaction (Z) completely mediates or partially mediates the relationship between Customer Engagement (X) and Customer Loyalty (Y). The analysis was performed used Statistical Program for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23. The testing results of the proposed hypotheses led to the conclusion that (1) Customer Engagement has a positive and significant influence on Customer Loyalty. (2) Customer Satisfaction (Z) completely mediates the relationship between Customer Engagement (X) and Customer Loyalty (Y).

어머니의 훈육유형과 교사-유아관계가 유아의 또래유능성에 미치는 영향

Objectives The purpose of this study was to support children and adults to be socially healthy by analyzing the influence and path of mother’s discipline style, teacher-child relationship, and child emotion regulation in child’s peer competence. Methods The data collected from the mothers and teachers of 254 children aged 3 to 5 who attend kindergartens in Gyeonggi-do and Incheon. SPSS 25.0 program were used to find out the relationship among the variables. The correlation analysis and mediated regression analysis of Baron and Kenny were used. Results The rational discipline style of mothers and the intimate relationship between teacher and child were positively correlated with child’s peer competence. The emotional and over-allowed reactive discipline of mothers and the conflict relationship between teacher and child negatively correlated with the peer competence. There were mediating effects of child’s emotion regulation in the relationship between mother’s discipline style and the peer competence, and the relationship between teacher-child relationship and peer competence. Conclusions This study is meaningful to emphasize the importance of the role of parents and teachers by examining the path and influence of mother and teacher variables on the peer competence of child, and to verify the positive effect of rational discipline and intimate teacher-child relationship. The results of this study will support the necessity of mother’s rational discipline and environment for intimate relationship between teacher and child.

Dosage of Physical Activity to Avoid Impairment of Activities Due to Pain: Analysis of Population-based Conditional Processes

BackgroundPhysical activity's established health benefits include pain control, yet there is no consensus on the required dosage according to the literature. AimTo test the influence of exercise on perceived health in patients whose daily activities are limited due to pain. Besides, analyze the possible moderating effect of age and find a formula for exercise dosage based on the perceived level of health. MethodsCross-sectional study based on the 2017 Spanish National Health Survey with 4,123 participants reporting activity limitations in their daily activities due to pain. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire (short version) was used to calculate energy expenditure. Data included age, sex, leisure-time physical activity, sitting time, pain-related impairments, pain medication, and perceived health. Mediation regression analysis was conducted using the SPSS PROCESS 4.0 macro. ResultsResults indicate a decline in perceived health with age. The relationship between exercise (energy expenditure) and perceived health was highly significant (d=-0.224, p<0.001). Age moderated the association between pain and energy expenditure up to 75.61 years (0.1568, p=0.05) and between energy expenditure and perceived health up to 75.74 years (-0.289, p=0.05), but this effect diminished afterwards. A formula was developed to estimate energy expenditure based on the desired level of health. ConclusionsThe perception of health in people who are limited in their daily activities due to pain (moderate to very much) is mediated by the amount of physical activity they perform. Besides, this perception is moderated by age, up to 76 years.

MZ세대의 헤어관리행동과 자기효능감의 관계에서 감성지능 매개 효과 연구

The purpose of this paper is to examine the effect of MZ generation's hair care behavior on self-efficacy and to discuss the verification of the mediating effect of emotional intelligence. As a research method, to verify the mediating effect of emotional intelligence, descriptive statistical analysis, correlation analysis, and regression analysis were conducted using the SPSS 25.0 program, and a three-step mediation regression analysis was conducted to analyze the statistical significance of the mediating effect. The results of the study showed a statistically significant positive (+) effect on hair care behavior, self-efficacy, and emotional intelligence, and emotional intelligence, a parameter, had a mediating effect in the relationship between hair care behavior and self-efficacy. there was. Therefore, the higher the hair management behavior, the higher the self-efficacy and emotional intelligence. In addition, it was found that self-efficacy increased as the sub-factors of emotional intelligence, self-emotional understanding and others' emotional understanding, were higher.

