Media Organizations Research Articles

The Nature of Television and Radio Programs and Their Influence in the Growth of Kiswahili among University Students in Kenya

Purpose: This paper traces the place of the nature of programmes in Kenyan media and their influence on Kiswahili growth among university students studying journalism in Kenyan universities. Three fundamental concerns were on focus here; Length of programs; language in programs and the type of Programs.
 Methodology: The study used mixed method design to obtain qualitative and quantitative data. It targeted University students sampled from 4 public Universities in Nairobi County. A sample size of 327 students was used. Focus group discussions involving 32 participants were also involved. Four Swahili experts were interviewed to get expert opinion. Multi-stage sampling design was used to select the sample for the survey. This sampling technique was appropriate because the study sample was selected in stages using stratified random sampling and simple random sampling technique. Purposive sampling was used to collect qualitative data. The tools used to collect data were questionnaire for quantitative data, interview schedule for key informants and interview guide for focus group discussions. These were to help to assess the influence of the nature of programmes in media organizations on the growth of Kiswahili among university students in Kenya. The study triangulated quantitative and qualitative data to give results shared in this paper. Data was then analyzed using SPSS (version 20) statistical program. Inferential statistics used were descriptive, correlation regression and ANOVA. Data was presented using tables.
 Findings: Findings show that nature of programmes has a significant effect on the growth of Kiswahili.For instance, majority of the respondents agreed that the length of Swahili programs in media have made them develop positive attitude toward Kiswahili. Additionally, they agreed that the nature of language used in presenting Swahili programmes makes them use correct grammar. The study also noted that the respondents agreed that the types of programs have significant influence on their Swahili vocabulary.
 Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Social Learning Theory posits that learning takes place in a social context through observation or direct instruction. People learn the tenets of language through these various types of programmes which carry instructions and are observable. For the Behaviorist Theory of Language Development focus is on objectively observable behaviors where learning is acquired based on environmental conditions (McLeod, 2016). Language acquisition, use and growth has been as a result of emulating what is going on around the learner. The Cultivation theory that suggests television is responsible for shaping or cultivating viewer conceptions of social reality has it that TV viewing affects the language development of children through role modeling where children always want to behave like the characters they see and end up developing language aspects such as pronunciation, intonations and vocabulary like those of the TV and Radio presenter believing that that is the way the world is.For practice and policy media literacy to practitioners has been found to be a necessary educational tool for them to understand the type of media content to interact with if they have to grow their language capabilities. There is need to increase knowledge of risks involved in use of hybrid Kiswahili. While this is so language policy should encompass organizing workshops and seminars for the youth to sensitize them on proper language.

Shifting Roles of Media in Tanzania: From Development Communication to Watchdog Journalism

This study examines the implementation and challenges associated with development communication in mainland Tanzania, focusing on news articles and programs from eight media organizations. Surveys, interviews, and focus group discussions were conducted to gather perspectives from journalists, editors, and news consumers. Prior to 1992, Tanzania's media landscape was oriented towards promoting the national development agenda. However, policy changes influenced by the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund's Structural Adjustment Program shifted the media's focus towards watchdog journalism, aimed at monitoring government performance. This shift impacted both private and state-owned media entities. Presently, the media landscape in mainland Tanzania is rapidly evolving into a profitable industry, serving as a tool for accountability, government communication, and revenue generation. It's crucial for Tanzanian consumers to actively engage with the diverse media options available, rather than passively consuming information primarily designed to attract advertisers.
 The transformation of Tanzania's media landscape from development-oriented to watchdog journalism has significant implications for both media organizations and consumers. While this shift promotes accountability and transparency, it also raises concerns about the role of media in advancing development goals. The findings indicate a need for media organizations to balance their roles as watchdogs and promoters of development. This requires a reevaluation of editorial priorities and a commitment to providing accurate and balanced information to the public. Furthermore, there is a pressing need to enhance media literacy among Tanzanian consumers to empower them to critically evaluate and navigate the diverse media landscape. This includes providing education on media literacy in schools and communities and promoting digital literacy skills to enable access to online information.

