Mechanism Of Solubilization Research Articles

Individual Solubilization Behavior of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes by Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) in Water and Its Analyses Using Regression Approach and Computational Simulations

Abstract Flavin analogues are dispersants of carbon nanotubes. We report the finding that riboflavin, which is a nutrient that is much less expensive than a flavin mononucleotide, is a good SWNT dispersant in water. We carried out a temperature dependence test of the solubilization of SWNTs, and propose a possible solubilization mechanism based on a regression analysis. We assume that the linear and lognormal components for the solubilized SWNTs can be explained by nonspecific and specific interactions between the riboflavin and the SWNTs, respectively. We also carried out computational calculations (molecular dynamics simulations) on this SWNT solubilization by which we proposed a suitable complex structure of the SWNT that provided the number of adsorbed flavin molecules via hydrogen bonding on the tubes.

Unveiling the multi-step solubilization mechanism of sub-micron size vesicles by detergents

The solubilization of membranes by detergents is critical for many technological applications and has become widely used in biochemistry research to induce cell rupture, extract cell constituents, and to purify, reconstitute and crystallize membrane proteins. The thermodynamic details of solubilization have been extensively investigated, but the kinetic aspects remain poorly understood. Here we used a combination of single-vesicle Förster resonance energy transfer (svFRET), fluorescence correlation spectroscopy and quartz-crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring to access the real-time kinetics and elementary solubilization steps of sub-micron sized vesicles, which are inaccessible by conventional diffraction-limited optical methods. Real-time injection of a non-ionic detergent, Triton X, induced biphasic solubilization kinetics of surface-immobilized vesicles labelled with the Dil/DiD FRET pair. The nanoscale sensitivity accessible by svFRET allowed us to unambiguously assign each kinetic step to distortions of the vesicle structure comprising an initial fast vesicle-swelling event followed by slow lipid loss and micellization. We expect the svFRET platform to be applicable beyond the sub-micron sizes studied here and become a unique tool to unravel the complex kinetics of detergent-lipid interactions.

Fast and slow biomembrane solubilizing detergents: Insights into their mechanism of action

Detergents are water-soluble amphiphiles. Above a critical concentration they self-organize in micelles and in the presence of phospholipids mixed micelles are formed. Much information is available on the structure of these self-assemblies and on the thermodynamics of their formation. The aim of this study was to deepen our understanding of the mechanisms of solubilization. Solubilization of lipid vesicles made of egg phosphatidylcholine (PC) by twenty one commercially available, structurally heterogeneous detergents, has been assessed by a decrease in turbidity of the vesicle suspension. Both steady-state and time-resolved measurements have been performed. The results show that the detergents under study fall into one of two categories, namely fast-solubilizing and slow-solubilizing detergents. This categorization is independent of detergent concentration, i.e. a “slow” cannot be converted into a “fast” surfactant by increasing its bulk concentration. 31P-NMR spectra indicate that slow-acting detergents cause either a gradual, monotonic micellization of bilayers (sodium dodecyl sulphate), or formation of more complex, perhaps non-lamellar, non-micellar intermediates (dodecylmaltoside). In contrast, fast detergents (e.g. Triton X-100) cause lysis and reassembly of vesicles before bulk solubilization takes place. These results support the idea that membrane solubilization by detergents is rapid only when surfactant transbilayer (flipping) motion is easy.

Kinetics of gluten protein-insolubilisation during pasta processing: Decoupling between time- and temperature-dependent effects

Durum wheat gluten proteins are essential for pasta quality. Glutenin polymers undergo solubilization mechanisms during pasta processing. This study aims to investigate gluten proteins insolubilisation kinetics during a resting period applied to extruded. The goal is to investigate the contribution of time related recovery of large glutenin polymers and temperature related formation of glutenin cross-linked aggregates in the pasta quality. Extruded pasta were rested for 120 min at 20, 30 or 40 °C prior drying at high temperature (90 °C). Glutenins insolubilisation induced by resting and drying was assessed from the SE-HPLC elution profiles of the SDS-soluble proteins from fresh, rested and dried pasta. Final pasta were characterized for their organoleptic (color, surface roughness) and physical (diameter, cooking time, viscoelasticity index) properties, before and after cooking. Pasta quality is discussed in relation with the gluten network structure and the impact of resting time. Resting of freshly extruded pasta extrusion leads to spontaneous insolubilisations of glutenins by creation of weak interactions. High temperature drying induces a strong drop of solubility of all gluten protein fractions by creation of covalent bonds, impacting equally rested and not rested pasta. Dry and cooked pasta organoleptic and physical properties are not significantly impacted by a resting time.

