Mechanism Of Transformation Research Articles

DDPG-AdaptConfig: A deep reinforcement learning framework for adaptive device selection and training configuration in heterogeneity federated learning

Federated Learning (FL) is a distributed machine learning approach that protects user privacy by collaboratively training shared models across devices without sharing their raw personal data. Despite its advantages, FL faces issues of increased convergence time and decreased accuracy due to the heterogeneity of data and systems across devices. Existing methods for solving these issues using reinforcement learning often ignore the adaptive configuration of local training hyperparameters to suit varying data characteristics and system resources. Moreover, they frequently overlook the heterogeneous information contained within local model parameters. To address these problems, we propose the DDPG-AdaptConfig framework based on Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (DDPG) for adaptive device selection and local training hyperparameters configuration in FL to speed up convergence and ensure high model accuracy. Additionally, we develop a new actor network that integrates the transformer mechanism to extract heterogeneous information from model parameters, which assists in device selection and hyperparameters configuration. Furthermore, we introduce a clustering-based aggregation strategy to accommodate heterogeneity and prevent performance declines. Experimental results show that our DDPG-AdaptConfig achieves significant improvements over existing baselines.

Розробка механізму формування політики «зеленого» інвестування

This article is dedicated to the issues of formulating a “green” investment policy. The research aims to analyze, systematize, and improve the existing theoretical and methodological framework concerning the development of the “green” economy in Ukraine and develop a mechanism for formulating a “green” investment policy. The development of the “green” economy in Ukraine and its significance for achieving sustainable economic development are examined. A comprehensive analysis of the main aspects influencing the country’s ecological economic formation is presented, including carbon dioxide emissions, transformational mechanisms for the transition, and the state of ecological innovation implementation. It is substantiated that developing the “green” economy is crucial in the transition to sustainable economic development, which considers ecological, social, and economic aspects. The results of expert evaluations are provided, indicating some progress in developing the “green” economy from 2021 to 2023 despite the country’s military conflict’s negative consequences. It is found that one of the critical tools for stimulating the development of the “green” economy is environmental taxes, which contribute to pollution reduction and foster corporate responsibility. The research also revealed that while the environmental tax in Ukraine has potential, it still occupies a minor share of the tax revenue structure, indicating the need to improve its implementation mechanisms. The study identified that the market for “green” investments is actively developing; however, obstacles exist, such as the lack of clear standards and criteria for defining “green” projects and a high level of risk associated with investing in advanced ecological technologies. A mechanism for formulating a “green” investment policy is proposed. It is determined that implementing the “green” investment policy in Ukraine requires a systematic approach and coordinated efforts from many stakeholders in the process, including government bodies, private companies, and non-governmental organizations. Developing an investment policy that stimulates investments in environmentally friendly technologies is also essential. It is noted that to achieve the goals of developing a “green” economy in Ukraine, it is necessary to overcome existing barriers and ensure stability and transparency in the investment environment. Keywords: green economy, green policy, green investments, environmental taxes, sustainable development.

Rural transformation development: spatiotemporal evolution and mechanisms in the Garze-Ngawa-Liangshan region, Southwest China

ABSTRACT Rural transformation development (RTD) is crucial for achieving sustainable development in poverty-stricken rural areas. The Garze-Ngawa-Liangshan (GNL) region, an impoverished minority area in Southwest China, has undergone significant RTD in recent decades. This study establishes a comprehensive evaluation index model encompassing economy, population, land use and land cover, society, and ecology to explore the spatiotemporal variations of RTD and the differences in the transformation mechanisms in the GNL region. The results reveal that RTD in the GNL region exhibited notable spatiotemporal variation from 2000 to 2019. Despite considerable heterogeneity in spatial distribution, regional disparities in RTD have decreased, partly due to policy implementation. Importantly, the speed and magnitude of RTD, often overlooked in previous studies, are critical indicators for assessing its reasonableness. The ecological environment is particularly significant for RTD assessment, especially in China’s ecologically fragile mountainous rural areas. Our findings suggest that promoting balanced regional development is essential in poverty-stricken areas. This study provides valuable theoretical references for planners and policymakers in implementing rural revitalization strategies.