ANALYZING MEDIA PERSPECTIVES: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF WESTERN AND MIDDLE EASTERN FRAMING OF HAMAS

After the 9/11 attacks, Western society, especially the United States, began to consider Islam as a religion that gave birth to terrorist organizations. Many media also brand organizations related to the Islamic religion as terrorists, including Hamas. In order to emphasize the intricate relationships between media, geopolitics, and the formation of public opinion, this research seeks to analyze potential biases and contrasting narratives between Western and Middle Eastern opinions on Hamas. In order to examine depictions of Hamas as a "hero," "terrorist," "cruel," and exhibiting "humane" treatment towards civilians and hostages, this study used NVivo 12 Plus to analyze 150 news stories, 75 of which came from Middle Eastern (Al-Jazeera, Al-Arabiya, Asharq Al-Awsat) and 75 from Western (BBC, CNN, The Guardian) media sources. The findings indicate that Western media typically adopts a more solemn narratives, emphasizing Hamas-related conflict and violence. However, the narrative from Middle Eastern media emphasizing Hamas-related themes of resistance and heroism. This research can assist journalists and media organizations in recognizing potential biases and differing narratives in their coverage of Hamas and related subjects.

Culturology of Journalism: Academic and Pragmatic Dimensions

The article attempts to represent the culturology of journalism as a relatively new area of theoretical research and an autonomous academic discipline. From a scientific point of view, the basis for the separation of this direction should be found in the sectoral culturology forming process, which includes a number of disciplines such as, for example, cultural studies of religion, education, politics, everyday life and, in particular, media space; the article contains detailed references to the views and proposals of the scholars in cultural studies of art. In each case, specific object, subject, institutional status and development trajectories are determined, that directly concerns the journalism theory. At the same time, the author aims to identify those characteristics of the discipline that enable it to develop fruitfully in interaction with the real media industry and, most importantly and urgently, the professionals' training system. The importance of this area in the academic dimension increases if the real problems and tasks of mass information practice are reflected in research activities and ways to enhance it are identified, recommendations are made regarding improving and enriching the professional qualifications of media organizations employees. This is the principal methodological position of the author. The field of university journalism education deserves special attention, since cultural knowledge and skills should be among the core competencies of graduates and find application in their professional and creative activities. The article presents judgments and pedagogical approaches to solving this problem, which are found in foreign and domestic literature. The author reveals in detail the experience of St. Petersburg State University, where for decades the journalism culturology has been purposefully developing in research and educational projects of various forms.

Women in Media and the challenges they face in their Work Environment: A Case Study of NBS, NTV, Vision Group, and STV in Kampala District, Uganda

With a focus on NBS, NTV, STV, and Vision Group in particular, this study examined women in the media and their working conditions in a few chosen media firms in the Kampala District of Uganda. The line of investigation aimed to ascertain the ways in which the work environment and obstacles faced by women in media organizations influence their viewpoints, accomplishments, and performance. Several information sources, including scholarly works, journals, articles, websites, and secondary surveys on women in the workplace, were employed in this study. The study became necessary because, in spite of international organizations' global projects and efforts to promote women in the media, stereotypes about women persist and their struggles are frequently unreported, which hinders their ability to progress in their media careers. According to the results of the anonymous surveys, it appears that despite the rise in the number of women working in the media and occupying senior positions within their organizations, these women still feel that they need to prove their worth, are still viewed as the weaker sex, are rigid, and are still objectified sexually. This study therefore suggests that women should be seen as a work force that has worth and can take on duties and tasks with as much aggression and ambition as their male counterparts in an effort to achieve equality and equity in media businesses. Keywords: Women, Media, Television, Workplace, Vision group, Kampala

Pengaruh Mutu Pelayanan Kesehatan Terhadap Kepuasan Pasien Di Ruang Rawat Inap Rumah Sakit Umum Melati Perbaungan Tahun 2024

