Mechanism Of Movement Research Articles

Abnormal Low-Frequency Oscillations Reflect Abnormal Eye Movement and Stereovision in Patients With Comitant Exotropia.

Background: Patients with comitant exotropia (CE) are accompanied by abnormal eye movements and stereovision. However, the neurophysiological mechanism of impaired eye movements and stereovision in patient with CE is still unclear.Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate spontaneous neural activity changes in patients with CE using the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF) method and the machine learning method.Materials and Methods: A total of 21 patients with CE and 21 healthy controls (HCs) underwent resting-state magnetic resonance imaging scans. The ALFF and fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (fALFF) values were chosen as classification features using a machine learning method.Results: Compared with the HC group, patients with CE had significantly decreased ALFF values in the right angular (ANG)/middle occipital gyrus (MOG)/middle temporal gyrus (MTG) and bilateral supplementary motor area (SMA)/precentral gyrus (PreCG). Meanwhile, patients with CE showed significantly increased fALFF values in the left putamen (PUT) and decreased fALFF values in the right ANG/MOG. Moreover, patients with CE showed a decreased functional connectivity (FC) between the right ANG/MOG/MTG and the bilateral calcarine (CAL)/lingual (LING) and increased FC between the left PUT and the bilateral cerebellum 8/9 (CER 8/9). The support vector machine (SVM) classification reaches a total accuracy of 93 and 90% and the area under the curve (AUC) of 0.93 and 0.90 based on ALFF and fALFF values, respectively.Conclusion: Our result highlights that patients with CE had abnormal brain neural activities including MOG and supplementary motor area/PreCG, which might reflect the neural mechanism of eye movements and stereovision dysfunction in patients with CE. Moreover, ALFF and fALFF could be sensitive biomarkers for distinguishing patients with CE from HCs.

JUSTIFICATION OF THE STRUCTURE OF THE CRANE WHEEL WITH ELASTIC INSERT

The article considers the modernized design of the crane running wheel with anelastic insert.The purpose of the study is to substantiate the rational design of the running wheel onthe basis of determining the dynamic forces that occur when moving the truck and the crane bridge.Crane equipment is of great importance for the mechanization of lifting and transportoperations in various industries. Bridge cranes perform various lifting and transport operations.Installation and dismantling of equipment and machines. Also take part in the technologicalprocess of the metallurgical industry.The costs associated with the replacement and restoration of the running wheels are 15-17%of the cost of repairing the entire crane. At the same time more than 90% of crane wheels fail due towear of flanges.The main tasks for the diagnosis of crane wheels and rail tracks are usually solved duringscheduled maintenance by visual inspection of the wheel and rail and identify their wear. But thisdiagnostic tool does not quite satisfy the modern conditions of the cranes, namely, the compatiblecondition of the wheels and rails is not assessed, and it is impossible to carry out such controlconstantly during operation.Mechanisms for moving bridge cranes have several designs. The mechanism for moving thetruck, as a rule, has one drive, which transmits motion to the two drive wheels. The mechanisms ofmovement of the crane can be with the central and separate drive. The mechanisms of movement with the central drive can be with a low-speed transmission shaft, with a high-speed transmissionshaft and with a medium-speed transmission shaft.With this design, the gearbox shafts are connected to the drive wheel shaft by means of aclutch and a transmission shaft. This impairs the operation of the entire mechanism, because thepresence of the transmission shaft increases the complexity of the manufacture of the crane and itsweight and requires a very precise installation.To overcome these shortcomings, a separate drive of the end beams of the bridge is used.If the load on one of the support beams of the bridge is less than on the other, the enginespeed on this support increases and the support begins to run forward relative to the more loadedsupport. But the first engine begins to receive increased load, which is transmitted through themetal structure of the bridge and unloads the engine of the second support, due to which the speedof the first engine decreases and the speed of the second engine increases until they are equalized.Thus, in the process of moving the crane with a separate drive is the redistribution of loadbetween the two engines. Although the scheme of the mechanism with separate drives requires twoengines, two brakes and two gearboxes, it is the cheapest, light weight and easy to manufacture.The design of running wheels of cranes and crane carts should exclude a possibility ofderailment of wheels. To do this, the running wheels have two side flanges - flanges, which serve toguide the running wheels on the rails.The dynamic forces that arise when moving the trucks of cranes are quite large and cannot beignored when designing cranes. Most of all, they are manifested by wear of wheels and rails duringthe occurrence of distortions on the cranes.Thus, improving the performance and operational reliability of crane running wheels is avery important task of modern crane construction.The research technique is based on analytical methods of research of dynamic efforts in themechanism of movement of the truck of the bridge crane. The decision of three mass dynamicschemes of movement of the cargo cart is received.The analysis of the received decisions showed that at application of a running wheel with anelastic insert, dynamic factors at movement of the truck decreases. Dependences for determinationof dynamic forces which arise at movement of a running crane wheel taking into account rigidity ofan elastic ring which is inserted into a running wheel are received. The design and a technique ofcalculation of a running crane wheel with the vulcanized ring are offered.

