Media Owners Research Articles

КОМУНІКАТИВНИЙ СУПРОВІД ТА РЕАЛІЗАЦІЯ БЛАГОДІЙНИХ ІНІЦІАТИВ ЖУРНАЛІСТСЬКИМИ КОЛЕКТИВАМИ В УМОВАХ ВІЙНИ

The study of the vectors of deepening the interaction between journalism and philanthropy during the war is based on the results of an expert survey using a questionnaire of media owners (December 4, 2023–December 10, 2023; n = 26). The orientation of users towards systematic charity work both as a personal person and as a member of the work team was established, where 34.6 % of respondents confirmed the constant work in the media they represent of holding charity meetings, another 23.1 % of editorial offices periodically organize such meetings, and 26.9 % join the initiatives of other organizations. Military personnel (92.3 %), children (65.4 %), the seriously ill (57.7 %), animals (65.4 %), and the elderly (50 %) are mostly recipients of such assistance. The polyphony of charitable activities in the structure of informational interest of Ukrainian media at medium (42.3 %) and high levels (30.8 %). Such activity is aimed at benefiting society (76.9 %) and the charitable organization that accumulates it (53.8 %). Mostly, the heart of media people responds to the requests of volunteers whom they trust (65.4 %) and individual activists with local initiatives (34.6 %). In the context of communicative support, the media provide publicity for announcements about needs and current meetings (80.8 %), contribute to the formation of a receptive image of a charitable organization (76.9 %). The optimal forms for the presentation of a charity initiative are the objective justification and the amount, purpose and deadlines (53.8 %), and messages in the format of storytelling (46.2 %) Under no circumstances should these be neutral and impersonal appeals (0 %). 91 % of respondents believe in the victory of our state against 8 % who are not sure about it.

Clientelism and its Influence in the Nepali Press

This review explores the clientelist structure in politics and its influence in Nepali media with two aims: first, to identify how the clientelist structure has been practiced and influenced media in Nepal; second, to identify how the media perform the functions of clientelist networks. This review uses desk research of post 1990 documents focusing on the practices of clientelist structure in personalized behavior of the leaders, volatile political culture, fragmented civic society, and mounting corruption index in Nepal. Clientelism was a widely practiced phenomenon and it weakened the ideological base of the political parties and became the causes of uncertainty in Nepali politics. The unstable politics decreased public trust and reputation of the politicians, and visibility became a major concern to the leaders while reaching out to the electorate. In this context, the media became a vital tool to communicate with the public for political goals. The power holders practice clientelism, appointing loyalties in the board of directors in the state-owned media, attempt to endorse press restricted bills, and distribute welfare advertisements and subsidies to the favorable media. The media owners practice clientelism, recruiting professionals with strong political ties, frequently changing editors and journalists to ensure balanced representation of different political connections. The journalists tend to establish political connections and cover news with limited ethical guidelines with reference to their allies and advocate the political strategies of their patronage. Besides political intervention, the shrinking economy in the limited media market, long history of political parallelism of the press and the strong presence of the role of the state might be the explanation for adopting clientelist networks in the media.

Social Networks in the Time of Crisis – Ukraine as a Virtual Battlefield

Previous research has established that during all phases of a crisis, people resort to different means of communication in order to get more information (McIntyre et al., 2012, Nelson et al., 2009, Lachlan et al., 2009), in order to reduce uncertainty ( Lachlan et al., 2010), and to gain a sense of control over the situation (Lachlan et al., 2016). At the beginning of the 21st century, mass communication is taking on new forms. The exponential growth and affirmation of the Internet as a very important channel for communication has minimized the influence of traditional media. Digitization processes, interactivity, multimedia, connection and networking of a large number of people and expediency in the dissemination of information enabled the wide use of social networks in times of crisis. In the first part of the paper, previous research on the use of social networks in crisis communication was synthesized, through the presentation of best practices for effective communication. The second part of the paper provides a detailed analysis of the use of social networks on the example of the war in Ukraine, answering two important questions: 1. how are social networks used to spread competing national narratives and disinformation in times of crisis? and 2. what is the role of social media owners and government policies in limiting disinformation?