Supply chain agility as the antecedent to firm sustainability in the post COVID-19

PurposeCOVID-19 has caused critical supply chain problems, especially in sustainable supply chain management, but very few empirical studies have been explored how to improve the firm sustainability through supply chain endeavours such as supply chain agility to manage the impacts of COVID-19. This paper aims to develop a model to incorporate supply chain agility and supply chain relationships that link firm sustainability to mitigate the impacts of the pandemic.Design/methodology/approachThe authors conducted an online survey and collected 203 valid responses from businesses in the United Arab Emirates, and employed an exploratory factor analysis, mediated regression analysis and structural equation modelling methodology to test the models and hypotheses.FindingsThe authors find that the adoption of supply chain agility can improve supply chain relationships and positively impact sustainability. Meanwhile, supply chain relationships partially mediate the relationship between supply chain agility and sustainability. In addition, sustainability mitigates the impacts of COVID-19 pandemic on supply chains.Originality/valueThe results provide fruitful insights and implications for the challenges and uncertainties caused by the pandemic post COVID-19 and provide several directions for further research.

Mental distress, COVID19 vaccine distrust and vaccine hesitancy in South Africa: A causal mediation regression analysis.

Within the context of increasing mental distress noted since the beginning of the COVID19 pandemic, the study aims at analysing the relationship between mental health, vaccine distrust and vaccine hesitancy in South Africa. The study uses nationally representative panel data of 3241 individuals interviewed prior to and during the COVID19 pandemic. The study uses a range of regression techniques including logit, mediation and gradient-boosted causal mediation models to identify the causal relationship while accounting for selection bias. The results of multivariate logit regression reveal that vaccine distrust is the most important predictor of vaccine hesitancy [Coeff: 3.420, CI 3.122, 3.717]. Mental distress is not found to be a significant driver in a fully specified logit model, pointing to the need to analyse the pathways through which mental distress impacts vaccine hesitancy. The mediation regression undertaken for this purpose finds that the mental distress has a positive and significant association with vaccine distrust [Coeff: 0.027, CI: 0.0029, 0.052]. The increased vaccine distrust in turn results in increased vaccine hesitancy [Coeff: 0.661, CI: 0.611, 0.711]. The results of mediation regression therefore indicate strong and significant mediation effects, whereby mental health effects vaccine hesitancy through the mediating variable of vaccine distrust. These results are robust to the gradient boosted causal mediation model which establishes strong and significant indirect effects [Coeff: 0.015, CI: 0.01, 0.019], whereby mental health effects vaccine hesitancy through the mediating variable of vaccine distrust. The study concludes that mental health impacts on vaccine intention through the mediating role of vaccine distrust. The findings indicate that individuals at high risk of depression are more concerned regarding the safety of vaccines, which in turn feeds into vaccine hesitancy. Therefore, depressive symptoms impact on vaccine hesitancy through the mediating factor of vaccine distrust.

Effects of verbal violence on job satisfaction, work engagement and the mediating role of emotional exhaustion among healthcare workers: a cross-sectional survey conducted in Chinese tertiary public hospitals

ObjectiveRecently, Chinese ministries and commissions have issued a series of policies and systems in response to violent injuries to doctors, physical violence have been managed to a certain extent. However,...

Mentation processes such as excessive mind wandering, rumination, and mindfulness mediate the relationship between ADHD symptoms and anxiety and depression in adults with ADHD