Strain geometry and structural analysis of the Oshnavieh ophiolite: A new segment of the Neo-Tethys puzzle

The closure of the Neo-Tethys ocean associated with the ophiolite obduction and the Oshnavieh ophiolite is the unknown part of the Neo-Tethys suture zone. Three well-known band ratio combinations applied to ASTER satellite image the result shows the ((2+4) /3, (5+7) /6, (7+9) /8) band ratio is the proper combination for the reorganization of rock units in the ophiolite regions. Principal component analysis of the (PC2, PC4 and PC 5) is well discriminated against to the rock unit contacts. The general trend of thrust faults is the NW-SE and dip direction is toward the NE. The rake of slickenline on the fault plane is 80°-90° and the mechanism of movement is the pure thrust. The shear sense indicator such as Z-type parasitic folds or mica-fish and S-C fabrics confirm right-lateral shearing sense in the shear zone. Strain geometry on the obducted slab evaluated by the shape of the mineral grains. In the shear zone strain ellipsoid shape is the prolate type and formed under constrictional regime, the Flinn K-value of these samples changes between 2.71 to 11.67 and lode ratio between -0.42 to -0.63. Most of the samples taken from the thrust fault zone located in the flattening zone and strain ellipsoid are pancake-shaped and formed under contractional regime the k-value varied between 0.44 to 0.80 and Lode ratio range is 0.32 to 0.5. The displacement in the thrust zone and shearing by the shear zone disrupted the ophiolite sequence and created an ophiolite melange.

Creep behavior and dislocation mechanism of Ni3Al based single crystal alloy IC6SX at 760°C

The creep behavior and dislocation mechanism of Ni3Al-based single crystal alloys IC6SX with crystal orientation [001] which was prepared by seed crystal method under the testing conditions of 760 ​°C/500 ​MPa,760 ​°C/540 ​MPa and 760 ​°C/580 ​MPa were investigated. The experimental results showed that the creep properties, dislocation morphology and mechanism of this alloy were different under different stress conditions. With the stress increasing from 500 ​MPa to 580 ​MPa, the creep life decreased from more than 1000h to 32.64h. The cubic degree of γ′ phase in single crystal alloy decreased obviously and the size of γ′ phase increased. The mechanism of dislocation movement also changed with the increasing stress. It was found that after the specimen was tested under the condition of 760 ​°C/500 ​MPa the dislocation network prevented the movement of dislocations and it was difficult for dislocations to enter the γ′ phase from the γ/γ′ interface. When the stress was 540 ​MPa, the dislocations cut into the γ′ phase by stacking fault. Furthermore, with the stress increasing to 580 ​MPa, the dislocation entered the γ′ phase in the form of extended dislocation and Lomer-Cottrell dislocation.

Soybean Foliage Consumption Reduces Adult Western Corn Rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera)(Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Survival and Stimulates Flight.