Study on the evolution of multistage and multiscale Ti-bearing precipitation and microstructure in ultrahigh-strength titanium microalloyed weathering steels

In this study, 900 MPa ultrahigh-strength weathering steels were successfully developed through thermomechanical controlled processing (TMCP). Advanced microstructure characterization, combined with precipitation thermodynamics and kinetics models, elucidated the evolution of Ti-bearing precipitation and microstructure. The results showed that coiling temperature (CT) significantly impacts phase fractions, grain boundary density, and misorientation angles, while both CT and finishing rolling temperature (FRT) influence grain sizes in acicular ferrite (AF) and granular bainite. The lower coiling temperature resulted in a higher dislocation density of the test steel, which provided more nucleation sites for AF and TiC, favoring a higher number of TiC particles and a higher proportion of AF. Above 1050 °C, the addition of nitrogen changed the shape of the precipitation kinetics curve, reduced the nucleation energy barrier of TiC, decreased the critical nucleation size, and improved the nucleation rate. Meanwhile, the addition of nitrogen accelerated the precipitation transformation of TiC, which promoted the formation of Ti(C, N). Furthermore, increasing the deformation stored energy (DSE) further accelerated the precipitation of Ti(C, N) and significantly increased the nucleation rate. The formation mechanism of large-size Ti(C, N) and the transformation mechanism of Ti(C, N) to TiC are revealed by precipitation thermodynamics and kinetics. The completion time of TiC precipitation on dislocations is shorter than that on grain boundaries, which results in the TiC on dislocations being prone to coarsening during prolonged coiling. These findings provide crucial insights for optimizing the industrial production of ultrahigh-strength titanium microalloyed weathering steels.

Ambiguous and Complex – Rural Revival in a Peripheral Mountain Region (SW Poland)

AbstractThe general development conditions of rural areas have been addressed by many authors; however, the conditions and factors that allow the depopulated problem rural areas to re‐enter the development path are an understudied phenomenon. This article examines the types and drivers of rural revival, evaluates the transformations of rural areas and forecasts their future development. It focuses on a representative region for the key transformations of mountainous rural areas in the Polish‐Czech borderland. This study offers a complex, interdisciplinary approach using quantitative and qualitative methods to examine the in‐depth mechanisms of rural transformation and to vocalise local knowledge and inhabitants' perceptions. The results demonstrate that the depopulated and marginalised peripheral rural regions have the potential to return to the development path, but the symptoms, drivers and perceptions of rural transformations vary greatly across the region. The study highlights the complexity and ambiguity of assessing, evaluating and forecasting rural transformations.

K-Rich Spinel Interface of Air-Stable Layered Oxide Cathodes for Potassium-Ion Batteries.

Potassium-containing transition metal layered oxides (KxTmO2), although possessing high energy density and suitable operating voltage, suffer from severe hygroscopic properties due to their two dimensional (2D)layered structure. Their air sensitivity compromises structural stability during prolonged air exposure, therefore increasing the cost. The common sense for designing air-stable layered cathode materials is to avoid contact with H2Omolecules. In this study, it is surprisingly found that P3-type KxTmO2 forms an ultra-thin, potassium-rich spinel phase wrapping layer after simply water immersion, remarkedly reduces the reaction activity of the material's surface with air. Combined with Density Function Theory (DFT) calculations, this spinel phase is found to be able to effectively withstand air deterioration and preserving the crystal structure. Consequently, the water-treated material, when exposed to air, can largely maintain its good electrochemical performance, with capacity retention up to 99.15% compared to the fresh samples. Such an in situ surface phase transformation mechanism is also corroborated in other KxTmO2, underscoring its effectiveness in enhancing the air stability of P3-type layered oxides for K+ storage.

