Knowledge Transfer Mechanisms Research Articles

Functional Brain Network Analysis of Knowledge Transfer While Engineering Problem-Solving.

As a complex cognitive activity, knowledge transfer is mostly correlated to cognitive processes such as working memory, behavior control, and decision-making in the human brain while engineering problem-solving. It is crucial to explain how the alteration of the functional brain network occurs and how to express it, which causes the alteration of the cognitive structure of knowledge transfer. However, the neurophysiological mechanisms of knowledge transfer are rarely considered in existing studies. Thus, this study proposed functional connectivity (FC) to describe and evaluate the dynamic brain network of knowledge transfer while engineering problem-solving. In this study, we adopted the modified Wisconsin Card-Sorting Test (M-WCST) reported in the literature. The neural activation of the prefrontal cortex was continuously recorded for 31 participants using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Concretely, we discussed the prior cognitive level, knowledge transfer distance, and transfer performance impacting the wavelet amplitude and wavelet phase coherence. The paired t-test results showed that the prior cognitive level and transfer distance significantly impact FC. The Pearson correlation coefficient showed that both wavelet amplitude and phase coherence are significantly correlated to the cognitive function of the prefrontal cortex. Therefore, brain FC is an available method to evaluate cognitive structure alteration in knowledge transfer. We also discussed why the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and occipital face area (OFA) distinguish themselves from the other brain areas in the M-WCST experiment. As an exploratory study in NeuroManagement, these findings may provide neurophysiological evidence about the functional brain network of knowledge transfer while engineering problem-solving.

Surrogate-Assisted Evolutionary Framework with Adaptive Knowledge Transfer for Multi-Task Optimization

Multi-task optimization is a hot research topic in the field of evolutionary computation. This paper proposes an efficient surrogate-assisted multi-task evolutionary framework (named SaEF-AKT) with adaptive knowledge transfer for multi-task optimization. In the proposed SaEF-AKT, several tasks which are computationally expensive are solved jointly in each generation. Surrogate models are built based on the historical search information of each task to reduce the number of fitness evaluations. To improve the search efficiency, a general similarity measure mechanism and an adaptive knowledge transfer mechanism are proposed, which can help knowledge transfer among the tasks to be solved. The proposed SaEF-AKT is tested on a number of benchmark problems in multi-task optimization scenario and real-world time series regression problems. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed framework can outperform several state-of-the-art multi-task optimization algorithms.

Danza y universidad en tiempos de la Covid-19

The article presents the results of documentary research that reflects in a systematic way about virtual formative experiences, open to the public and led by dance programs at the university studies education in times of Covid-19. This global event that gained strength in 2020 impacted the training practices in all educational institutions and destabilized their knowledge transfer mechanisms. Therefore, the research is posed as questions: ?What are the knowledge transfer strategies that the Universities with Dance programs carried out during the year 2020? Likewise, what are the complementary contents and topics to the regular study plan that were privileged during said transfers? The conceptual basis on which the research is based involves the formative processes in university studies education and the dancing body, taking into consideration the statements of the World Health Organization, the Inter-American Development Bank, and the guidelines in university studies education raised by the Ministry of Education of Colombia.

Geometric Regularization of Local Activations for Knowledge Transfer in Convolutional Neural Networks

In this work, we propose a mechanism for knowledge transfer between Convolutional Neural Networks via the geometric regularization of local features produced by the activations of convolutional layers. We formulate appropriate loss functions, driving a “student” model to adapt such that its local features exhibit similar geometrical characteristics to those of an “instructor” model, at corresponding layers. The investigated functions, inspired by manifold-to-manifold distance measures, are designed to compare the neighboring information inside the feature space of the involved activations without any restrictions in the features’ dimensionality, thus enabling knowledge transfer between different architectures. Experimental evidence demonstrates that the proposed technique is effective in different settings, including knowledge-transfer to smaller models, transfer between different deep architectures and harnessing knowledge from external data, producing models with increased accuracy compared to a typical training. Furthermore, results indicate that the presented method can work synergistically with methods such as knowledge distillation, further increasing the accuracy of the trained models. Finally, experiments on training with limited data show that a combined regularization scheme can achieve the same generalization as a non-regularized training with 50% of the data in the CIFAR-10 classification task.

Academic patents and entrepreneurial intention. To what extent are other knowledge transfer mechanisms affected in a Mexican university?