Western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, biology is tied to the continuous availability of its host (corn, Zea mays L.). Annual rotation of corn with a nonhost, like soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) was a reliable tactic to manage western corn rootworm. Behavioral resistance to annual crop rotation (rotation resistance) allowed some eastern U.S. Corn Belt populations to circumvent rotation by laying eggs in soybean and in cornfields. When active in soybean, rotation-resistant adults commonly consume foliage, in spite of detrimental effects on beetle survival. Rotation-resistant beetle activity in soybean is enabled by the expression of certain proteinases and an adapted gut microbiota that provide limited protection from soybean antiherbivore defenses. We investigated the effects of corn and soybean herbivory on rotation-resistant female survival and initiation of flight using mortality assays and wind tunnel flight tests. Among field-collected females tested with mortality assays, beetles from collection sites in a cornfield survived longer than those from collection sites in a soybean field. However, reduced survival due to soybean herbivory could be restored by consuming corn tissues. Field-collected beetles that fed on a soybean tissue laboratory diet or only water were more likely to fly in a wind tunnel than corn-feeding beetles. Regardless of collection site and laboratory diet, 90.5% of beetles that flew oriented their flights upwind. Diet-related changes in the probability of flight provide a proximate mechanism for interfield movement that facilitates restorative feeding and the survival of females previously engaged in soybean herbivory.

Ascension of Chlamydia is moderated by uterine peristalsis and the neutrophil response to infection.

Chlamydia trachomatis is a common sexually transmitted infection that is associated with a range of serious reproductive tract sequelae including in women Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID), tubal factor infertility, and ectopic pregnancy. Ascension of the pathogen beyond the cervix and into the upper reproductive tract is thought to be necessary for these pathologies. However, Chlamydia trachomatis does not encode a mechanism for movement on its genome, and so the processes that facilitate ascension have not been elucidated. Here, we evaluate the factors that may influence chlamydial ascension in women. We constructed a mathematical model based on a set of stochastic dynamics to elucidate the moderating factors that might influence ascension of infections in the first month of an infection. In the simulations conducted from the stochastic model, 36% of infections ascended, but only 9% had more than 1000 bacteria ascend. The results of the simulations indicated that infectious load and the peristaltic contractions moderate ascension and are inter-related in impact. Smaller initial loads were much more likely to ascend. Ascension was found to be dependent on the neutrophil response. Overall, our results indicate that infectious load, menstrual cycle timing, and the neutrophil response are critical factors in chlamydial ascension in women.

Movement building responses to COVID-19: lessons from the JASS mobilisation fund

This article draws on the work of Just Associates (JASS), a feminist movement support organisation that strengthens the leadership and organising capacity of community-based women networks in Southern Africa, Southeast Asia, and Mesoamerica, to transform the structures that perpetuate inequality and violence. We analyse qualitative interviews and surveys drawn from recipients of the JASS mobilisation fund (JMF), an innovative financial crisis support mechanism for feminist movements. We argue that localisation strategies deployed by women’s networks supported by the JMF in response to COVID-19, challenge dominant humanitarian responses that de-centre feminist movements, local knowledge, and expertise. By accounting for local knowledge generated from long histories of movement building, building collective power, and challenging racialised and gendered responses to humanitarian crises, women’s collectives and networks supported through the JMF developed contextually relevant responses that challenge patriarchal structural barriers heightened by COVID-19.

Interpreting the correlation between repeated sheeting process and wheat noodle qualities: From water molecules movement perspective

Water, composed by hydrogen and oxygen elements, plays a prominent role in noodle production, especially in the sheeting process. To reveal the influence mechanism of water molecules movement on noodle qualities, several chemical interactions, gluten properties of the noodles sheeted by 1, 3 and 5 times were investigated in this study. The results of LF-NMR analysis showed that increased sheeting times confined the hydrogen protons mobility, and adjusted the composition proportion of hydrogen protons. These proton redistributions were captured by MRI and were correlated with the strongest hydrogen bonds and the most S–S content at 3 times of sheeting. Meanwhile, the stability and cohesiveness of the gluten network were enhanced, as reflected by increased β-sheets, larger polymeric proteins and decreased end-points rate, which determined the cooking and texture properties changes. Overall, during the sheeting process, water molecules could participate in gluten network formation for regulating the noodle qualities through a series of chemical interactions.