Halogen bonding for increasing efficiency in liquid-liquid microextraction: Application to the extraction of hexabromocyclododecane enantiomers in river water

Halogen bonding (XB) was here proposed, for the first time, as a solubilization mechanism for increasing efficiency in the liquid-liquid microextraction of halogenated compounds. The approach was illustrated by the extraction of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) enantiomers in natural waters with a supramolecular solvent (SUPRAS) made up of inverted hexagonal aggregates of decanoic acid. The XB and dispersion interactions offered by the SUPRAS were able to extract the six HBCD enantiomers (i.e. (+)-α-, (-)-α- (+)-β-, (-)-β-, (+)-γ- and (-)-γ-) quantitatively (e.g. recoveries in the range 89–106%) and reach concentration factors as high as 720 without the need for solvent evaporation. HBCD enantiomers in the SUPRAS extract were directly analysed by chiral liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LCMS/MS). Quantitation limits of the method (0.09-0.9 ng L−1) were below the quality standard stablished by the European Union for HBCDs in inland surface water samples (1.6 ng L−1), and the precision, expressed as relative standard deviation (n = 6), was below 9% for all the HBCD enantiomers at concentrations within the range 50–500 ng L−1. The method was successfully applied to the enantioselective determination of HBCDs in the dissolved and the particle-bound fractions of river waters containing different concentration of suspended particles (10–57.8 mg L−1) that were spiked at two concentration levels (10 and 100 ng L−1). The results here obtained prove that XB is a valuable mechanism for the solubilisation of halogenated compounds that can effectively increase their recovery from liquid and solid samples.

Enhancing water solubility of N-dodecyl-d-gluconamide surfactant using borax

Abstract The N-dodecyl gluconamide surfactant (C12GA) was synthesized and characterized by infrared and 1H NMR spectroscopy. The solubility, surface activity and rheology in aqueous solution of mixed C12GA and borax were investigated by surface tension measurements, transmission electron microscopy and rheometry. The results show that borax was a good solubilizing agent for C12GA. B(OH)−4 acted as a crosslinking agent to form network structure gels based on complexes with an increase in the borax and C12GA concentrations. The produced gels were temperature sensitive. The solubilization mechanisms of borax on C12GA were also discussed.

Intra-articular leflunomide-loaded poly(ε-caprolactone) implants to treat synovitis in rheumatoid arthritis.

Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune pathology that manifests as chronic inflammatory arthropathy and synovitis. Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis is based on the administration of different types of drugs, including leflunomide, an antirheumatic drug. However, the long-term systemic use of leflunomide may be associated with adverse effects. Local therapy could be an efficient strategy to treat synovitis triggered by rheumatoid arthritis without inducing adverse effects. In this study, leflunomide-loaded poly(ε-caprolactone) implants (leflunomide PCL implants) were evaluated as local drug delivery systems capable of attenuating inflammation and angiogenesis, which represent events of synovitis. Leflunomide PCL implants were designed by hot molding technique; and they were characterized by FTIR and DSC. These analytical techniques demonstrated the chemical integrity and dispersion of drug into the polymeric chains. Then, a spectrophometric method was developed and validated to quantify the leflunomide incorporated into the PCL implants and released from them. Linearity was obtained by ordinary least squares regression method to estimate the linear regression equation. Residues were evaluated considering normality, independence and homoscedasticity. Precision was lower than 5 %, and accuracy ranged from 98 to 104.5 %. Quantitation limit was 2.0 μg mL-1. PCL implants provided controlled and sustained release of leflunomide for 30 consecutive days after inserting these systems in the subcutaneous tissue of mice. The main mechanisms of drug delivery were solubilization and diffusion from polymer. Then, a non-biocompatible sponge was inserted into the subcutaneous tissue of mice to function as a frame to develop the inflammatory and angiogenic processes. Leflunomide PCL implants were inserted in direct contact with the sponge. At 4, 7 and 10 days after-sponge implantation, the key components of inflammatory angiogenesis were measured to verify the regression of these events induced by drug. Leflunomide controlled released from polymeric implants downregulated the neutrophil and monocyte/macrophage infiltration due to the reduced expression of myeloperoxidase (MPO) and N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase (NAG), respectively. As the influx of these pro-inflammatory cells was modulated by leflunomide, the production of nitric oxide (NO), a pro-inflammatory substance, reached low concentrations in the sponge. As a consequence of the modulation of inflammation at the pathological site, the angiogenic process was downregulated, since the hemoglobin levels in the sponge were drastically reduced. The accumulation of leflunomide in the pathological site did not induce nephrotoxicity or hepatototoxicity, as confirmed by histological analyses. Finally, intra-articular leflunomide PCL implants represent a potential therapeutic alternative to treat locally the synovitis triggered by rheumatoid arthritis without inducing systemic adverse effects.