This research aims to expand the explanations about the debate on academic entrepreneurship and other knowledge transfer mechanisms, to respond to what extent entrepreneurial intention affects the diffusion and dissemination of knowledge in a Mexican university. The lack of indicators of commercial activity, leads us to propose the analysis of a pre-commercial stage of technology that we call entrepreneurial intention. After the literature review, we present a database of academic inventors in patents granted to the university, identifying patenting with an entrepreneurial intention, following Lomas (1993) knowledge transfer taxonomy. Data about publications and received citations by academic inventors is also considered for knowledge diffusion; as well as the supervision of end-of-degree projects in undergraduate and graduate studies; before and after the patent was granted, for knowledge dissemination. Using a binomial model, we estimated two data sets, one for the period 1984-2000 and the second for 2001-2020. Our findings reveal, an average increase of 60% in the number of patents obtained. We also found that the characteristics of the research group are significant in both models, but in the 2001-2020 period it is more important to integrate foreign inventors than patenting with firms, the dissemination of knowledge is more significant and has greater importance in the model. To respond to what extent entrepreneurial intention affects the diffusion and dissemination of knowledge, greater attention should be paid to the diffusion of knowledge since in both models the variable that represents publications after patenting is not significant. The explanation about the dissemination of knowledge improves substantially from one period to another.

Problematic issues in constructing the common space of “knowledge societies”: resources of international cooperation in the field of culture

The article is devoted to the analysis of problematic issues of strategic lines’ realization within the international cultural policy and management. New challenges of modern realities of coexistence require a change in the usual established format of policy in the field of culture, creativity of its semantic and instrumental capital, in particular a new view on the discourse of international management in the field of culture. International cultural cooperation is considered as a constructed and organized knowledge exchange process and experience of sharing this knowledge. In this context, cultural management is a fundamental organizational and practical component of the universalization of the new accumulated knowledge about the experience of harmonization between global and local. The article raises questions concerning the effectiveness of methods and mechanisms of knowledge transfer, the search for resources of international cultural cooperation for the creation, accumulation and sustainable development of joint cultural capital.

Współpraca przedsiębiorstw turystycznych z uczelniami - wyniki badania empiryczneg

The growing importance of the cooperation between enterprises and universities stems from the continuous search for new development sources and the need to ensure sustainable competitive advantages. However, research on the role of universities for service enterprises is still relatively rare. This article aims to identify the scope and character of cooperation between enterprises and universities, as well as the attitudes of entrepreneurs towards such cooperation. Based on empirical research carried out on the sample of 383 enterprises from the tourism industry, it was found that relatively high involvement (declared by 54.6% of entities) in relations with universities results mainly from the fact that they are based on less complex forms of transfer such as student internships or participation in conferences. It was also identified that the size and operating time significantly differentiate the use of academic knowledge in enterprises. The results show that service companies have a positive perception of cooperation with universities and definitely more often recognise the advantages of such collaboration. The most important of them is the increase in the employees' competences and image improvement due to universities' contacts. Intensifying the benefits of cooperation requires an increase in the importance of more advanced knowledge transfer mechanisms such as commissioned research or spin-off companies.

Charting the policy development process of social housing bonds in Australia through an impact narrative approach

AbstractThe Australian Housing and Urban Research Institute (AHURI) has, since its inception, prioritised policy relevance in its research. Drawing on an impact narrative approach, this paper presents a case study of the contribution of AHURI research to the development of a specific policy initiative: the Affordable Housing Bond Aggregator function of the National Housing and Finance Investment Corporation (NHFIC). The paper will explore the development of this policy initiative through a series of research projects and publications, and highlight processes of dissemination and engagement with the policy and practice community. This will reveal the value of a strong evidence‐base, and effective knowledge transfer mechanisms in the development and implementation of policy. It will also demonstrate the utility of a policy impact narrative approach in the evaluation of research impact, particularly in relation to policy development processes subject to the vagaries of politics.

Research on Incentive Mechanism and Strategy Choice for Passing on Intangible Cultural Heritage from Masters to Apprentices