Neural correlates of speech and limb motor timing deficits revealed by aberrant beta band desynchronization in Parkinson’s disease

ObjectiveWe used a classical motor reaction time paradigm to examine the effects of Parkinson’s disease (PD) on the mechanisms of speech production and upper limb movement. MethodsElectro-encephalography (EEG) signals were recorded in PD and control groups during speech vowel production and button press tasks in response to temporally predictable and unpredictable visual stimuli. ResultsMotor reaction times were slower in PD vs. control group independent of stimulus timing and movement modality. This effect was accompanied by stronger desynchronizations of low beta (13–18 Hz) and high beta (18–25 Hz) band neural oscillations in PD vs. control prior to the onset of speech and hand movement. In addition, pre-movement desynchronization of beta band oscillations were correlated with motor reaction time in control subjects with faster responses associated with weaker beta band desynchronizations during the planning phase of movement. However, no such effect was found in the PD group. ConclusionsWe suggest that the aberrant pattern of beta band desynchronization is a neural correlate of speech and upper limb motor timing deficits as a result of cortico-striatal pathology in PD. SignificanceThese findings motivate interventions targeted toward normalizing beta band activities for improving speech and upper limb movement timing in PD.

Monitoring glacier surges in the Kongur Tagh area of the Tibetan Plateau using Sentinel-1 SAR data

Accurate identification of glacier surges aids in promoting a better understanding of the mechanisms of rapid glacier movement and predicting possible surge-related hazards. Surges of 10 glaciers in the Kongur Tagh area of the Tibetan Plateau were examined based on 128 scenes of Sentinel-1 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imagery with 12-day and 24-day time intervals from 2015 to 2019. To identify the surges, a set of quantifiable multi-feature criteria was used, including higher glacier velocity, surge front position movement and continuous higher velocity at contiguous time intervals based on surge-type glacier characteristics. The results showed that the Karayaylak Glacier surge reported in May 2015 was more likely initiated in summer 2014, and an unreported pulse event occurred in 2019. Another new and complete surge in the Jangmanjiar Glacier from 2016 to 2018 was further identified. Another two pulse events in the Jangmanjiar Glacier and the Kokodak Glacier in 2015 were discovered. The elevation changes from ASTER images and glacier terminus evolution based on Landsat 8 images also provided positive evidence for the occurrence of two surges. In the Kongur Tagh area, the surge-type glaciers might have larger areas (above 40 km2), longer lengths (above 13 km), lower slopes (below 10°) and higher mean quiescent velocities (above 0.1 ± 0.05 m d−1) than non-surging glaciers. The temperature and precipitation data of ECMWF Re-Analysis 5 (ERA5) showed that the surges in the Kongur Tagh area were mainly induced by thermal and hydrological trigger mechanisms together.

Crystal Structure and Preparation of Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) Solid-State Electrolyte and Doping Impacts on the Conductivity: An Overview

As an essential part of solid-state lithium-ion batteries, solid electrolytes are receiving increasing interest. Among all solid electrolytes, garnet-type Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) has proven to be one of the most promising electrolytes because of its high ionic conductivity at room temperature, low activation energy, good chemical and electrochemical stability, and wide potential window. Since the first report of LLZO, extensive research has been done in both experimental investigations and theoretical simulations aiming to improve its performance and make LLZO a feasible solid electrolyte. These include developing different methods for the synthesis of LLZO, using different crucibles and different sintering temperatures to stabilize the crystal structure, and adopting different methods of cation doping to achieve more stable LLZO with a higher ionic conductivity and lower activation energy. It also includes intensive efforts made to reveal the mechanism of Li ion movement and understand its determination of the ionic conductivity of the material through molecular dynamic simulations. Nonetheless, more insightful study is expected in order to obtain LLZO with a higher ionic conductivity at room temperature and further improve chemical and electrochemical stability, while optimal multiple doping is thought to be a feasible and promising route. This review summarizes recent progress in the investigations of crystal structure and preparation of LLZO, and the impacts of doping on the lithium ionic conductivity of LLZO.