The Impact of Digital Transformation on the Sustainable Growth of Specialized, Refined, Differentiated, and Innovative Enterprises: Based on the Perspective of Dynamic Capability Theory

The sustainable growth and development of SRDI (specialized, refined, differentiated, and innovative) enterprises is an important foundation for promoting critical core technology breakthroughs and achieving high-quality economic development. Digital transformation is a power source that cannot be ignored in the process of enterprise growth. Based on the dynamic capability theory, this paper takes the listed national-level SRDI “Little Giants” enterprises in China from 2015 to 2022 as the research sample and empirically analyzes the intrinsic influence mechanism of digital transformation on the sustainable growth of SRDI enterprises. The study results show that digital transformation has a positive impact on both dynamic capabilities and the sustainable growth of SRDI enterprises. Dynamic capabilities positively affect the sustainable growth of SRDI enterprises, and the coordination and integration capability and learning and absorption capability of dynamic capabilities play a mediating role between digital transformation and the sustainable growth of SRDI enterprises. In addition, this study further finds that the contribution of digital transformation to the sustainable growth of SRDI enterprises is more significant among smaller enterprises, non-state-owned enterprises, and manufacturing enterprises. The findings enrich the research on the theoretical mechanisms of digital transformation for enterprise growth and provide empirical evidence and practical insights for the survival and development of SRDI enterprises and other small and medium-sized enterprises.

A PV cell defect detector combined with transformer and attention mechanism

Automated defect detection in electroluminescence (EL) images of photovoltaic (PV) modules on production lines remains a significant challenge, crucial for replacing labor-intensive and costly manual inspections and enhancing production capacity. This paper presents a novel PV defect detection algorithm that leverages the YOLO architecture, integrating an attention mechanism and the Transformer module. We introduce a polarized self-attention mechanism in the feature extraction stage, enabling separate extraction of spatial and semantic features of PV modules, combined with the original input features, to enhance the network’s feature representation capabilities. Subsequently, we integrate the proposed CNN Combined Transformer (CCT) module into the model. The CCT module employs the transformer to extract contextual semantic information more effectively, improving detection accuracy. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves a 77.9% mAP50 on the PVEL-AD dataset while preserving real-time detection capabilities. This method enhances the mAP50 by 17.2% compared to the baseline, and the mAP50:95 metric exhibits an 8.4% increase over the baseline.

Investigation of phase stability and martensitic transformation of all-d-metal Heusler alloys Fe2VIr and Fe2TaIr in high pressure: A first-principles study

First-principles calculations are used to investigate the phase stability and martensitic transformation of two new all-d-metal Heusler alloys Fe2VIr and Fe2TaIr at 0–50 GPa. The difference in phase stability between Fe2VIr and Fe2TaIr is due to the effect of d-d orbital hybridisation between different atoms and the appearance of triply degenerate in the pressure-induced phonon optical modes. The softening behaviour of the transverse phonon mode along the high symmetry point X is responsible for the martensitic transformation of Fe2TaIr. We also observed the softening of the shear elastic constant C′ = (C11-C12)/2. Strong Fe-Fe magnetic coupling, softening of transverse acoustic phonon modes and anomalous softening of C′ awaken the martensitic transformation. Low-frequency phonon hybridisation of the heavy elements Ta and Ir is the driving force behind the softening. A surprising phenomenon is found during tetragonal deformation of the structure of Fe2TaIr at 45 GPa, whereby the structure break through the energy barrier of the leap and produced a tetragonal martensitic phase with a much lower energy. It may imply that pressure-induced Fe2TaIr produced a premartensitic phase. This work presents a detailed analysis of the anomalous softening behaviour of Fe2TaIr and the mechanism of the pressure-induced martensitic transformation. A new idea is proposed for an in-depth study of the martensitic phase transition precursor reaction.

Dynamic competition in the digital darwinism: focal firms responding to competitors’ digital transformation

ABSTRACT The fierce dynamic competition in the digital age has led to digital Darwinism. Under pressure from the digital transformation of their competitors, focal firms must adjust their situation to cope with digital Darwinism. Based on the awareness-motivation-capability (AMC) framework, this study uses Chinese high-tech enterprises listed from 2012 to 2022 as the research sample. Results show that the digital transformation of the competitors and the motivation of the focal firms (competitive industry environment) significantly promote the digital transformation of the focal firms, whereas the awareness (relative scale) and ability (financing constraints) of the focal firms have the opposite effect. This research contributes to investigations on the mechanisms of the digital transformation of counter pairs within the industry by using the AMC framework.