With the increasing prosperity of the global economy, the protection and sustainable development of intangible cultural heritage (ICH) are being confronted with many problems, among which the difficulty of passing on ICH, particularly traditional handicraft, from masters to apprentices should be given attention. The main purpose of the study is, from the perspective of knowledge transfer and incentive mechanisms, to explore how to mobilize the positive factors to promote the successful implementation of passing on ICH. On the basis of identifying the key influencing factors of ICH knowledge transfer and establishing the payoff matrix between masters and apprentices, this study uses replicator dynamic equations to analyze strategy choices in different situations and verifies the impacts of these factors on passing on ICH through data simulation. The study draws the following main conclusions: (1) Increases in variables e, a, v, Ju, Jd, Ku, and Kd will drive up the probabilities of adopting a positive strategy and successful ICH inheritance and increases in variables Cu and Cd will drive probabilities down. (2) Changes in any variable have an impact on both sides through the interaction between masters and apprentices, and the impact’s direction is the same. (3) Among all economic measures, cost control should be the first to be considered. These conclusions provide important theoretical guidance for local government and related organizations to support ICH bequeathal and for masters and apprentices to make choices regarding strategy. The paper fills the literature gaps in the study of the influencing factors of ICH knowledge transfer and the game model between masters and apprentices, and on the incentive mechanism and strategy choice of passing on and developing ICH.

The effects of university–industry collaboration in preclinical research on pharmaceutical firms’ R&D performance: Absorptive capacity’s role

AbstractPharmaceutical firms frequently engage in preclinical research collaboration with universities. Many of these collaborative preclinical research projects are conducted by firms’ subsidiaries. In this setting, the challenge of transferring knowledge from university–industry collaborations (UICs) to internal research and development (R&D) increases, since knowledge has to be transferred twice: to the subsidiary and to the parent. To benefit from tacit and complex knowledge obtained through collaboration with academic partners, firms need to have a high absorptive capacity. However, existing research on absorptive capacity's effect on the efficacy of UIC has provided mixed results, and the knowledge transfer mechanisms remain unclear, particularly in the case of basic (or preclinical) research and of the complex knowledge transfer process from subsidiaries’ collaborative efforts. Building on the knowledge‐based view and following a multidimensional perspective of absorptive capacity, this study investigates the role a firm's capabilities play in successful university knowledge integration in a firm's internal R&D. Therefore, this paper analyzes both parent firms’ UICs and their subsidiaries’ UICs in basic (preclinical) research. The results of our longitudinal analysis of a unique panel data set of 56 global pharmaceutical firms indicate that firms do successfully exploit valuable knowledge from preclinical research UIC in internal R&D, measured by the number of performed clinical trials. This holds true for the UIC involving the parent firm and its subsidiaries. As transformative learning dimensions of absorptive capacity, high diversity in therapeutic activity and high R&D intensity levels strengthen the positive relationship between parents’ UIC and R&D performance. A high exploration intensity level of the firm and high diversity in therapeutic activity help to transfer the knowledge from subsidiaries’ preclinical research UIC to parents’ innovation projects.

How to foster scientific knowledge integration in coastal management

Development of science-based coastal policies and strategies that effectively cope with coastal change and risk requires transfer of scientific knowledge beyond the scientific community, and its integration in management processes. However, scientists frequently convey their message to non-specialized audiences resourcing to their own empirical experience, often leading to a high effort - low efficiency process.This paper aims to propose a simple conceptual model to guide scientists in the process of knowledge transfer, focusing on whom and how, and promoting the efficiency of both the science dissemination process and integration of scientific knowledge in management of coastal land and risk. The model proposed herein aims to guide scientists to actively pursue the goal of transferring their knowledge to policymakers and managers besides layman society, and is essentially based upon a review and integration of previous work.We argue that selection of the most efficient scientific knowledge transfer mechanism (outreach, crowdsourcing tools, managers-oriented tools or co-production) should be based following careful consideration of level of engagement with the audience, and take into consideration political and social contexts. The level of engagement also controls the amount of effort involved in message framing, and the nature and robustness of the feedback from the target audience. The model acknowledges that communication strategy must be thought on a case-by-case basis and ranks the proportion of effort distributed between message deliverer (framing) and receiver (engagement) implicit in each transfer mechanism. This helps to select the most adequate mechanism and optimizes knowledge transfer efforts. In addition, it highlights the importance of encouraging scientists to develop message framing skills and to acknowledge the benefits of engaging with others.

Adversarial robustness via attention transfer

Deep neural networks are known to be vulnerable to adversarial attacks. The empirical analysis in our study suggests that attacks tend to induce diverse network architectures to shift the attention to irrelevant regions. Motivated by this observation, we propose a regularization technique which enforces the attentions to be well aligned via the knowledge transfer mechanism, thereby encouraging the robustness. Resultant model exhibits unprecedented robustness, securing 63.81% adversarial accuracy where the prior art is 51.59% on CIFAR-10 dataset under PGD attacks. In addition, we go beyond performance to analytically investigate the proposed method as an effective defense. Significantly flattened loss landscape can be observed, demonstrating the promise of the proposed method for improving robustness and thus the deployment in security-sensitive settings.