Reaching to inhibit a prepotent response: A wearable 3-axis accelerometer kinematic analysis.

The present work explores the distinctive contribution of motor planning and control to human reaching movements. In particular, the movements were triggered by the selection of a prepotent response (Dominant) or, instead, by the inhibition of the prepotent response, which required the selection of an alternative one (Non-dominant). To this end, we adapted a Go/No-Go task to investigate both the dominant and non-dominant movements of a cohort of 19 adults, utilizing kinematic measures to discriminate between the planning and control components of the two actions. In this experiment, a low-cost, easy to use, 3-axis wrist-worn accelerometer was put to good use to obtain raw acceleration data and to compute and break down its velocity components. The values obtained with this task indicate that with the inhibition of a prepotent response, the selection and execution of the alternative one yields both a longer reaction time and movement duration. Moreover, the peak velocity occurred later in time in the non-dominant response with respect to the dominant response, revealing that participants tended to indulge more in motor planning than in adjusting their movement along the way. Finally, comparing such results to the findings obtained by other means in the literature, we discuss the feasibility of an accelerometer-based analysis to disentangle distinctive cognitive mechanisms of human movements.

Soil Freeze-Thaw and Water Transport Characteristics Under Different Vegetation Types in Seasonal Freeze-Thaw Areas of the Loess Plateau

In the arid and semi-arid regions of the Loess Plateau, seasonal freezing and thawing influence soil water movement, and water movement directly influences vegetation growth. However, currently, research with regard to freezing and thawing processes under various vegetation types and the mechanism of soil water movement is lacking. Therefore, the present study explored soil water migration characteristics of two typical vegetation types [arbor land (AL) and shrub land (SL)] on the Loess Plateau during seasonal freezing and thawing processes using bare land (BL) as a control. We used field measured data for hourly soil temperature (ST) and soil water content (SWC) at a depth of 100 cm below the soil surface from November 2017 to March 2018. Freezing and thawing process was divided into three stages based on ST change (initial freezing period, stable freezing period, and thawing period). Compared with previous studies in this area, ST is lower than expected, and SWC migration characteristics are also different. The results revealed that: 1) the maximum freezing depth of AL and SL was 60 cm, which was 30 cm less than that of BL. The freezing date of each soil layer in BL was the earliest and average ST value was the lowest. BL had the highest degree of freezing. The freezing of all soil layers in AL occurred at a later date than that of SL. ST and the minimum soil freezing temperatures were higher than those of SL, and the capacity of AL to resist freezing was higher; 2) the SWCs in AL and BL at depths of 0–10 cm and 10–30 cm decreased, whereas SWCs of AL and BL at a depth of 60 cm increased by 152 and 146%, respectively. The SWCs of SL at soil depths of 0–10 cm, 10–30 cm, and 30–60 cm increased by 46.3, 78.4 and 205%, respectively. The amount and distribution of soil moisture in SL were optimum when compared to those of AL and BL. The results of the present study could provide a scientific basis for vegetation restoration in arid and semi-arid areas of the Loess Plateau.