Selective extraction of Li and Mn from spent lithium-ion battery smelting slag: Insights from isomorphous replacement in minerals

Recycling the high content of valuable metal elements contained in spent lithium-ion batteries (SLIBs) has attracted significant interest. By leveraging the concept of substitution of isomorphous replacement in earth minerals, this study proposes a novel approach for the selective extraction of Li and Mn from the artificial spodumene-type lithium-rich slag comprising LiAlSi2O6 and Mn2SiO4 through two-step selective roasting process with Na2SO4 and CaCl2, respectively. The thermodynamic calculations confirmed the feasibility of selective Li extraction by Na2SO4 roasting, with the experimental results showing that over 99 % Li was preferentially extracted as LiNaSO4. In the subsequent CaCl2 roasting step for Mn recovery, the Mn2SiO4 was effectively transformed into soluble Na2MnCl4, achieving a maximum Mn extraction efficiency of 86.5 %. The leaching kinetics of the Na2SO4 roasting products were investigated, revealing that the leaching of Li was governed by diffusion and chemical reactions in line with the shrinking core model. Characterization methods such as XRD, SEM, XPS, and TG-DSC were employed to reveal the phase transformation mechanisms of Li and Mn during Na2SO4 and CaCl2 roasting, respectively. The proposed process introduces a novel paradigm for its remarkable selective recovery of Li and Mn from SLIBs smelting slag.

Digital transformation of enterprises: Job creation or job destruction?

In recent years, the technological advancements embodied by digital technology have received significant attention from policymakers and researchers because of their profound impacts on the economy and society. In particular, the relationship between digital technology and employment continues to be a subject of considerable debate. This article focuses on the microperspective, and the causal effects and mechanisms of corporate digital transformation on labour employment are examined. With the use of data on Chinese A-share manufacturing companies from 2008– to 2019, text analysis is employed in this study to construct a comprehensive index of corporate digital transformation. We utilise a combination of fixed effects models, difference-in-differences (DiD) models, and instrumental variable methods and demonstrate that digital transformation stimulates enterprise labour demand, a conclusion that remains valid after multiple endogeneity tests and robustness assessments. The heterogeneous results indicate that nonstate-owned enterprises (non-SOEs), nonhigh-tech enterprises, enterprises with low financing constraints, and small enterprises exhibit greater employment creation effects through digital transformation. Mechanistic analysis suggests that digital transformation increases enterprise employment by increasing operational and management efficiency, profitability, and labour productivity levels. Further exploration reveals that digital transformation increases the demand for labour with varying skills and human capital upgrading in enterprises. This article, through the lens of digital technology, enriches the body of research on the nexus between technological progress and employment, provides novel insights into employment fluctuations under the digital paradigm, and outlines significant implications for countries balancing digital economy development, employment growth, and social stability.

Analyzing the Sequence of Phases Leading to the Formation of the Active Region 13664, with Potential Carrington-like Characteristics

Abstract Several recurrent X-class flares from Active Region (AR) 13664 triggered a severe G5-class geomagnetic storm between 2024 May 10 and 11. The morphology and compactness of this AR closely resemble the AR responsible for the famous Carrington Event of 1859. Although the induced geomagnetic currents produced a value of the Dst index, probably 1 order of magnitude weaker than that of the Carrington Event, the characteristics of AR 13664 warrant special attention. Understanding the mechanisms of magnetic field emergence and transformation in the solar atmosphere that lead to the formation of such an extensive, compact, and complex AR is crucial. Our analysis of the emerging flux and horizontal motions of the magnetic structures observed in the photosphere reveals the fundamental role of a sequence of emerging bipoles at the same latitude and longitude, followed by converging and shear motions. This temporal order of processes frequently invoked in magnetohydrodynamic models—emergence, converging motions, and shear motions—is critical for the storage of magnetic energy preceding strong solar eruptions that, under the right timing, location, and direction conditions, can trigger severe space weather events on Earth.