The Amount of Phosphate Solubilization Depends on the Strain, C-Source, Organic Acids and Type of Phosphate

Although production of organic acids (OAs) is usually mentioned as the main mechanism of phosphate solubilization, the relationship between carbon sources (C-sources) and OAs produced during phosphate-solubilization by microorganisms is still poorly understood. We evaluated the influence of different C-sources on FePO4·2H2O and Ca3(PO4)2 solubilization by bacteria and on the identity/quantity of the OAs produced. Our results showed that the amount of phosphate solubilization depends on the strain, C-source, OAs, and type of phosphate. Among the five strains under study isolated from cowpea nodules (Rhizobium tropici strain UFLA 03-08, Acinetobacter sp. strain UFLA 03-09, Paenibacillus kribbensis strain UFLA 03-10, P. kribbensis strain UFLA 03-106, and Paenibacillus sp. strain UFLA 03-116), three of them solubilized Ca3(PO4)2 in all C-sources. The influence of C-sources on Ca3(PO4)2-solubilization increased in the following order: cellulose < lactose < mannitol < glucose. A significant positive correlation between the amount of phosphorus solubilized from Ca3(PO4)2 and the concentration of total OAs in the presence of glucose and mannitol was observed for these three strains. In the presence of glucose, the highest solubilization rates are associated with high concentrations of tartaric acid, and in the presence of mannitol, are associated with maleic acid. Only one strain produced OAs in the medium with lactose and Ca3(PO4)2, but there was no OAs in the medium containing cellulose. Despite the production of OAs, albeit in small concentrations, in all the C-sources investigated, FePO4·2H2O-solubilization was not observed. Thus, a relationship among C-sources, OAs, and phosphate solubilization was not always verified.

Tri-Calcium and Zinc Phosphates Solubilization by Aspergillus niger and Its Relation to Organic Acids Production

In recent years, numerous reports have characterized fungi not only to increase the efficiency of phosphate fertilizers but also to increase the availability of phosphorus from insoluble sources of phosphate. Aspergillus niger, as one of the ubiquitous organic acid-producing soil fungus, was screened for the ability to solubilize different concentrations of tricalcium phosphate (TCP) and zinc phosphate (ZP) ranging from 100 to 400 ppm. A. niger was able to solubilize TCP and ZP with solubilization index ranging from 2.10 to 3.5 and from 2.06 to 2.26, respectively. A drop in pH from 6.5 to 3.0 and 3.2 as one mechanism of phosphorus solubilization was observed in medium inoculated and supplemented with 400 ppm of TCP and ZP, respectively. A. niger released phosphorus from TCP (23.01 ppm) increasing its concentrations up to 400 ppm associated with increasing calcium releasing. Phosphorus releasing increased (42.16 ppm) with increasing ZP up to 200 ppm, and then decreased with increasing ZP up to 400 ppm associated with the releasing of zinc. HPLC results indicate that organic acids were released in high concentration when TCP and ZP were used with different concentrations compared with the control. For example, oxalic, malic, succinic, citric, and fumaric acid concentrations were 3.61, 3.13, 4.93, 3.17, and 2.11 at 100 ppm of TCP; and 3.09, 5.50, 5.08, 3.80, and 2.35 μg/ml at ZP compared with their concentrations 2.46, 1.83, 2.61, 3.16, and 1.37 μg/ml, respectively, in control.