Analysis of landslide in Bungkah, Sepakung, Banyubiru using ground shear strain method and shear wave profile from HVSR method

In Bungkah, Sepakung, Banyubiru there was a landslide several times Monday to Thursday, 17 to 20 October 2017 which occurred due to the high intensity of rain in the region within 2 consecutive days. The landslide material was able to close the road that became access to local residents’ settlements. Besides that, in Bungkah, there is a resident’s house made of permanent walls that are curved on the wall due to ground movement while the house next to it does not occur. To analyze these phenomena, a single station microtremor method is used, namely the HVSR analysis with amplification values and dominant ground frequency of the curves obtained can be used to determine the peak ground acceleration and seismic vulnerability index which can then be used to analyze ground shear strain value or the ability of the soil layer to stretch and shift when receiving elastic wave propagation. Based on the ground shear strain value, Bungkah has values ranging from 10−3 to 10−1, the phenomenon that will occur is landslides with the dynamic nature of the soil included in the category of soil or rock collapse. Based on the results of frequency and amplitude inversion, the profile of Vs is obtained to the depth that can accurately image the shape of the slip surface from landslide that occurred in October 2017. The sensitivity of Vs to the presence of fluid imaged an accumulation of water below the landslide limit. The mechanism of land movement in the Bungkah hamlet is a rotational slide avalanche type. The movement of the soil which causes the curvature of the walls of one of the permanent houses in Bungkah due to the existence of a vertical soil layer with very low Vs which is directly bordered by massive Vs. The boundary of this layer may be cavity or cavity. The existence of a massive layer in the east of the area makes no continuity of soil movement to the east.

灌溉定额和施氮量对机采棉田水分运移及硝态氮残留的影响

<p id="C3">The shortage of water resources and the excessive investment of fertilizer are the bottlenecks that restrict the sustainable and healthy development of agriculture and force farmers to develop and adopt sustainable production technologies. The mechanism of water movement and the residual behavior of nitrogen fertilizer are important scientific issues to evaluate the level of agricultural water and fertilizer management in arid areas. Improving the water and nitrogen utilization efficiency was an important way to reduce environmental pollution. An experiment was conducted using a split plot design with the main area for total irrigation of 2250 (W1, non-sufficient drip irrigation), 3450 (W2, conventional drip irrigation), 4650 m ³ hm ^-2 (W3, saturated drip irrigation), and the deputy area of nitrogen (pure N) including 0 (N1, no fertilizer), 300 (N2, conventional fertilization), 600 kg hm ^-2 (N3, excess fertilization) in arid area of northwest China cotton region from 2018 to 2019. The effects of irrigation and nitrogen levels on water distribution, nitrate nitrogen residue, seed cotton, irrigation water, and N fertilizer productive efficiency were evaluated. The results revealed that irrigation and coupling effects of irrigation and nitrogen levels were the influencing factors on seed cotton and water utilization efficiency, among which irrigation was the main effect. Two-year average values demonstrated that the irrigation was W1, nitrogen fertilization amount increased from N1 to N3, and the average soil moisture content of 0-80 cm during the whole growth period increased first and then decreased. Compared with N1 fertilization application, seed cotton yield was 13.8% and 7.6% higher and irrigation water productive efficiency were 13.6% and 6.8% higher under N2 and N3 fertilization application, respectively. When the irrigation was W2 and W3, the nitrogen fertilization amount increased from N1 to N3, and there was no significant difference in the average soil moisture content of 0-80 cm during the whole growth period. Compared with N1 fertilization application, seed cotton yield was 11.4% and 11.5% higher and irrigation water productive efficiency were 13.6% and 6.8% higher under N2 and N3 fertilization application, respectively. With the increase of irrigation, the total average value of 0-80 cm during the whole growth period gradually increased. Irrigation was the main effect on soil nitrate nitrogen accumulation in the main distribution area of 0-40 cm roots, and coupling effects of irrigation and nitrogen levels was the main factor leading to nitrate nitrogen leaching. When the irrigation was W1, nitrate nitrogen accumulated in the 0-40 cm with the increase of nitrogen. And when the irrigation was W3, nitrate nitrogen accumulated in the 40-60 cm with the increase of nitrogen. In conclusion, if the irrigation was higher than 3450 m ³ hm ^-2 and nitrogen was higher than 300 kg hm ^-2, the continued increase of water and nitrogen input failed to increase production, which might result in resource waste and potential pollution to the environment. Therefore, we suggest that water and nitrogen optimization strategies can improve resource utilization efficiency, reduce water and fertilizer input, and healthy development of agriculture.