Innovation development of the North-Western Federal District

The aim of the study is to investigate and analyse the different aspects of the innovation development of the North-Western Federal District (the Russian Federation). The concepts of innovations, innovation development, innovative economy, knowledge-based economy, state innovation system, innovation ecosystem and regional innovation development have been defined. Also, author’s definition of the innovative development of a region was proposed. Documents regulating the innovation strategy and innovation policy of the North-Western Federal District have been analysed. The justification of the undertaken topic comes from the need for defining strong areas of the innovation potential of the North-Western Federal District and requirement for consideration of the regional innovation system elements of the North-Western Federal District such as knowledge-producing environment, knowledge transfer mechanisms, business environment and state, and its innovation infrastructure. The methodology of the study involves studying of the theoretical framework of the innovations, quantitative and qualitative indicators of the innovation development of the North-Western Federal District, and analysis and synthesis of these data. The main results of the study are: innovative development of the region correlates with the general direction of the country’s innovative development; the regional innovation system includes the same macroblocks as the national innovation system does; the North-Western region includes the well-developed innovation infrastructure and all elements of the innovation system. Conclusions on the direction of the innovation development of the North-Western Federal District towards the world’s advanced countries with innovative economy or economy of knowledge as well as on the role of the innovation factor in the regional development have been drawn.

Micro design in inter-organizational hybrid governance: a study on product adaptation, reverse knowledge transfer and integration mechanism

PurposeThis study aims to explore the extent to which inter-organizational hybrid governance manages the micro design for optimum reverse knowledge transfer in the open innovation context. The authors use two essential facets of micro design in hybrid governance: product adaptation and integration mechanism.Design/methodology/approachData for this study were collected from franchisees through structured questionnaires in Indonesia.FindingsResults indicated that product adaptation has a positive relationship with reverse knowledge transfer. This study also found that the formalization strengthens the relationship between product adaptation and reverse knowledge transfer. However, the socialization does not have a moderation effect.Research limitations/implicationsThis research estimates the knowledge transfer from the agent’s side only. Therefore, further research is expected to estimate the reverse knowledge transfer in dyads (from agent and principal) to get a detailed understanding of reverse knowledge transfer.Practical implicationsThis study offers guidelines to managers, especially in inter-organizational hybrid governance. The authors suggest reverse knowledge transfer as a form to manage the dispersed knowledge from their agents. Governing institutions should change their view that agents have diverse knowledgebase from experience adapting to local conditions and can improve their open innovation through reverse knowledge transfer. From the results, it is found that giving agents the flexibility to adapt products can boost reverse knowledge transfer to support open innovation.Originality/valueThis study provides an understanding of the utilization of external knowledge sourcing in the context of open innovation from agent to principal in hybrid governance through reverse knowledge transfer, which has thus far been empirically under-researched.

Generative Mechanisms for Scientific Knowledge Transfer in the Food Industry

This paper investigates the generative mechanisms for scientific knowledge transfer in the food industry, addressing the sustainability of knowledge transfer projects related to health, safety and regulation. Different levels of analysis examine structure, agency and interactions within a multilevel framework. The main research questions are: (1) what are the key generative mechanisms within science–industry knowledge transfer? and (2) what are the implications of these mechanisms to policy? This research applies explaining-outcome process-tracing by investigating different knowledge transfer projects, utilising empirical data from 52 in-depth interviews with food scientists and food SMEs, 17 supporting documents and 16 observations. Systematic combining is used to develop a narrative from empirical data, where the evidence leads to the formation of the most plausible explanation. This is followed by the abstraction of mechanisms which are then matched to a suitable theoretical framework. The results from the study show a range of predominant mechanisms that drove scientific knowledge transfer including nonpecuniary incentives, reputation, opportunity, instrumental rationality, self-interest, strategic calculation, aggregation, learning and adaptive self-regulation. The overall conclusion is that the construction of relationships based around social norms, autonomy and relatedness are more dominant than those focused on financial incentives or transaction cost theories.

