Mechanism Of Heredity Research Articles

Cell Heredity: An Analysis of the Mechanisms of Heredity at the Cellular Level

Medical Journal of AustraliaVolume 2, Issue 12 p. 469-469 Review Cell Heredity: An Analysis of the Mechanisms of Heredity at the Cellular Level First published: 01 September 1962 https://doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1962.tb20458.xAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume2, Issue12September 1962Pages 469-469 RelatedInformation

Genes, Enzymes, and Inherited Diseases: Biological Studies

Perhaps in no discipline of biology is the movement toward a molecular basis for understanding clearer than in genetics. From the descriptive studies of genotype and phenotype, genetics has evolved to its present concern with nucleic acids, proteins, and enzymes in a fruitful effort to understand the mechanisms of heredity. In a brief, clearly illustrated text, the author presents a lucid summary of recent trends in genetics. The scope of subjects covered is extremely broad, ranging from desoxyribose nucleic acid (DNA) to therapy of inherited disease. Despite the combination of ambitious scope, brevity, and an assumption of a minimal biochemistry background, the book is clear, accurate, and understandable. No topic is covered in depth, but a good selection of recent references is given. The orientation of this book is not clinical; a variety of texts treat the problems of inherited disease more thoroughly. But, increasingly, the concepts developed in terms

ELECTRON MICROSCOPE REVEALS NEW HEREDITY MECHANISM

School Science and MathematicsVolume 61, Issue 9 p. 724-724 ELECTRON MICROSCOPE REVEALS NEW HEREDITY MECHANISM First published: December 1961 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1949-8594.1961.tb08238.xAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume61, Issue9December 1961Pages 724-724 RelatedInformation