EVALUASI PEMANFAATAN MEDIA ELEKTRONIK BAGIAN HUMAS DAN PROTOKOL PADA SEKRETARIAT DAERAH KABUPATEN SUMBA BARAT

This study aims to evaluate the use of electronic media by the Public Relations and Protocol Section at the Regional Secretariat of West Sumba Regency and the inhibiting factors for the use of electronic media by the Public Relations and Protocol Section at the Regional Secretariat of West Sumba Regency. This research is research with qualitative type. Informants as data sources in this study were the head of local government public relations, public relations staff, management of electronic media owners, and community members. This research instrument includes documentation, observation, and interview instruments. Data were analyzed with qualitative methods. Based on the results of the research analysis it is known that the Evaluation of Utilization of Electronic Media (Public Relations and Protocol of West Sumba Regency) refers to the indicators of Effectiveness, Efficiency, Adequacy, Alignment, Responsiveness and Accuracy can be categorized as quite good, it is known that Public Relations and Protocol of West Sumba Regency have made use of electronic media with costs that are in accordance with the results and benefits received, able to provide benefits to society and the government, able to reach all segments without exception, and in accordance with the objectives. Obstacles in Utilization of Electronic Media Public Relations and West Sumba Regency Protocol) include a lack of human resources, lack of HR technical skills, no routine monitoring activities, not yet working with journalists, and no evaluation activities on the achievement of the development of West Sumba Regency Public Relations and Protocol.

The Imperatives of Media Convergence

This paper explores the intricacies of media convergence from a journalistic perspective. The paper first looks into the definitions of media convergence and introduces the processes of media convergence from the views of different scholars. This paper was exploratory thus it examines the reasons for media convergence anchoring its theoretical basis on the media convergence theory. The merits and demerits of media convergence were highlighted and the paper concludes that the Internet has unified all media forms such that any medium that has not fully converged on the Internet can be said to be lagging behind. However, this is not to affirm that the media cannot survive without converging on the Internet but it is safe to say that such mass media that are absent on the new media might have reduced its essence of being a conduit for mass communication because the idea of mass communication is mass reach and the Internet offers that mass reach directing the attention of media owners in that direction. The media survives mainly on advertisements and advertisements are audience-oriented implying that advertisers go where the audiences are hence media convergence offers a great opportunity for the audience and advertisers to meet

Independence and Neutrality Journalists Ahead 2024 Indonesian Presidential Election in Perspective Media Conglomerates

This research explains the independence and neutrality of journalists ahead of the 2024 Presidential Election from the perspective of media conglomerates. The independence and neutrality of journalists are urgently needed during the 2024 presidential election so that the resulting news products do not harm society. However, in mid the practice of media conglomeration, there is a phenomenon where media owners are active in politics and use the media for their interests. This conglomeration practice threatens the independence and neutrality of the journalists working in the media. In the end, society is the party that loses the most because journalists and the media can lead to uniform opinions due to media conglomeration. This research aims to illustrate the threat to the independence and neutrality of journalists ahead of the 2024 Presidential Election due to the practice of media conglomeration. The study uses a qualitative descriptive approach through primary data from in-depth interviews with six journalists from different media representing five media groups to get an overview of the independence and neutrality of journalists in producing journalistic products for the 2024 presidential election, which is threatened by media conglomeration. The result of the research is that the independence and neutrality of journalists make reporting on the 2024 presidential election in newsrooms difficult to achieve due to media conglomeration. Journalists who work in media whose owners are affiliated with political parties are not independent and neutral in carrying out their duties and functions. The higher the position of media owners in political parties, the more independence and neutrality of journalists and the mass media will collapse, because their relationship is very dependent on media owners.

ANALYZING THE IMPACT OF CENSORSHIP ON JOURNALISTIC PRACTICES: THE CASE OF PAKISTAN

One of the primary challenges facing media outlets in Pakistan is government censorship. The government has traditionally maintained strict control over the media, often using a range of legal and extra-legal measures to stifle criticism and control public discourse. This has included blocking or banning various news websites, harassing journalists, and using legal action to silence dissent. The present study has designed to get the censorship practices and viewpoints of the journalists working in TV news channels. For the purpose, through a convenient sampling techniques, 20 journalists from mainstream TV channels were interviewed on the subject. The censorship theory is applied to get the results. Majority of the journalists viewed the practices of censorship and self-censorship as the hurdle in the way of freedom of press. They further opined that Pakistan media and particularly electronic media is controlled by the government with the help of various techniques they obstruct the free flow of information. According to the journalists, the owners’ interference to annex the specific agenda is also one of the major problem in the development and growth of independent media. Keywords: Censorship, Self-Censorship, TV Channels, Journalists, Government influence, Media Owners.