Hospitals are a comprehensive part of social and media organizations whose function is to provide complete health services to the community, both curative and rehabilitative, hospital services reach family and environmental services. The aim of the research is to analyze the influence of health service quality on patient satisfaction in the inpatient room of Melati Perbaungan Hospital. Analytical survey research design with a cross sectional design. The total population of patients treated from June 2023 to August 2023 in the Inpatient Room at Melati Perbaungan Hospital is 167 people. The number of samples was 62 people. The results of the chi square test research show that there is an influence of 8 variables, namely technical competence, human relations, effectiveness, efficiency, continuity, security, human relations and comfort, which have a p-value <α 0.05, meaning that technical competence, human relations, effectiveness, efficiency, continuity, safety, human relations and comfort influence patient satisfaction in the Melati Perbaungan Hospital inpatient room. The results of the multiple logistic regression test are the most dominant comfort variable with an odds ratio (OR) of 18.455, meaning that it influences patient satisfaction 18 times. The conclusion is that the comfort variable is the dominant variable that has the most influence on patient satisfaction in the Melati Perbaungan Hospital inpatient room. It is recommended for hospitals to adopt policies to increase patient comfort in treatment rooms in order to produce optimal satisfaction for patients.

The Role of the Press in Free and Fair Elections in Uganda: A Case Study of Daily Monitor News Paper

The media is an essential component of any democratic election. This is illustrated in a way that keeps voters informed about the policies and agendas of different political parties and contenders. Until voters are aware of each candidate's position on every issue, they will not be able to completely exercise their right to vote. Conversely, the media can aid voters in their self-education by providing a comparative analysis of important issues. Numerous individuals have viewed the media's above-mentioned job as idealistic and unachievable, asserting that regular reporting on events is rife with "fake news" and falls short of the criteria of superior journalism. Descriptive statistics were used to examine the coded data, and information was generated and presented in the form of graphs, tables, and charts exhibiting frequencies and percentages. The study suggests that false news has existed since the internet's prehistory and is prevalent today. It highlights the negative impact of false news on media organizations, leading to credibility loss and costly investigations. Despite ethical journalism rules, media organizations face threats of closure or censorship. The general population is a significant source of fake news. False news in Uganda leads to various consequences, such as media organization closure, damage to brand reputation, and mistrust of news industries. It can also cause underdevelopment, increased demonstrations, hatred, and even innocent deaths. Despite adhering to ethical journalism rules, media organizations face threats of closure or censorship. False news in media organizations can lead to credibility loss, costly investigations, and threats of closure or censorship, while the general population is a significant source, causing incidents like demonstrations, hatred, deaths, and celebrity reputation damage. Key words: Media, Democracy, Citizenship, Marketization, Election.

ONLINE READING PREFERENCE AND MEDIA CONTENT IN MALAYSIA: A CASE STUDY ON THE MALAYSIA SIN CHEW DAILY FACEBOOK PAGE

Online reading preferences encompass the reading materials that readers favor, invest considerable effort and time into, and thoroughly enjoy. Within this context, readers have the autonomy to make their own decisions and the complete freedom to select content that most captivates their interest. Understanding the online reading preferences of audiences is crucial for media organizations and content creators. It enables them to craft content that not only attracts more readers but also retains their attention and engagement. By catering to readers' interests, media outlets can enhance their online presence, reach a broader audience, and potentially increase revenue through increased viewership and advertisement opportunities. In Malaysia, numerous online newspaper Facebook pages cater to diverse content types such as news, entertainment, sports, feature writing, and more, aiming to cultivate readers' interest. This study focuses on the Malaysia Sin Chew Daily Facebook Page as a case study, as it represents the most popular newspaper among readers in Malaysia. The objective is to investigate the online reading preferences of the readers. To accomplish this, a quantitative survey involving 130 respondents was conducted, utilizing content analysis to observe the "likes" and "shares" of the content. The results indicated a positive correlation between online reading preferences and media content. This research holds significant value as it can serve as a reference for organizations seeking to enhance their content to better cater to readers' preferences.