Today's cancer research and treatment - highly sophisticated and molecularly targeted, yet firmly bolstered in the classical theories.

Cancer research is linked to modern life-sciences, encompassing achievements in virology, yeast-biology, molecular-biology, genetics, systems-biology, bioinformatics, and so on. With these fascinating developments, it's easy to overlook that the fundamental theories and treatment strategies were established in the early 20th century and have remained valid ever since. Therefore, tribute must be paid to the founders of the field. The main hypotheses on carcinogenesis, the genetic model and the metabolic model, and the concept of cancer-treatment with cytotoxic, targeted or metabolic drugs were proposed more than 100 years ago by great minds such as T. Boveri, O. Warburg, and P. Ehrlich. Hence nothing about these cancer concepts is really new. Through development of powerful new technologies, we have been able to decipher the mechanisms of malignant transformation, thus significantly advancing the field. Our own studies have been focused on the cross-talk between cell-growth-signaling and lipid-metabolism in ovarian cancer to find crossover-points for co-targeting in order to achieve synergistic treatment effects. Notably, a side-effect of the application of current methods of molecular-cell-biology is a deeper knowledge of the laws of normal cell-biology and cell-life. Thus we anticipate the field will advance rapidly in the near future.

Tuning α precipitation via post-heat treatments in direct energy deposited metastable β Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-3Cr alloy and its impact on mechanical properties

In this study, the strength and ductility of a direct energy deposited (DEDed) metastable β Ti-5Al-5Mo-5 V-3Cr (wt%, Ti-5553) alloy was explored by tuning the formation of various α microstructures through post-heat treatments. The microstructure of DEDed Ti-5553 with and without post-heat treatments was systematically studied using scanning electron microscopy, three-dimensional (3D) focused ion beam-scanning electron microscopy tomography, transmission electron microscopy, scanning transmission electron microscopy, and atom probe tomography. Nanoscale ω phase and O′ phase particles were observed in the as-built DEDed Ti-5553 without post-heat treatment for the first time. By altering the aging temperatures and heating rates during post-heat treatments, various microstructural evolution pathways were activated, leading to α microstructures with different sizescales, morphologies, and number densities. By fast heating and isothermal aging at 600°C for 2 hours, refined α microstructure was formed through the pseudospinodal decomposition mechanism. While slow heating (at the heating rates of 5 °C/min or 0.5 °C/min) to 600°C and isothermal aging for 2 hours, super-refined α microstructures were produced respectively, primarily via ω-assisted and O′-assisted α precipitation mechanisms. By fast heating to and isothermal aging at 700°C, fine-scaled intragranular α microstructure was formed, dramatically different in morphology and sizescale from the coarse α microstructure formed in the casted Ti-5553, which is suspected to be related to the indirect influence of nanoscale isothermal ω phase particles formed during the DED process and the excess oxygen introduced during the DED process. With fast heating to and isothermal aging at 800°C, coarse α microstructure forms through the classical nucleation and growth mechanism. Various α microstructures led to a drastic change of mechanical properties with improvements up to a 55 % increase in hardness and 92 % increase in tensile yield strength, compared with as-built DEDed Ti-5553. Our work indicates the feasibility of achieving tailored mechanical properties in DEDed metastable β-Ti alloys by tuning α microstructures through selectively activating various phase transformation mechanisms via post-heat treatments.