Co wolno właścicielom mediów? Debata na temat prawa do ograniczania swobody wypowiedzi polityków w mediach w Polsce, Rosji i Niemczech po szturmie na Kapitol

The article presents the results of comparative research on public/state media narratives on freedom of speech and democratic values. The starting point of the analysis is media coverage of the events in the United States in 2021 when supporters of former President Donald Trump stormed the Capitol. Following this incident, owners of media companies decided to block the outgoing president’s social media accounts. This decision led to many controversies and became a pretext for redefining the concepts of democracy, freedom of speech, freedom of the media and responsible speech by politicians. The method used in this study was content analysis, and 73 materials were coded in 85 categories. The article presents both quantitative and qualitative results. The main goal is to demonstrate how different public/state media in European countries (Poland, Russia and Germany) reported not only the events alone, but also constructed narratives about democratic values, and the role of the media and politicians. A country’s journalistic and political culture has a significant impact on the construction of meaning and contextualisation of certain concepts and values in a manner that their interpretation is completely different, despite journalists using the same terms. Findings indicate that this may potentially impact building civic awareness, the sustainability of the democratic system, and the credibility of the media as a source of information about politics.

The Commercialisation of Propaganda and the Independence of the Fourth Estate – a Contribution to the Discussion on Contemporary Threats to Media Freedom

The article presents the phenomenon of the so-called privatisation of censorship and the commercialisation of propaganda and their impact on the independence of the fourth authority. The author intends to confirm or question the hypothesis according to which, in the 21st century, the new phenomenon of the so-called privatisation of censorship and the commercialisation of propaganda. To this end, he intends to use a descriptive method, situational analysis, and comparative analysis elements. The concept of the so-called “privatisation of censorship” was first described by J. Kurzlantick and P. Link based on observing components of the media policy of the People’s Republic of China towards Taiwan in the 21st century. According to these authors, a very worrying phenomenon can be seen in outsourcing content control to private sector representatives. This means that censorship is delegated to private media companies. This action is supposed to consist of exercising actual control over the circulation of content and messages, not by state bodies but by media owners or advertisers who exert direct or indirect pressure, usually economic, on journalists intending to publish critical texts. The concept of privatisation of censorship should be broadened to the idea of the so-called commercialisation of propaganda. This type of strategy seems to be observed in Hungary and Poland in recent years, the most apparent evidence of which is the remedial action taken recently by the European Union, particularly the European Media Freedom Act proposal. Based on the analysis of the described examples seen in Taiwan, Hungary and Poland, it has been demonstrated that the measures referred to as the privatisation of censorship and the commercialisation of propaganda can prove very effective and thus dangerous for the independence of the fourth estate. The current legal regulations guaranteeing freedom of speech and the media, although explicitly prohibiting, among other things, preventive censorship, turn out to be insufficient in ensuring the independence of the fourth authority in the case of actions termed “privatisation of censorship” and “commercialisation of propaganda”.

Influence of Media Staff Welfare on Effective Journalism Practice in Nigeria

An abstract is written along 100-200 words with a single space. Abstract content must explain the subject matter discussed in the article, the method used, the results or findings and conclusions. Abstracts are written in only one paragra This study examined the influence of media staff welfare on effective journalism. The study explore how media staff especially journalists’ welfare are poorly handled by media owners and managers, therefore hampering their effective practice of the profession. The study reviewed scholar’s opinion and empirical studies. Abraham Maslow Hierarchy of needs theory and functional/Efficiency theory were also used as the theoretical fame work of this study. The study recommended that media ownership managers should at fulfilling their duties which is to motivate journalists through good and attractive welfare packages; this is because it could encourage and drive them to stay on the side of truth, objective news, reporting, and fairness and give them courage to practice investigative journalism even in the face of intimidation and attacks; good working condition should be provided for journalists. It is also important that hard working staff are appreciated for their work etc