IntroductionExcessive mind wandering is a common feature of ADHD in adulthood also referred to as mental restlessness and ceaseless mental overactivity. ADHD is a predisposing factor for many psychiatric symptoms, especially negative emotions such as depression and anxiety. Rumination is thought to be a mediator for depression in individuals with ADHD. The above-mentioned mental processes may reduce the ability of individuals with ADHD to be mindful.ObjectivesThis study investigates whether the mentation processes (excessive mind wandering, rumination, mindfulness) mediate the relationship between ADHD symptoms and anxiety, and depression in adults with ADHD.MethodsMedication-free 175 individuals with ADHD who were referred to the Adult Neurodevelopmental Disorders Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, Selçuk University were invited to the study. After initial diagnostic examination including The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 (SCID 5), all participants completed a test battery that included a sociodemographic form, the Adult ADHD Severity Rating Scale, the Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale, the Mind Excessively Wandering Scale, the Ruminative Response Scale, and the Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory. The data of 159 patients whose ADHD diagnosis was confirmed, who did not have any mood episodes and psychotic symptoms at the time of inclusion of the study, and who filled out the forms completely, were included in the analysis. The study was approved by the Selçuk University Local Ethics Committee.ResultsParticipants ages ranged from 18 to 39 (mean of 22.93 ± 4.36), and 57.2% (n = 91) were women. Also, their 48.6% (n = 77) reported that they alcohol use, and 21.1% (n = 34) had substance use history. According to SCID 5 interview, participants 64.2% had comorbid psychiatric conditions. Pearson correlation analysis revealed that ADHD symptoms, rumination, excessive mind wandering, anxiety, and depression scores were significantly positively correlated with each other, but all were negatively correlated with mindfulness. Linear regression analysis showed mindfulness association with rumination, excessive mind wandering, anxiety, and depression scores, but not with ADHD symptoms. Thereupon, a conducted mediation regression analysis showed that ADHD symptoms indirectly worsened depression and anxiety through increased rumination and excessive mind wandering, and decreased mindfulness ability (Figure 1).Image:ConclusionsAdults with ADHD have distressing mentation patterns which worsened their anxiety and depression. Mindfulness-based cognitive behavioral therapy modalities may help improve excessive mind wandering and rumination in ADHD. Our findings should be warranted in future studies of functional brain connectivity patterns that may serve as a mentation endophenotypes in ADHD.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

EXPLORING FIRM INNOVATION CAPABILITY AS THE ‘BLACK BOX’ BETWEEN HUMAN CAPITAL AND PERFORMANCE IN RUSSIAN SMES

This study examines the mediating role of firm innovation capabilities as a strategic choice for Russian small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), which translates their managerial and worker human capital stocks into enhanced firm performance. The results of a survey conducted on 366 CEOs and business founders indicate innovation capabilities are the intermediate variable between firm human capital and SME performance. Further parallel mediation regression analysis demonstrates that human capital is positively and significantly related to all innovation capability dimensions (client-, marketing- and technology-focused); however, the mediation effect is significant only in the case of client-focused innovation capability–SMEs’ ability to provide clients with services that offer unique benefits, solve clients’ problems in innovative ways and seek out novel ways to tackle problems. These findings suggest that SMEs operating in turbulent transition economy environments can be more innovative and achieve the best performance using intangible, highly valuable and rare talent resources.

태권도장 사범의 관장지원인식과 직무만족의 관계에서 긍정심리자본의 매개효과 연구

This study aims to understand the mediating effect of positive psychological capital in the effect of Taekwondo instructor’s perception of director support on job satisfaction. The subjects of this study are teachers who can recognize and evaluate the support of the director who is currently working at the Taekwondo place for more than one year. These male and female taekwondo instructors were selected as a population, and 350 people were sampled using convenience sampling among the non-probability sampling methods, and the final 293 questionnaires were used. Based on the questions in Greenhaus, et. al. (1990), the scale of director support recognition was modified to suit the subject of this study and used as 5 questions. The scale of positive psychological capital was developed by Luthans, Youthsef, & Avolio (2004), and a total of 24 questions used by Lee and Choi (2009) were modified and used to suit the subject of this study. In addition, based on questions such as Spector et al. (2001), six questions used by Yoon, et al. (2010) were modified and used to suit this study. For data processing, descriptive statistics, factor analysis, reliability, and mediated regression analysis were performed using SPSS 24.0 Window Version. The findings are as follows. First, this study hypothesis I was adopted. Second, this study hypothesis II was rejected. Third, this study hypothesis III was adopted. Fourth, this research theory was adopted.