THE Rh-Hr TYPES; A COMPLEX PROBLEM IN SEROLOGY, GENETICS, AND NOMENCLATURE

Editorial1 October 1956THE Rh-Hr TYPES; A COMPLEX PROBLEM IN SEROLOGY, GENETICS, AND NOMENCLATUREA. S. WIENER, I. B. WEXLERA. S. WIENERSearch for more papers by this author, I. B. WEXLERSearch for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-45-4-725 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptThe situation with which the student of blood grouping is confronted today is incomparably more complex than that which existed 25 years ago. Yet, even when only the four blood groups were known, the facts were not entirely clear, and a controversy raged among workers in the field regarding the mechanism of heredity and a suitable method of designating the blood groups.1The genetic controversy was settled when Bernstein's theory of inheritance of the blood groups by multiple allelic genes was adopted as scientifically correct. Bernstein's theory has survived to the present time and is applied daily in medicolegal cases...1 Wiener AS: Blood groups and transfusion, 3rd ed., 439 pp., 1943, C. C Thomas, Springfield, Illinois. Google Scholar2 Schatkin SB: Disputed paternity proceedings. 3rd ed., 823 pp., 1953, Matthew Bender & Co., New York. Google Scholar3 Lombard JF: Massachusetts practice, Vol. 3, 1952, Adoption, illegitimacy and blood tests, Boston Law Book Co. Google Scholar4 Kennedy JA: Blood group classifications used in hospitals in the United States and Canada, J. A. M. A. 90: 1323-1324, 1928; 92: 610-615, 1929. Google Scholar5 DavidsohnLevineWiener IPAS: Medicolegal applications of blood grouping tests. A report of the Committee on Medicolegal Problems, J. A. M. A. 149: 699-706, 1952. MedlineGoogle Scholar6 WienerOwenStormontWexler ASRDCIB: Medicolegal application of blood grouping tests. A tentative supplementary report of the Committee on Medicolegal Problems, J. A. M. A. 161: 322-339, 1956. MedlineGoogle Scholar7 Landsteiner K: The specificity of serologic reactions, Rev. ed., 310 pp., 1945, Harvard Press, Cambridge, Mass. Google Scholar8 Wiener AS: An Rh-Hr syllabus, 82 pp., 1954, Grune & Stratton, New York. Google Scholar9 WienerWexler ASIB: The mosaic structure of red blood cell agglutinogens, Bact. Rev. 16: 69-87, 1952. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar10 LandsteinerWiener KAS: An agglutinable factor in human blood recognizable by immune sera for rhesus blood, Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. and Med. 43: 233, 1940. CrossrefGoogle Scholar11 Wiener AS: Hemolytic reactions following transfusion of blood of the homologous group. II. Further observations on the role of Rh particularly in cases without demonstrable antibodies, Arch. Path. 32: 227-250, 1941. Google Scholar12 Wiener AS: Distribution and heredity of variants of the Rh types, Science 93: 182-184, 1943. CrossrefGoogle Scholar13 LevineBurnhamKatzinVogel PLEMP: The role of isoimmunization in the pathogenesis of erythroblastosis fetalis, Am. J. Obst. and Gynec. 42: 925-944, 1941. CrossrefGoogle Scholar14 Levine P: Pathogenesis of erythroblastosis fetalis, J. Pediat. 23: 656-675, 1943. CrossrefGoogle Scholar15 Mourant AE: A new rhesus antibody, Nature (London) 155: 542, 1945. CrossrefGoogle Scholar16 WienerLandsteiner ASK: Heredity of variants of the Rh types, Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. and Med. 53: 167-170, 1943. CrossrefGoogle Scholar17 WienerSonnBelkin ASEBRB: Heredity and distribution of the Rh blood types, Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. and Med. 54: 238-240, 1943. CrossrefGoogle Scholar18 Wiener AS: Genetic theory of the Rh blood types, Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. and Med. 54: 316-319, 1943. CrossrefGoogle Scholar19 Wiener AS: Rh-Hr blood types. Applications in clinical and legal medicine and anthropology, 763 pp., 1954, Grune & Stratton, New York. Google Scholar20 FisherRace RARR: An "incomplete" antibody in human serum, Nature (London) 153: 771-772, 1943. Google Scholar21 RaceSanger RRR: Blood groups in man, 2nd ed., 400 pp., 1954, Blackwell Scientific Publ., Oxford. Google Scholar22 Wiener AS: The Rh series of allelic genes, Science 100: 595-597, 1944. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar23 RaceSangerSelwyn RRRJA: A possible deletion in a human Rh chromosome; a serological and genetical study, Brit. J. Exper. Path. 32: 124-135, 1951. MedlineGoogle Scholar24 Wiener AS: The Rh-Hr blood types. A budget of paradoxes, J. Forensic Med. (S. Afr.) 2: 224-242, 1955. Google Scholar25 WienerWexler ASIB: The interpretation of blood group reactions, with special reference to the serology and genetics of the Rh-Hr types, Novant'Anni delle Leggi Mendeliane, edited by L. Gedda, pp. 147-162, 1956, Istituto Gregorio Mendel, Rome. Google Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited byMYOPATHY IN SHEEP 1 October 1956Volume 45, Issue 4Page: 725-729KeywordsBloodBlood groupsGeneticsHereditySerology Issue Published: 1 October 1956 PDF downloadLoading ...

Changing Emphases in Social Structure

W HEN SCIENTISTS approach a new subject, their first task, after that of raw description and preliminary ordering, is to discover which descriptive features of the phenomena under observation are particularly useful for grouping or differentiation, and to initiate classification on the basis of such criteria. Their next task is to determine which features isolated according to one set of criteria coexist with features isolated according to other useful criteria. In this way they arrive at larger typological classifications which bring a measure of systematic order into what had first seemed sheer descriptive chaos. Noteworthy examples in other sciences include the Linnaean classification of living organisms and the periodic system of classifying chemical elements devised by Mendelyeev. In anthropology, the initial classificatory task has by now been substantially accomplished in the field of social structure. Through the contributions of men like Morgan, Tylor, Rivers, Kroeber, Lowie, Linton, Spier, Kirchhoff, Radcliffe-Brown, Steward, and Eggan we now possess satisfactory criteria for differentiating types of family organization, kin and local groups, and kinship terminology and behavior patterns. Moreover, the work of Rivers, Lowie, Radcliffe-Brown, and many others, including the present writer, has shown how these features are combined with one another in particular ways to produce a finite number of types of social organization, which in their totality represent a systematic classification comparable to those of Linnaeus and Mindelyeev. However useful, and indeed indispensable, is this task of classification, it is by no means the ultimate goal of science. Any typological system is, by its very nature, static in character. It takes on full meaning only when scientists are able to demonstrate the dynamic processes which give rise to the phenomena thus classified. The Linnaean system, for example, came alive only after Darwin had discerned the processes of variation and natural selection, and especially after the geneticists had laid bare the dynamic mechanisms of heredity. It is the contention of this paper that the anthropological study of social structure has gradually been emerging from its classificatory or typological phase, and that the changing emphases which we can currently observe are characterized for the most part by a common concern with dynamics or process. Before examples are