Studies on the mechanism of solubilization of Indian rock phosphate by Aspergillus niger AB100

Studies on the mechanism of solubilization of Indian rock phosphate by Aspergillus niger AB100

On the influence of imidazolium ionic liquids on cellulose derived polymers

The demand for better cellulose solvents has driven the search for new and improved materials to enable the processing of this polysaccharide. Ionic liquids have been debated for a long time as interesting alternatives, but the molecular details on the solubilization mechanism have been a matter of controversy. Herein, for the first time, the structure and dynamics of hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC) liquid crystal solutions were probed in the presence of imidazolium ionic liquids (ILs), conjugating rheological measurements with magnetic resonance spectroscopy. This study provides a characterization of the solutions macroscopic behaviour, where the liquid crystalline (LC) properties were maintained. Using ILs with different side chain lengths, the influence of the hydrophobic IL domain in the solvation abilities of ILs towards a cellulose derived polymer was accessed, providing experimental evidence on these interactions.

Ozonolysis pre-treatment of waste activated sludge for solubilization and biodegradability enhancement

Handling of waste activated sludge (WAS) has been a great problem due to its low biodegradability which is contributed by the biorecalcitrant bacterial cells from the activated sludge process. Moreover, the sludge is poorly soluble which makes it difficult to subject to a further biological treatment downstream. This study investigated the application of ozonolysis pre-treatment for the solubilization and biodegradability enhancement of municipal WAS. Ozonolysis led to sludge solubilization as was shown by a 50% reduction in total suspended solids (TSS). Subsequently, the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) increased by 25%, and sludge biodegradability increased two-folds. The mechanism of sludge solubilization was explained through cell content analysis which revealed biomass cell wall rapture during ozonolysis leading to the release of the cellular contents including humic substances, proteins, phosphates, nitrates and carbohydrates into the supernatant. The soluble proteins decreased by 98% while carbohydrates increased four-fold. Additionally, sulphates in the supernatant increased from 18 mg/L to 45 mg/L while nitrates increased from 0 mg/L to 85 mg/L indicating oxidation of the organic nitrogen and phosphorus which are constituents of the biomass cell protein; this can provide nutrient balance in the downstream biological treatment method. Thermogravimetric (TGA) analysis showed that the weight loss for ozone-treated WAS was 10% while that for the raw WAS was 20% further indicating that ozonolysis had solubilized the volatile and organic components of the treated WAS. Ozonolysis is a promising technology for the pre-treatment of WAS before anaerobic digestion for stabilization and energy recovery.

Phosphate solubilization by Trichoderma koningiopsis (NBRI-PR5) under abiotic stress conditions

Phosphate (P) solubilizing fungi contribute considerably in microbial phosphate mobilization. However, effects of different abiotic stresses on P solubilization mechanisms in Trichoderma are largely unexplored. In the present study we selected a P solubilizing Trichoderma to study the mechanism of P solubilization under alkaline and drought conditions. Among 33 Trichoderma isolates (NBRI-PR1–NBRI-PR33), NBRI-PR5 was selected after screening for stress tolerance, antagonistic activity against phyto-pathogens and P solubilization. The selected strain, Trichoderma koningiopsis (NBRI-PR5) was characterized and identified using ITS and tef1 sequencing (Accession no. JN375992). Results show that NBRI-PR5 uses different mechanisms of P solubilization under in-vitro alkaline and drought conditions. NBRI-PR5 produced organic acids for solubilizing insoluble tri-calcium phosphate (TCP) at high pH stress. In drought conditions NBRI-PR5 accumulated poly-phosphate in its mycelia and produced alkaline phosphatase enzyme for P solubilization. The study concludes that T. koningiopsis employs different mechanisms of P solubilization in different stress conditions and therefore, it can be used in management of stressed soils.