Explicitation and ideology in media translation: The case of MEMRI

This article describes some of the socio-political (ideological) factors affecting the use of explicitation. It explores how explicitations are utilized by a media organisation whose translations continue to construct a negative public image of a particular community. Drawing on critical discourse analysis and descriptive and functional models to translation studies, a corpus consisting of 26,000 words from Arabic-English translated news articles published by MEMRI was analyzed. The results reveal a strong tendency in explicitations to maintain the ideological perspective of the original at the micro-textual level, while promoting a religious and cultural Other at the macro-level. Instead of compromising its credibility by using misleading or inaccurate explicitations, MEMRI uses apparently accurate and faithful explicitations in translations strategically selected to accentuate an intended negative image. This casts light on the paradoxical function of explicitation in media translation: while it is assumed to reduce ambiguities and improve cultural understanding at the textual level, it may promote misunderstanding and cultural prejudice at a larger discourse level.

The professional backstaging of diversity in journalism

Abstract This study examines how diverse US-based journalists—both Black, Indigenous, and people of color and lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer [or sometimes questioning] and others—perform their diversity within newsrooms. Applying Goffman’s theory of dramaturgy, the study illustrates the nuanced differences in terms of how journalists perform their diverse identities differently on both the frontstage and backstage. These differences are explained through the proliferation of historical norms such as objectivity in journalism in the United States, norms that curtail how diversity can be enacted. The study introduces the concept of professional backstaging, a concept that describes how professional norms can bypass organizational and individual agency to force certain actions off the frontstage. Finally, the discussion theorizes how these findings—and particularly the concept of professional backstaging—can contribute to future work across studies of media organizations and within the discipline of organizational communication.

Cybersecurity Literacy Among Mass Media Journalists In Central Java

Notes of the Alliance of Independent Journalists (AJI Indonesia) at the end of 2022, the number of digital attacks on journalists increased compared to 2021. There were 15 digital attacks in 2022, while in 2021, there were only 5 cases recorded. Attacks, or what is commonly referred to as digital violence, refer to the notion of violence in which the perpetrator attacks network infrastructure or uses digital technology. Meanwhile, digital attacks becoming a trend during 2022 are hacking experienced by journalists and DDoS targeted at media organization sites. However, not all mass media have prepared anticipation for the potential for digital violence, including not all journalists who understand cybersecurity's importance in carrying out their duties. This research seeks to explore the meaning of journalists related to cyber security in their journalistic work and to record real experiences of how anticipation and strategies are carried out so that they do not just become victims of cyber-attacks. The method used is qualitative with an interpretive phenomenological analysis (IPA) approach. An approach where data is obtained and studied in an in-depth way, and sees each case is something that has its characteristics. The key word of this research lies in the technique of analysis and interpretation of data that is descriptive, which is presented using a distinctive language and does not aim to generalize the results. The research location is in the city of Semarang, with data collection techniques through in-depth interviews, surveys, observations, and documentation of the research subjects, in this case, journalists from various mass media in Central Java.

Exploring the Impact of Women's Presence in Afghan Media: An Examination of the Current Situation

The representation of women in media plays a crucial role in shaping societal norms and perceptions. This study examines the impact of women's presence in Afghan media on societal dynamics, exploring the challenges, opportunities, and perceptions surrounding this issue. Drawing on data collected from surveys conducted with 40 female employees in media organizations, the study analyzes participant demographics, perceptions of women's representation in Afghan media platforms, challenges faced by women in the industry, and the perceived impact of women's presence on societal attitudes towards gender equality and empowerment. Results indicate a prevailing sentiment of dissatisfaction regarding the adequacy of women's representation in Afghan media, with gender-based discrimination, societal pressure, and safety concerns identified as significant challenges. However, participants also recognize the positive impact of women's participation in media on reshaping societal dynamics and promoting gender equality. The findings underscore the need for targeted interventions to address systemic inequalities and create a more inclusive and supportive environment for women in Afghan media. Overall, this study contributes to a better understanding of the role of media in advancing gender equality and empowerment in Afghan society.