Reverse Knowledge Transfer in Cross-Border Mergers and Acquisitions in the Chinese High-Tech Industry under Government Intervention

The high-tech industry is the main force promoting the development of China’s national economy. As its industrial economic strength grows, China’s high-tech industry is increasingly using cross-border mergers and acquisitions (CBM&A) as an important way to “go out.” To explore the rules governing the process and operation mechanism of reverse knowledge transfer (RKT) through the CBM&A of China’s high-tech industry under government intervention, a tripartite evolutionary game model of the government, the parent company, and the subsidiary as the main subjects is constructed in this paper. The strategies adopted by the three subjects in the RKT game process are analysed, and the factors influencing RKT through CBM&A under government intervention are simulated and analysed using Python 3.7 software. The results show that, under government intervention, the parent company and subsidiary have different degrees of influence on each other. Subsidiaries are highly sensitive to the compensation rate of RKT. Positive intervention by the government tends to foster stable cooperation between the parent company and the subsidiary. However, over time, the government gradually relaxes its intervention in the RKT and innovation of multinational companies.

Language modeling and bidirectional coders representations: an overview of key technologies

The article is an essay on the development of technologies for natural language processing, which formed the basis of BERT (Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers), a language model from Google, showing high results on the whole class of problems associated with the understanding of natural language. Two key ideas implemented in BERT are knowledge transfer and attention mechanism. The model is designed to solve two problems on a large unlabeled data set and can reuse the identified language patterns for effective learning for a specific text processing problem. Architecture Transformer is based on the attention mechanism, i.e. it involves evaluation of relationships between input data tokens. In addition, the article notes strengths and weaknesses of BERT and the directions for further model improvement.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ТА ПРІОРИТЕТИ ІННОВАЦІЙНОГО РОЗВИТКУ ПІДПРИЄМНИЦЬКИХ СТРУКТУР В СУЧАСНИХ МІНЛИВИХ УМОВАХ

The article discusses the features of innovative development of business structures in modern changing environment. After all, the transformational effects of the introduction of information and telecommunications technologies, which extend to all areas of socio-economic activity, necessitate a radical revision of the principles of management of innovative development of the national economy. Entrepreneurs who focus on the latest products and services, continuous and stable implementation of technologies, product renewal policies, organization of production in order to strengthen their competitiveness in the market in the selected segment, must set appropriate priorities for innovation and development. According to the results of the analysis of the main indicators of innovative development of domestic business structures, it is determined that the implementation and development of innovations in the enterprise is directly proportional to the invested funds, stable target revenues and well-formed strategy. The article considers and analyzes the main state tools to support and stimulate innovation of domestic business structures. Based on the results of the study of the peculiarities of the functioning of the national innovation system and mechanisms of knowledge transfer, the article presents the scheme of innovation partnership, which would ensure the effective functioning of the national innovation system. In addition, the article proposes a structural and logical model of the management system of innovative development of business structures, which provides support for continuous targeted innovation, has a cyclical form of operation and takes into account at all stages mechanisms of control, adjustment, adjustment of innovation processes using both internal and external innovation resources. The prospects of innovative development of domestic business structures are outlined in this work too.

The Disciplinary Mobility of Core Behavioral Economists

Disciplinary mobility occurs when researchers publish outside their disciplines of origin. It is an important mechanism of interdisciplinarity and knowledge transfer. Behavioral economics (BE) was founded by two psychologists, Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky, who used disciplinary mobility to influence economics. In this article, we study the disciplinary mobility of seven core behavioral economists to better understand how it has influenced the early development of BE and the interdisciplinary practices of later behavioral economists. Besides the movement of psychologists towards the center of economics, we identify an outward movement of economists away from the discipline. This movement away from economics has allowed some behavioral economists to gain new scientific legitimacy, while escaping some of the normative traditions of economics. This has enabled them to push the frontiers of economics and promote a more radical approach to BE.

Growth path of industrial clusters embedded in global value chain from the perspective of knowledge transfer: A fuzzy game approach

How local industrial clusters break through the lock-in status of low end of value chains and realize industrial upgrading in the development process of embedded global value chain is the central topic of current industrial development research. To explore how industrial clusters achieve the enhancement of their innovation capability and value chains when they are embedded in the global value chain, from the perspective of knowledge transfer and according to the differences in the knowledge levels of the local industrial clusters, three fuzzy game models of knowledge transfer paths were constructed, and the model of the realization mechanism of knowledge transfer and its stability condition was analyzed, which make clear the path of cluster growth under different embedding modes. Results show that although the mode of embedding and the path of knowledge transfer is different, the local industrial clusters can obtain external knowledge transfer by embedding in the global value chain; the knowledge transformation ability of local industrial clusters is the determining factor that the knowledge transfer can smoothly achieve and become stable. The conclusion also shows that the feasibility of the cross-sectional growth of industrial clusters by actively embed the global value chain and acquiring external knowledge transfer if the industrial clusters want to enhance their technology accumulation, their innovation ability, and their position in the global value chain.