Screening and Evaluation of Various Carbon Sources on the Ability of Trichoderma harzianum InaCC to Solubilize Insoluble Phosphate

ABSTRACT Our previous works revealed that Trichoderma harzianum InaCC (Indonesian Culture Collection) produced volatile organic compounds that inhibited the growth of Fusarium oxysporum. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of T. harzianum InaCC to solubilize insoluble phosphate and optimize the carbon sources condition. Screening was conducted to 10 isolates of T. harzianum on Pikovskaya’s broth in 100-mL conical flasks. The cultures were incubated at 30 ± 1°C for 7 days on a rotary shaker at 80 r/min. All T. harzianum isolates were observed for the solubility of insoluble tricalcium phosphate with the highest ability was performed by T. harzianum InaCC F88. Using this isolate, the optimization of insoluble phosphate solubilization was conducted on modifed Pivoskaya medium in 500-mL conical flasks in similar screening incubation condition with applying of different combination of phopshate sources (tricalcium phosphate and rock phosphate) and carbon sources (dextrose, lactose, and sucrose). When tricalcium phosphate was substituted by rock phosphate, less soluble phosphate was produced. Glucose was the best carbon source used for solubilization of both tricalcium phosphate and rock phosphate, then followed by lactose and sucrose. Acidification of medium was not the major mechanism of phosphate solubilization by T. harzianum. Based on the ability of high phosphate solubilization, T. harzianum InaCC F88 is the most potential strain as a plant growth promoting fungus among the 10 isolates of T. harzianum Ina CC. Key words: biocontrol, Pikovskaya medium, phosphate solubilization, Trichoderma harzianum

Complete genome sequence of Bacillus megaterium JX285 isolated from Camellia oleifera rhizosphere

Bacillus megaterium strain JX285, isolated from rhizosphere red soil sample, can solubilize inorganic phosphorus, which increases the amount of available phosphorus and promotes plant growth. To investigate the mechanisms underlying phosphate solubilization, we sequenced the entire genome of B. megaterium strain JX285 (CGMCC 1.1621), which comprises a circular chromosome of 5,066,463 bp and seven plasmids of 167,030, 128,297, 60,905, 134,795, 9,598, 37,455, and 6332 bp, respectively. The whole genome sequence includes 5948 protein-coding genes, 124 tRNAs, and 29 rRNAs, and has been deposited at Genbank/EMBL/DDBJ with accession numbers CP018874–CP018881. We detected genes associated with organic acid production, which may be vital for phosphate conversion. Furthermore, phosphatase-encoding genes were also detected. The information embedded in the genome will assist in studying the mechanisms of phosphate solubilization. In conclusion, analysis of the JX285 genome will further our knowledge regarding this strain and may contribute to its biotechnological application.

Role of extracellular reactive sulfur metabolites on microbial Se(0) dissolution.

The dissolution of elemental selenium [Se(0)] during chemical weathering is an important step in the global selenium cycle. While microorganisms have been shown to play a key role in selenium dissolution in soils, the mechanisms of microbial selenium solubilization are poorly understood. In this study, we isolated a Bacillus species, designated as strain JG17, that exhibited the ability to dissolve Se(0) under oxic conditions and neutral pH. Growth of JG17 in a defined medium resulted in the production and accumulation of extracellular compounds that mediated Se(0) dissolution. Analysis of the spent medium revealed the presence of extracellular sulfite, sulfide, and thiosulfate. Abiotic Se(0) dissolution experiments with concentrations of sulfite, sulfide, and thiosulfate relevant to our system showed similar extents of selenium solubilization as the spent medium. Together, these results indicate that the solubilization of Se(0) by JG17 occurs via the release of extracellular inorganic sulfur compounds followed by chemical dissolution of Se(0) by the reactive sulfur metabolites. Our findings suggest that the production of reactive sulfur metabolites by soil microorganisms and the formation of soluble selenosulfur complexes can promote selenium mobilization during chemical weathering.

On the Mesoscale Solubility in Liquid Solutions and Mixtures.