A different playbook for the same outcome? Examining Google’s and Meta’s strategic responses to Australia’s News Media Bargaining Code

In March 2021, Australia enacted the News Media Bargaining Code (NMBC) legislation, which compels Google and Meta to pay for third-party news content on their platforms. To date, Australian newsrooms have made deals with both platforms totalling approximately AUD$200 million (US$126.4 million). The 1-year review of the Code has prompted questions about not just the legislation but also the lack of public detail about the deals made between news organisations and the platforms. This article seeks to critically analyse the strategic positions both Google and Facebook took in supporting public interest journalism before and after the introduction of the Code. Using a mixed methodological approach, we find that both platforms differed in their strategic engagement with Australian media organisations before and after the introduction of the NMBC and that the Code, as it stands, risks increasing platform influence in the Australian news market.

The Impact of Interactive Mass Media in Voters' Education for the 2023 General Election in Nigeria: Overcoming Challenges and Fostering Informed DecisionMaking

This paper explores the significant role of mass media in voters' education, focusing on its potential impact on the upcoming 2023 general election in Nigeria. Drawing on the Agenda Setting Theory and the capabilities of interactive communication, the study examines how mass media can effectively bring issues to the forefront of public attention, fostering engagement and understanding among diverse audiences. The inclusive nature of various mass media outlets, coupled with technological advancements enabling interactive features, presents a promising avenue for overcoming barriers in educating both literate and non-literate individuals. However, challenges such as perception biases, rural disparities, and practical hindrances must be addressed to fully unlock the potential of mass media in voters' education. The paper emphasizes the need for high-quality, carefully crafted messages delivered through collaboration among media organizations and relevant stakeholders to ensure the success of voters' education initiatives. Keywords: Mass media, Voters' education, 2023 general election, Agenda Setting Theory, Interactive communication, Inclusive approach and Perception biases

Platforms, people and politics: The challenges for public service media in Ireland

This article assesses the viability of RTÉ, Ireland’s main public service media (PSM) organization, as an institution and media organization against the backdrop of the largest challenges affecting PSM today. It questions the extent (1) the presence of global platforms, (2) shifting media use and (3) (continued) government support have affected the programming, structure and legitimacy of the Irish public broadcaster. The analytical framework that serves as the basis for our analysis combines a media policy and political economy approach with cultural-sociological analysis. Using expert interviews and document analysis, we show that many of the challenges of RTÉ are generalizable in a European context and a wider international context. We argue that while the government may not be directly undermining RTÉ, its funding position may become so eroded that it would no longer be able to deliver what one of our interviewees describes as a ‘BBC-sized mission in a small jurisdiction’.

Online discussion threads as promotors of citizen democracy: Current opportunities and challenges for small- and medium-sized media organisations in Finland

Abstract This article focuses on user-generated discussion threads in journalistic online publication platforms. We investigate how journalists can apply deliberative norms to promote a democratically sustainable discussion within the threads. We also examine which opportunities and challenges journalists currently see with such threads in relation to central citizen democracy principles such as user participation and interactivity. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 18 Finnish news journalists and personnel in charge of moderation strategies. The findings show that deliberative norms are used to some degree in discussion-thread moderation, and that such norms are a key factor to promote democratically sustainable discussions in media organisations. The findings also show that threads can be useful tools for promoting citizen democracy due to their participatory features, but that several current challenges affect this, including uncivil user-generated content, limited representativeness among active users, and lacking resources to handle content in smaller media organisations. One main implication is that journalists see a risk of challenges with discussion threads outweighing benefits for democracy.

Love, cynicism, wanderlust: the role of emotions in the career trajectories of precarious journalists

This article addresses a lacuna in the literature on the ‘emotional turn’ in journalism by examining how emotions shape journalists’ career trajectories. In-depth interviews conducted at two points in time reveal that love leads journalists to accept precarious work. Over the years, cynicism developed. Cynicism shaped careers in two ways: some moved into public relations and expressed emotions of relief. Others left media organisations to work as freelance journalists, expressing emotions of wanderlust and love. We address the ambivalence of love as an emotion. It leads journalists to accept precarious work that prevents investigative journalism. However, love of journalism has led others to pursue careers outside of media organisations that offer more freedom of expression, which is crucial for democracy.