Le mécanisme héréditaire de la maladie de Dupuytren

SUMMARYDupuytren's disease recurs more frequently than generally assumed. 24 typical family trees derived from the literature are analyzed here.The main conclusions that can be derived are the following:1) Monogenic heredity is confirmed.2) The sex ratio in the affected families is 61,2 m: 38,8 f.3) The sex ratio in unaffected families is 38 m: 43 f.4) The expressivity of the disease is variable. Penetrance, which is incomplete, varies according to the sex. In our selected material, the penetrance rate is 93,6% in the males and 42,9% in the females.5) Males transmit the gene in 68% of the cases; females in 32%.6) Incomplete sex linkage can be excluded.7) A comparison is made between the really observed values and the theoretical rates for normal and affected men and women for the chance of an auto-somatic dominance. These observations make possible the conclusion that the number of affected females is too low as compared with unaffected females and affected males.8) A new theory is suggested concerning the mechanism of heredity based on the different statistical values. The responsible factor would bedeadlyfor 60% of the XX affected zygotes. But 60% of the affected X gametes produced by the mother, being identified by an essential incompatibility for the unaffected X spermatozoid, would be electively fecundated by a Y gamate. This machanism would explain the excess of affected males, the small proportion of affected females and the sex-ratio of 61,2: 38,8.The concordance between the observed values and the theoretically expected values of such a kind seem to convalidate our new theory.

Terminology of blood groups.

The discovery of new blood-group systems by British investigators has served to accentuate the problem of nomenclature of blood groups. A satisfactory scientific nomenclature is possible only when reliable and adequate information is available. For example, when the M-N types were discovered by Landsteiner and Levine, the following tentative designations for the types were adopted: M + N —, M + N + and M —N+. As soon as the mechanism of heredity of the M-N types was established, and the nonexistence of type M —N— was demon-

The Role of Symbionts and Autocatalysts in the Genetics of the Ciliates

Accumulating evidence supports the theory that kappa is a symbiont, rather than a plasmagene. The inheritance of differentiation in Paramecium is not due either to kappa-type bodies or to plasmagenes, but more likely to autocatalysts of a non-genic nature. This is indicated by the fact that in the two-type mating strains the material basis of differentiation (into a plus or a minus type) is inherited during asexual reproduction but disappears at conjugation, and is then formed de novo presumably under the influence of nuclear genes in conjunction with the local environment. It is possible that the same explanation applies to mating type in the B races, as well as to the four antigenic types (A, B, C, D), but that in these cases the autocatalyst would be of a more persistent type. It would, however, still be non-genic, provided it could arise de novo after having disappeared. It is extremely improbable that a totally new mechanism of heredity, cytoplasmic in nature, has displaced the Mendelian mechanism in...

GENETIC SYSTEMS BASED ON HETERO CARYOSIS

Genetics has been built on the study of species with sexual reproduction. An essential feature of genetic systems based on sexual reproduction is the alternation of meiosis and karyogamy, which has meaning only in relation to heterozygosity. These genetic systems could therefore be called “heterozygotic systems.” For obvious reasons of economy, the mechanisms of heredity and variation in groups as important as the bacteria, the Fungi imperfecti, and others—in all of which sexual reproduction as defined above does not occur—have been disregarded by the geneticist. Yet as far back as 1926, when Muller wrote his far-reaching paper, “The gene as the basis of life,” it was obvious that Mendelism was not the only way to a definition of the gene. Recently Beadle and Coonradt (1) with their work on Neurospora have given beautiful proof of what had been inferred from studies of somatic mutation in Drosophila, maize, etc.; namely, that...