Retrieving and Verifying Three-Dimensional Surface Motion Displacement of Mountain Glacier from Sentinel-1 Imagery Using Optimized Method

The time series study of glacier movement is of special importance for rational management of freshwater resources, studying glacier evolution, understanding mechanism of glacier movement, and assessing disasters caused by glacier movement. In this paper, we put forward an optimization scheme for the shortcomings in the calculation method of using remote sensing to invert the three-dimensional (3D) surface motion displacement of glacier. The optimized method consists of Offset Tracking method, Optimizing the offset tracking results by means of iterative filtering, OT-SBAS technology and Conversion of 3D surface motion displacement of glacier. The Urumqi Glacier No. 1 was selected to test the optimized method. The 3D surface motion displacement of Urumqi Glacier No. 1 was retrieved by using the optimized method based on the ascending and descending Sentinel-1 datasets from 19 April to 29 August 2018. The distribution of 3D surface velocity of the Urumqi Glacier No. 1 was obtained in time series, and the accuracy of the inversion results was evaluated by using the field measurement data. The results show that the accuracies of the inverted displacements of east branch of Urumqi Glacier No. 1 (UG1E) were about 0.062, 0.063, and 0.152 m in the east, north and vertical directions, and these values for the west branch (UG1W) were 0.015, 0.020 and 0.026 m, respectively. It is indicated that using Sentinel-1 ascending and descending data and using the optimized method to retrieve the 3D surface motion displacement of glacier should satisfy the requirements of inversing the 3D surface motion displacement of high-latitude mountain glaciers in China.

Genetic diversity, population structure and historical demography of the two-spined yellowtail stargazer (Uranoscopus cognatus)

Benthic species, though ecologically important, are vulnerable to genetic loss and population size reduction due to impacts from fishing trawls. An assessment of genetic diversity and population structure is therefore needed to assist in a resource management program. To address this issue, the two-spined yellowtail stargazer (Uranoscopus cognatus) was collected within selected locations in the Indo-West Pacific (IWP). The partial mitochondrial DNA cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 and the nuclear DNA recombination activating gene 1 were sequenced. Genetic diversity analyses revealed that the populations were moderately to highly diversified (haplotype diversity, H = 0.490–0.900, nucleotide diversity, π = 0.0010–0.0034) except sampling station (ST) 1 and 14. The low diversity level, however was apparent only in the matrilineal marker (H = 0.118–0.216; π = 0.0004–0.0008), possibly due to stochastic factors or anthropogenic stressors. Population structure analyses revealed a retention of ancestral polymorphism that was likely due to incomplete lineage sorting in U. cognatus, and prolonged vicariance by the Indo-Pacific Barrier has partitioned them into separate stock units. Population segregation was also shown by the phenotypic divergence in allopatric populations, regarding the premaxillary protrusion, which is possibly associated with the mechanism for upper jaw movement in biomechanical feeding approaches. The moderate genetic diversity estimated for each region, in addition to past population expansion events, indicated that U. cognatus within the IWP was still healthy and abundant (except in ST1 and 14), and two stock units were identified to be subjected to a specific resource management program.