Relationship Between Internet Scrolling Habit and Social Media Marketing

The previous study has concluded that internet scrolling is required to generate business, and social media employs psychological techniques to advertise for business purposes. The primary objective of this study was to investigate the opinions and experiences of bachelor’s level students on the role of internet scrolling addiction impact on social media marketing. This study applied the quantitative approach and the survey instrument to collect data. The sample population was two hundred bachelor’s level students at Oxford College of Engineering and Management. A random sampling method was used to select sample students among three thousand students
 The results show a significant association between internet scrolling habits and observing social media marketing, implying a negative association with using social media marketing (p < 0.05). Similarly, there was a positive association between social media marketing and influence on chatting apps (p < 0.05). Further, the results indicated a negative association between time of activeness and the use of social media with social media marketing. This study's implication would benefit social media marketers, students, scholars, entrepreneurs and owners of social media marketing businesses.

Media Systems in Unrecognized States: “People’s Media” in “People’s Republics”

This paper examines the media systems in the “Donetsk People’s Republic” and the “Luhansk People’s Republic,” both unrecognized states. After a conflict outbreak in 2014, the media landscape in the unrecognized republics acquired the features of an authoritarian media system. Employing qualitative methods (primary source analysis and in-depth interviews), the research explores a combination of instruments that pushed media into an authoritarian mode that entailed declarations of loyalty, severe vertical subordination, predominantly state ownership, and the designation of a military subdivision at the information frontline. Other decisive factors that allowed an authoritarian media system to be instated are the loyalty of the pre-existing media landscape to local authorities and oligarch media owners, the political isolation of the unrecognized republics, and the strong influence of the Russian information space.

A decade of journalism and media studies from a practical and applied perspective

The Journal of Applied Journalism & Media Studies celebrates a decade of disseminating original research that advances the understanding of journalism and media studies from a practical and applied perspective – not only for academics, but also to journalists, media practitioners, media owners and scholars. Our role continues to foster dialogue and exchange while underpinning academic collaboration and thus this edition brings together groundbreaking works from across different regions, providing a convergence point for both North and South dialogue and exchanges.

Deliberative democracy and the digital public sphere: Asymmetrical fragmentation as a political not a technological problem

Deliberative democracy and the digital public sphere: Asymmetrical fragmentation as a political not a technological problem

Memahami Pesan Dakwah dalam Siaran

Managing broadcasting television is not the same as managing companies in general. Moreover if there is a da’wah mission. Management concepts are not necessarily applicable in broadcasting management. Integrating it means balancing the interests of the media owner and the public as the audience as well as the owner of the rights to the frequency managed by the broadcast media. While broadcasting media must continue to function as a means of entertainment, information, public services and economic functions. Broadcasting media management places more emphasis on planning, which include positioning, segmentation, targeting, formatting and programming. The rest, broadcasting management concepts are almost the same as management in general. In the end, concepts in the political economy of the media remain decisive in winning audience choice, including the broadcasting media which carrying da’wah mission. These concepts include: commodification, spatialization and structuration.

Shifting digital media ecologies and how copyright law should adjust and adapt to journalism

Digital Age misappropriation and plagiarism of published online news content by some South African media proprietors are negatively affecting professionalism and integrity in journalism. Such infringements invariably lead to great tension, harmful competition patterns and dwindling revenues. Frequently, digital news misappropriation creates factual distortions, impairing the democratic functions of journalism and healthy national discourse motivated by legitimate public interest considerations. A 2019 Reuters Institute Digital News Report revealed that, globally, South Africans spend the greatest number of hours browsing online, with 36% of the population enjoying sharing news content, while 40% enjoy commenting on news via social media or news websites. While the Digital Age has generated many forms of active players in journalism, this paper is limited to digital infringement conflicts and contestations between accountable and established media proprietors or competitors. This qualitative contribution proposes that media proprietors collectively seek an alternative dispute resolution approach to copyright infringements through a comprehensive ‘Media Arbitration Copyright Infringements Code’ with incorporated ‘Hot News Misappropriation Doctrine’ provisions to regulate the conduct of the media and to address proliferating digital infringements. The Media Code should also guide the proposed ‘Media Copyright Tribunal’ operating within a commercial arbitration framework in dispute adjudication and resolution. This paper argues that the Media Code with the Misappropriation Doctrine is a more viable approach for addressing media copyright disputes because it largely protects facts contained in published news content. Furthermore, a Media Code that is drafted addressing media copyright digital infractions using the ethical benchmarks set by the ‘Press Code of Ethics and Conduct for South African Print and Online Media’ editorial guidelines interpreted through a flexible informal commercial arbitration framework that expedites dispute resolution is desirable. This paper is largely concerned with the court’s findings in Moneyweb (Pty) Limited v Media 4 Limited and Another, and the fact that it took about three years for the dispute to be resolved. Moreover, this paper argues that the current Copyright Act 98 of 1978 is less effective in dealing with the ethical quandary faced by journalism in the Digital Age.