Statistical genetics and evolution

Introduction. When Darwin developed the theory of evolution by natural selection, practically nothing was known of hereditary differences beyond their existence. Since 1900, a body of knowledge on the mechanism of heredity and on mutation has been built up by experiment that challenges any field in the biological sciences in the extent and precision of its results. The implications for evolution are not, however, immediately obvious. I t is necessary to work out the statistical consequences. Studies in the field of statistical genetics began shortly after the rediscovery of Mendelian heredity in 1900. Those of J. B. S. Haldane [7] and R. A. Fisher [4] have been especially important with respect to the application to evolution. My own approach to the subject came through experimental studies conducted in the U. S. Bureau of Animal Industry on the effects of inbreeding, crossbreeding and selection on populations of guinea pigs [21, 22, 23, 37] and through the attempt to formulate principles applicable to livestock breeding [19, 20, 24, 25, 13, 34]. On moving into the more academic atmosphere of the University of Chicago, I have become more directly concerned with the problem of evolution. I should note that the deductive approach, to which I shall confine myself here, involves many questions that can only be settled by observation and experimental work on natural populations and that a remarkable resurgence of interest in such work is in progress [2, 9] .

British Association Discussions: Horizons in Animal Production

THE discussion on animal production in Section M (Agriculture) of the British Association at Cambridge on August 23 had one excellent result: it demonstrated very clearly indeed the inseparableness of the three main constituents-animal husbandry (the feeding and management of livestock), animal breeding and disease-control. Gone, it would seem, are the days when the animal nutritionist claimed that feeding was more important than breeding ; or the geneticist, that breeding was more important than feeding ; or the animal pathologist, that control of disease was a laboratory problem divorced alike from heredity and husbandry. This is not to say that specialists in each of the three fields have, so far, been wasting their time, for there is plenty of evidence to show that in explaining and improving existing practices they have done very necessary work. The animal geneticist, for example, although he has been unable to direct the emergence of strikingly new and improved types of livestock, has been able to interpret the mechanisms of heredity, to define the prerequisites for successful in-breeding and to examine the significance of mutations.

The Mechanism of Heredity

The Mechanism of Heredity

The external mechanics of the chromosomes III-Meiosis in triploids

Triploid organisms have three homologous chromosomes of each kind instead of the two of diploids. The regular mechanism of heredity fails in these circumstances. The triploid is incapable of breeding true by sexual reproduction. But the way in which it carries out the process of chromosome pairing and segregation is of great significance. The processes take place in normal series, but the relationships they establish are abnormal. A triploid thus provides a natural experiment, with the diploid of its own species as a control for one variable, and with triploids of different species as controls for others. In Tulipa and Hyacinthus I have made use of this experiment for inducing the principles of the external mechanics of chromosomes during the prophase of meiosis. I have inferred from them the relationships between the forces working in mitosis and meiosis. The triploid forms of various Fritillaria species make it possible to test the principles of metaphase mechanics induced from observations on structural hybrids and other polyploids (Darlington, 1932, b , and 1933, c ) as well as from the exceptional behaviour in the diploid species of Fritillaria already discussed.

The Effect of Carbon Dioxide On the Occurrence of Non-Disjunction In Drosophila

ABSTRACT The fact that X-rays and radium produce permanent changes in the mechanism of heredity (originally observed by Mavor (1) for non-disjunction and by Muller(2) for mutations) has been widely confirmed by many workers(3). Apart from these radiations no other agent has been found to effect heredity similarly, except for the claim made by Harrison and Garrett (4) that feeding the larval of several species of Lepidoptera on metallic salts results in melanotic mutations.

The Genetics of Maize

In a general botanical symposium such as this, it would seem that the broader and more recent aspects of this genetical subject should be of greater interest than the detailed, technical developments. The layman often becomes weary of the expert who delights in telling him'more and more about less and less.' Moreover, the time limit definitely precludes any very detailed presentation. Accordingly, I shall attempt a general picture of what has happened during the past decade in the field of maize genetics. Maize has now been sufficiently analyzed genetically and cytologically to make it reasonably certain that its chromosomal mechanism of heredity is of the orthodox or Drosophila-like type. The ten pairs of corn chromosomes undergo typical parasynaptic conjugation and assort at random. There are no major deviations from what might be called normal, neoMendelian inheritance. With the possible exception of a few 8-rowed varieties like the Black Mexican and Golden Bantam sweet corn, as well as some flint varieties, which possess more than 20 (21 to 28) chromosomes, maize is relatively free from abnormal cytology. Both the independent and linked types of inheritance prevail; and crossing-over occurs in microand megasporogenesis with almost equal frequency, albeit with some small variability. On the whole the genetic mechanism has proven remarkably stable; and has enabled maize geneticists to exchange material with assurance that they may still remain on speaking terms with their colleagues. The general botanist is perhaps interested in knowing the types of hereditary characters and the parts of the plant they affect, which have been discovered up to date. For this purpose I have prepared a chart in which are outlined the known hereditary characters of maize, showing the number of genes concerned in their development (table 1). First, we may direct attention to the hereditary characters that involve the entire plant. The most striking of these is that called Teopod