Topochemical transformation mechanism and piezoelectric response of B-site complex BaZr0.1Ti0.9O3 microplatelets

The B-site complex BaZr0.1Ti0.9O3 (BZT) microplatelets with perovskite-structured were synthesized, using the Bi4(Zr0.1Ti0.9)3O12 (BIZ0.1T0.9) as a precursor. The precursor had a high aspect ratio, with an average size of ∼8.0 μm. Later, B-site complex BZT microplatelets were obtained via molten salt methods. The influence of n(BIZ0.1T0.9):n(BaCO3) ratio and calcined temperature in the composition, morphology and local piezoelectric and ferroelectric behaviour for BZT microplatelets was deeply discussed. The result showed that the reactants ratio determined the supersaturation degree in the molten salt environment, while the calcined temperature determined the crystallinity of BZT microcrystals. Overall, with the n(BIZ0.1T0.9):n(BaCO3) ratio was 1:4, the BZT microcrystal calcined at 900 °C had a better plate-like morphology. Manwhile, the micropizoelectric properties of BZT microplatelet was studied, achieving a maximum d33* of ∼330 pm/V. The result indicated that the B-site complex BZT microplatelets is a potential templates for textured ceramics.

Liquid phase transformation mechanism of β-caryophyllonic acid initiated by hydroxyl radicals and ozone in atmosphere

β-caryophyllonic acid (BCA), as an important precursor of aqueous secondary organic aerosols (aqSOA), has adverse effects on the atmospheric environment and human health. However, the key atmospheric chemical reaction process in which BCA participates in the formation of aqueous secondary organic aerosols is still unclear. In this study, the reaction mechanism and kinetics of BCA with ·OH and O3 were investigated by quantum chemical calculations. The initiation reactions between BCA and ·OH include addition and H-abstraction reaction pathways, subsequent intermediates will also react with O2, ultimately undergo a cracking reaction to generate small molecular substances. The reaction of BCA with O3 can generate primary ozone oxides and the Criegee Intermediates oIM3, subsequent main reaction products include keto-BCA, as well as other small molecule aqSOA precursors. The entire reaction process increases the O/C ratio of aqSOA in the aqueous phase and generates products of small molecules such as 4-formylpropionic acid, which plays an important role in the formation of aqSOA. At 298K, the transformation rate constants of BCA initiated by ·OH and O3 are 1.47 × 1010 M−1 s−1 and 3.16 × 105 M−1 s−1, respectively, the atmospheric lifetimes of BCA reacting with ·OH range from 0.86 h–5.40 h, while the lifetimes of BCA reacting with O3 range from 0.44 h–10.04 years. This suggests that BCA primarily reacts with ·OH. However, under higher O3 concentrations, its ozonolysis becomes significant, promoting the formation of aqSOA. According to the risk assessment, the toxicity of most transformation products (TPs) gradually decreased, but the residual developmental toxicity could not be ignored. In this paper, the atmospheric liquid phase oxidation mechanisms of sesquiterpene unsaturated derived acid were studied from the microscopic level, which has guiding significance for the formation and transformation of aqSOA in atmosphere.

Expression profile of microRNAs in bovine lymphocytes infected with Theileria annulata and treated with buparvaquone.

Several miRNA-based studies on Theileria-transformed bovine cells have been conducted; however, the mechanism by which transformed cells exhibit uncontrolled proliferation is not yet fully understood. Therefore, it is necessary to screen more microRNAs that may play a role in the transformation process of host cells infected with Theileria annulata to better understand the transformation mechanisms of Theileria-infected cells. RNA sequencing was used to analyze miRNAs expression in the host bovine lymphocytes infected with T. annulata at different time points after buparvaquone (BW720) treatment and DMSO treatment (control groups). Differential miRNAs related to cell proliferation and apoptosis were identified through comparison with gene ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) databases, and a regulatory network of miRNA-mRNA was constructed. In total, 272 differentially expressed miRNAs were found at 36, 60 and 72h. The miRNAs change of bta-miR-2285t, novel-miR-622, bta-miR-2478, and novel-miR-584 were significant. Analysis of 27 of these co-differential expressed miRNAs revealed that 15 miRNAs were down-regulated and 12 miRNAs were up-regulated. A further analysis of the changes in the expression of each of these 27 miRNAs in the three datasets suggested that bta-miR-2285t, bta-miR-345-5p, bta-miR-34a, bta-miR-150, and the novel-miR-1372 had significantly changed. Predicted target genes for these 27 miRNAs were analyzed by KEGG and the results demonstrated that EZR, RASSF, SOCS1 were mainly enriched in the signaling pathway microRNAs in cancer. MAPKAPK2, RELB, FLT3LG, and GADD45B were mainly enriched in the MAPK signaling pathway, and some genes were enriched in Axon guidance. This study has provided valuable information to further the understanding of the regulatory function of miRNAs in the host microenvironment and host-parasite interaction mechanisms.