Media ownership and its influence on political reporting

In this study, the concept of media ownership and its significant impact on political reporting is discussed. In media ownership, individuals, companies, and government agencies control and own media outlets. As a result of a concentration of media ownership in the hands of a few companies, they are able to shape public opinion significantly. This study emphasises the crucial part media ownership plays in the larger political landscape and the significance of media variety for a healthy and educated democratic society. By choosing, crafting, and presenting just certain stories, media proprietors can bring bias into reporting. Whether deliberate or accidental, this bias has the potential to skew public perception and influence political outcomes like elections and policy choices. This study emphasises the crucial part that media ownership plays in the larger political landscape and the significance of media variety for a healthy and informed democratic society

Consumer Rights to Information in the Middle of Media Hegemony

This paper discusses citizens' rights to information as consumers of mass media and social media. They areconsumers of information, and that information is a determining factor in their political choices. Media owners and managers have the power to intervene in the flow of information, so that consumers' rights to correct information are at risk of being violated. Because the owners and managers of these media have the technology that determines, and because the number of those who have this kind of power is not large, then this hegemony actually manifests in the ruling class in a country, even in the world we live in now. Antonio Gramsci, in his theory of hegemony, has explained this. Of course, the danger will be more vulnerable to emerging democratic countries, such as Indonesia. Therefore, the question of what the future holds for consumers' rights to information in the midst of this media hegemony is important to answer. In this article, the authors conclude that the future of consumer rights to information can be saved by strengthening the role of the middle class. The hope of saving consumers' right to information is to give the middle class an opportunity to continuously voice their interests. The government can still control it, but it must be on a measurable legal basis. On the other hand, the massive number of social media users in Indonesia is its own strength to deal with oligarchs and media hegemony, both at the domestic and global levels.

Влияние СМИ на импичмент Дилмы Русеф

Importance. Nowadays, the mass media are an important tool of the political process, influencing the formation of political preferences of citizens, as well as playing the role of coordinator of information flows. The purpose of the research is to determine the influence of the mass media on the impeachment of Brazilian President Dilma Rousseff in 2016. In Russian historiography, quite little attention is paid to the place of the media in the impeachment process, hence the importance of its study. Materials and methods. The analysis of publications affiliated with the largest Brazilian media concern “Grupo Globo” mass media, as well as influential newspapers “Folha de São Paulo” and “Estado de São Paulo”, a comparative analysis of political events in Brazil and their assessments in the media. Result and Discussion. It is established that the leading Brazilian mass media regularly published materials about the inefficiency of the authorities’ activities without attempting to objectively assess it: the complex nature of political events and problems in the country was ignored, readers’ opinion was formed about the allegedly universal nature of discontent with the president and the inevitability of impeachment, despite the preservation of Dilma Rousseff’s significant number of supporters. Conclusion. According to the results of the research, it can be noted that the owners of the largest Brazilian media consistently defended their own interests and did not fail to use the opportunity to push the objectionable center-left Workers’ Party from power in order to avoid the risks of economic policy unfavorable to the oligarchy within the country.

Mass consciousness: from industrial to information society

In the current geopolitical situation, those issues that social philosophers and political scientists were discussing throughout the 20th century and which, in a certain sense, became a commonplace, a kind of common knowledge, which is studied in higher educational institutions and which does not represent any novelty, have become relevant. It is referred to mass consciousness, the laws that govern it, and what represents the basis of modern mass culture. The basics of these laws are known to almost all people with a secondary education. Everyone admits that the mass media control mass consciousness, and the media owners manipulate it to their advantage. It would seem that this knowledge equips modern person with the understanding that these processes must be resisted. However, in practice, everything is different. The author shows that mass consciousness is formed in a similar way and through similar mechanisms both in the industrial and information societies.