Theology and Ethics in Values-Based Journalism Communicating Islamic Perspectives

This research explores the intersection of theology and ethics within the realm of values-based journalism, with a specific focus on the communication of Islamic perspectives. In the contemporary media landscape, where journalism plays a crucial role in shaping public discourse, it becomes imperative to analyze how Islamic values are communicated through the lens of ethical journalism. The study aims to investigate the application of Islamic theology and ethical principles in values-based journalism, emphasizing the role of media in reflecting and shaping societal norms. By employing a qualitative research approach, content analysis will be conducted on a sample of news articles, opinion pieces, and other journalistic content with an Islamic focus. The analysis will delve into how these pieces adhere to or deviate from established theological principles and ethical guidelines. Furthermore, the research seeks to identify challenges faced by journalists and media organizations when attempting to integrate Islamic values into their narratives. It also explores potential strategies and best practices for overcoming these challenges, fostering a more nuanced and ethical communication of Islamic perspectives. The findings of this study aim to contribute to the ongoing discourse on the role of theology and ethics in journalism, providing insights into how media professionals can effectively communicate Islamic values while upholding ethical standards. Ultimately, the research aspires to encourage a more informed and respectful portrayal of Islamic perspectives in the media, promoting dialogue and understanding in an increasingly diverse and interconnected global society.

Total Quality Management in Media Outfits and Organizational Performance

Total Quality Management (TQM) is a comprehensive management philosophy adopted by organizations to continuously enhance the quality of processes, products, and services. Its core objective is to meet or exceed customer expectations, thereby improving customer satisfaction and overall organizational performance. TQM has emerged as an essential practice in modern business environments due to its proven effectiveness in enhancing performance metrics. This study investigates the implementation of TQM in media organizations and its impact on organizational performance. Findings suggest that TQM underscores the significance of human resources in achieving quality excellence. Effective human resources management aligned with quality management principles is crucial for achieving total quality. Failures and costs often stem from communication gaps and lack of awareness. When quality becomes a shared priority across the organization, it becomes feasible to deliver products that meet customer requirements and preferences while minimizing defects in products and services.

Media Ethics and News Media Financing in a Fledgling Economy- A Case of the Gambia

Purpose: This paper examines how media ethics and news media financing interact in the setting of a nascent economy. The study focuses on the significance of ethical standards in journalism and how obstacles to funding might have a detrimental effect on them. Issues interrogated include how media ethics are violated, how financial hardships have contributed to the phenomena, the causes of the paucity of funding, and how the news media can navigate the daunting terrain of shrinking financial resources.
 Methodology: The study collected data from both primary and secondary sources. While interviews with 15 seasoned media professionals provided the primary data, recent literature provided the secondary data.
 Findings: The results of this study reveal that many media organisations are underpaying their employees, failing to facilitate skills acquisition training for staff, lacking editorial guidelines, hiring underqualified staff to cut costs, and failing to adequately provide the staff with the logistics needed for news gathering, all of which compromise professionalism and drive the phenomena of sensational reporting, partisanship (especially during elections), one-sided reporting, inadequate source attribution, language decorum, inaccurate reporting, lack of skills for covering highly sensitive topics like those relating to children, domestic violence, court proceedings, etc., invasion of people's privacy, and acceptance of freebies by journalists are all examples of how ethical standards are broken.
 Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Innovative advertising campaigns aimed at small businesses, grants for the promotion of current development issues, the creation of content that would draw viewers from outside of Gambia, increased media organization collaboration to cut production costs, the creation of high-quality content, being more inventive to create content that various populations can relate to, and the Media Council's advocacy for government subvention to news media organization’s were suggested as solutions to funding challenges faced by the media.