Theory of Time – 2024 R (Universal Theory for Everything)

“Theory of Time” is a research and analysis report on ‘All kind of Transformation processes’ to find out the reason for changes, this is a Universal Theory & applicable for all natural phenomena. I had found some systematic/ logical/ relational imbalance among the principles of AC Transformer, Ohm’s law, series parallel circuits and law of conservation of energy. I did systematic analysis and research on above said combination principles and identified / formulated/ organized a common transformation mechanism for all and is called ‘Universal Transformation System’(UTS). Here, relative components of all kind of transformation systems are determined, organized systematically for better understanding on relations and also all physical phenomena mechanisms are interpreted through the lens of UTS & found the reformed results are meeting with the general/ natural principles of all kind of transformation systems. I did deeper and wider analysis on electro-magnetic circuits to understand the structure/ mechanism of the transformation system. Law of conservation of energy, AC Transformer’s principles, Newton’s laws and Ohm’s law are base for this theory. By doing relational analysis I could derive Equivalent mechanical transformation principles from Electricity Transformation principles and Mechanical Resistance () to Transformation (RMech.) equation has been successfully formulated. Finally Obtained / reformed results are compared with our practical science and found that the derived principles are meeting with the natural principles of system and its transformation processes. Further, explaining about “how the time is running?”; “what are all the relative components of the time?”; Whether is it possible to stop the time running process? etc. This ©2024 is going to be the final/ completed report on ‘Theory of Time’… in the name of ‘Theory of Nature’. I have finished my research and analysis on all kind of transformation systems. This is updated one, here, I have added some new analysis on secret behind the Black Hole, exact mechanism of Gyroscopic Effects, Donut formation of matter, about human beings, ‘Relation between Centripetal and Centrifugal controls’, importance of Newton’s Absolute time, galactic control on solar system, gravity generator, fusion generator, mechanism of Lagrange Points, there are two differences only in all, review on General Relativity & Special Relativity, constancy of light speed under UTS, optimized free body diagrams, Thermodynamics, ‘𝒎𝒗𝒓’ under UTS, atomic formation structures under gravity & electromagnetism, soul, Law & Justice, tug of war, all mechanisms, you &me

Combination of oxidative and reductive effects of phenolic compounds on the degradation of aniline disinfection by-products by free radicals

In this study, we selected 13 phenolic compounds containing -COOH, -CHO, -OH, and -COCH3 functional groups as model compounds for dissolved organic matter (DOM), and explored the redox reactions during the co-degradation of phenolic compounds with aniline disinfection by-products (DBPs) at the molecular level. When phenolic compounds and aniline DBPs were degraded, phenoxy radicals and aniline radicals were the most important intermediates. Phenoxy radicals can degrade aniline DBPs via hydrogen atom abstraction (HAA) reactions, and the reaction rates were related to the reduction potentials of the compounds. Compounds containing electron-withdrawing groups were more likely to oxidize aniline DBPs. Aniline DBPs were more easily degraded by phenoxy radicals when they contained electron-donating groups, and the increase in the number of chlorine atoms inhibited the reaction rates of aniline DBPs degradation by phenoxy radicals. Although phenolic compounds can reduce aniline DBPs, there was no significant correlation between the reaction rates and the reduction potentials of the compounds. Considering the redox effects of phenolic compounds on aniline DBPs, co-degradation simulations showed that phenolics inhibited the degradation efficiency of aniline DBPs. This work provided new insights into the transformation mechanisms and degradation efficiencies of DOM and aniline DBPs when they were co-degraded.