Особливості дугових розрядів та ерозійних явищ

Low-voltage electrical appliances play an important role in ensuring the control of energy processes, protection and switching of electrical circuits. Problems that occur in low-voltage electrical devices at rated currents of 32 - 1000 A, relate to electrical contacts that determine the operation of electrical devices. The main contribution to the development of erosion of the working surface is made by an electric arc, which is formed in the inter-contact gap when opening electrical contacts. In world practice, existing solutions to increase the arc resistance of electrical contacts do not completely solve the problem of reducing erosion of their work surface. The use of additional devices in arc suppression systems leads to an increase in the size of electrical devices. The use of expensive and toxic elements in the compositions leads to an increase in the cost of electrical appliances and poisoning of the environment. Strengthening the composition of the contacts through the use of refractory elements leads to an increase in the transient resistance. The aim of the study was to substantiate and develop the main provisions of the theory of processes and phenomena that occur on the work surface and in the electrode areas of electrical contacts, and to create compositions of high arc contact compositions for switching electrical devices. The theory of the mechanism of movement of arc reference points on the working surface of electrical contacts is substantiated and the factors providing increased arc resistance due to thermoemission properties of contact composition compositions that control diffusion, migration and phase transformations during chemical reactions are obtained. It has been experimentally established and theoretically confirmed that electric erosion is mainly determined by the microstructure of the material and the change in the physical and mechanical properties of the ingredients on the working surface of the contact parts during current switching. Key words: anode, cathode, erosion, contact wear, working surface, arc column, arc resistance, transient resistance

Effective connectivity between emotional and motor brain regions in people with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES)

ObjectiveTo characterize the effective connectivity (EC) between the emotion and motor brain regions in patients with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES), based on resting-state spectral dynamic causal modeling (spDCM). MethodsTwenty-three patients with PNES and twenty-five healthy control (HC) subjects underwent resting-state fMRI scanning. The coupling parameters indicating the causal interactions between eight brain regions associated with emotion, executive control, and motion were estimated for both groups, using resting-state fMRI spDCM. ResultsCompared to the HC subjects, in patients with PNES: (i) the left insula (INS) and left and right inferior frontal gyri (IFG) are more inhibited by the amygdala (AMYG), anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), and precentral gyrus (PCG); (ii) the left AMYG has greater inhibitory effects on the INS, IFG, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), PCG, and supplementary motor area (SMA); (iii) the left ACC has more inhibitory effects on the INS and IFG; (iv) the right ACC is more inhibited by the INS and IFG, and has a less inhibitory effect on the SMA and PCG; and (v) the left caudate (CAU) had increased inhibitory effects on the AMYG and IFG and a more excitatory effect on the SMA. ConclusionOur results suggest that in patients with PNES, the emotion-processing regions have inhibitory effects on the executive control areas and motor regions. Our findings may provide further insight into the influence of emotional arousal on functional movements and the underlying mechanisms of involuntary movements during functional seizures. Furthermore, they may suggest that emotion regulation through cognitive behavioral psychotherapies can be a potentially effective treatment modality.

Chloroplast relocation movement in the liverwort Apopellia endiviifolia.

Changes in the subcellular localisation of chloroplasts help optimise photosynthetic activity under different environmental conditions. In many plants, this movement is mediated by the blue‐light photoreceptor phototropin. A model organism with simple phototropin signalling that allows clear observation of chloroplasts would facilitate the study of chloroplast relocation movement. Here, we examined this process in the simple thalloid liverwort Apopellia endiviifolia. Transverse sections of the thallus tissue showed uniformly developed chloroplasts and no air chambers; these characteristics enable clear observation of chloroplasts and analysis of their movements under a fluorescence stereomicroscope. At 22°C, the chloroplasts moved to the anticlinal walls of cells next to the neighbouring cells in the dark (dark‐positioning response), whereas they moved towards weak light (accumulation response) and away from strong light (avoidance response). When the temperature was reduced to 5°C, the chloroplasts moved away from weak light (cold‐avoidance response). Hence, both light‐ and temperature‐dependent chloroplast relocation movements occur in A. endiviifolia. Notably, the accumulation, avoidance and cold‐avoidance responses were induced under blue‐light but not under red‐light. These results suggest that phototropin is responsible for chloroplast relocation movement in A. endiviifolia and that the characteristics are similar to those in the model liverwort Marchantia polymorpha. RNA sequencing and Southern blot analysis identified a single copy of the PHOTOTROPIN gene in A. endiviifolia, indicating that a simple phototropin signalling pathway functions in A. endiviifolia. We conclude that A. endiviifolia has great potential as a model system for elucidating the mechanisms of chloroplast relocation movement.