Studies in Isohemagglutination

Summary and Conclusions The bloods of 1334 mothers and their 1462 children were typed. Although 485 group O mothers with 516 children and 94 group AB mothers with 142 children were examined, not once did the combinations AB mother—O child or O mother—AB child appear. The authors' data together with Schiff's and Thomsen's, therefore completely support the Bernstein theory. A survey of the literature shows that many apparent exceptions were found. On careful analysis of these cases, not a single completely proven exception to Bernstein's theory could be found. It may therefore be concluded that although the existence of bona fide exceptions to the Bernstein theory cannot be entirely disproved, it is certainly true that of all the theories of heredity of blood groups, Bernstein's theory agrees best with the facts. Any true exceptions to this theory may be due to other factors complicating the mechanism of heredity.

ASSOCIATION FOR RESEARCH IN NERVOUS AND MENTAL DISEASES

PROGRAM 1. Introductory Address on the general subject of heredity. Dr. Walter Timme. 2. The characteristic of heredity and inherited constitutional predisposition. Dr. Charles L. Dana. 3. The biologic mechanism of heredity. Contributor to be announced. 4. The parts of the central nervous system which tend to exhibit morbid recessive or dominant characters. Dr. Smith Ely Jelliffe. 5. Is there fundamental similarity in the pathological processes which occur in the different parts of the central nervous system in the various hereditary nervous and mental diseases? Dr. Leon H. Cornwall. 6. Is there fundamental similarity in the pathological processes which occur in the extraneural systems of the body in the various hereditary nervous and mental diseases? Dr. Nolan D. C. Lewis. 7. The diseases and accidents occurring during pregnancy, labor and early childhood which if unrecognized would lead one to believe that the resulting condition was a hereditary disease. Dr. Charles

The Life-Cycle of the Protozoa

PROF. C. A. KOFOID delivered, on December 27 last in Boston, an address as vice-president of Section F (Zoology) of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and as president of the American Society of Zoologists, on the life-cycle of the Protozoa (Science, vol. Ivii. pp. 397–408, April 6, 1923). He remarked that the striking similarities of the most ancient fossil Protozoa to recent afford some ground for the inference that the Protozoa living to-day differ but little from those when life was young. A consideration of the accounts of the origin de novo of nuclei from chromidia leads to the conclusion that adequate evidence of such origin is lacking. Prof. Kofoid holds that, as sound cytological investigation of the Protozoa progresses, it becomes increasingly evident that the descent of the nuclei and the individuality of the chromosomes, found in the Metazoa, holds also for the Protozoa, and it may be inferred that the Protozoa are equipped with the essential structural basis-chromosomes and mitosis-for the mechanism of heredity.

Croonian Lecture:—On the mechanism of heredity

Several years ago I ventured to state that with the demonstration of the wide applicability of Mendel’s two laws, and with the later discoveries of linkage and of crossing-over, the traditional problem of heredity had been solved. On account of this statement, I have been rebuked for arrogantly affirming that there was nothing more to be learned about heredity! Perhaps I had given less offence if I had made clear that I realised, as fully as another, that these discoveries in heredity were of such a sort that a whole new world for investigation opened before us. My critics, however,, attempted to put me in the wrong by pretending that I implied that there were no new worlds to conquer. It may, therefore, not be out of place to attempt to show how the solution of the traditional problem of heredity has led to further discoveries, and has given us a glimpse at least of still newer problems that may in time lead to even more far reaching consequences.

An Outline of the Mechanism of Heredity

An Outline of the Mechanism of Heredity