We report on a mesoscale solubility reflecting the fact that solubility is achieved not only by the well-known "like likes like" or "like dissolves like" based on molecular solvation but also on mesoscale solubilization of dislike compounds characterized in that the solubility (homogeneous distribution over the whole volume of the system) is achieved on a mesoscale level ranging from tens to hundreds of nanometers. It is shown that mesoscale solubility is a spontaneously occurring, literally everywhere present phenomenon, which was hidden and overlooked for a long time. This paper reveals the physical mechanism of mesoscale solubilization comprising nucleation and aggregation accompanied by the development of significant surface zeta potentials on nanoprecipitates, giving them a long-term stability. We show that mesoscale solubilization is common for aqueous as well as nonaqueous systems. Experiments with organic solvents not capable of self-ionization (self-dissociation) instead of water also shed light on the mechanism of the generation of surface zeta potentials at hydrophobic interfaces. We identified the key parameters enabling the mesoscale solubilization and mapped its occurrence as their function. Mesoscale structures including their formation kinetics, long-term stability, and different types of solubilization procedures were characterized by scattering and ultramicroscopic visualization comprising sizing and counting.

Isolation and characterization of halotolerant phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms from saline soils.

Halotolerant phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms (PSMs) capable of producing plant-growth-promoting traits were grown on salt medium containing Ca3(PO4)2 or egg yolk. The number of colonies on plates with Ca3(PO4)2 was higher than that on plates with egg yolk. Further, a total of 42 PSM isolates were purified. The majority were Bacillus spp., while one Providencia rettgeri strain was confirmed, for the first time, as a PSM. All PSMs had a phosphate-solubilizing index (PSI) between 1.1 and 2.58 and a strong capacity for dissolving calcium phosphate between 2.25 and 442 mg·L-1. In contrast, these PSMs were less effective when dissolving aluminum phosphate, ferric phosphate and lecithin. Isolates were also tested for growth-promoting substances. The results showed that all isolates were able to secrete indole-3-acetic acid in amounts ranging from 2.7 to 31.8 mg·L-1 and exopolysaccharide within the range 74.3 and 225.7 mg·L-1. Only 12 siderophore-producing strains with siderophore units of 1.9-42.1% were detected. Among them, ten isolates with solubilization rates greater than 200 mg·L-1 and relatively high NaCl tolerance (1.5M) were classified as candidate PSMs. Eight different organic acids with different contents were detected in the culture filtrates, and propionic and oxalic acids have been proposed as the main mechanisms for solubilization. The ten isolates have the potential for use as bioinoculants to protect plants in saline environments.

Atmospheric processing of iron in mineral and combustion aerosols: development of an intermediate-complexity mechanism suitable for Earth system models

Abstract. Atmospheric processing of iron in dust and combustion aerosols is simulated using an intermediate-complexity soluble iron mechanism designed for Earth system models. The solubilization mechanism includes both a dependence on aerosol water pH and in-cloud oxalic acid. The simulations of size-resolved total, soluble and fractional iron solubility indicate that this mechanism captures many but not all of the features seen from cruise observations of labile iron. The primary objective was to determine the extent to which our solubility scheme could adequately match observations of fractional iron solubility. We define a semi-quantitative metric as the model mean at points with observations divided by the observational mean (MMO). The model is in reasonable agreement with observations of fractional iron solubility with an MMO of 0.86. Several sensitivity studies are performed to ascertain the degree of complexity needed to match observations; including the oxalic acid enhancement is necessary, while different parameterizations for calculating model oxalate concentrations are less important. The percent change in soluble iron deposition between the reference case (REF) and the simulation with acidic processing alone is 63.8 %, which is consistent with previous studies. Upon deposition to global oceans, global mean combustion iron solubility to total fractional iron solubility is 8.2 %; however, the contribution of fractional iron solubility from combustion sources to ocean basins below 15∘ S is approximately 50 %. We conclude that, in many remote ocean regions, sources of iron from combustion and dust aerosols are equally important. Our estimates of changes in deposition of soluble iron to the ocean since preindustrial climate conditions suggest roughly a doubling due to a combination of higher dust and combustion iron emissions along with more efficient atmospheric processing.

Molecular Identification of Rhizospheric Thermo-halotolerant Aspergillus terreus and its Correlation to Sustainable Agriculture

High phosphate solubility is one of the most important factors for increasing plant growth. This study focused on the zinc phosphate (ZP) solubilizing capacity of thermo-halotolerant Aspergillus terreus, where the growth showed halo zones on Pikovskaya agar medium that appeared at high NaCl concentrations (up to 10%) and a wide range of temperatures (up to 45 °C). Acidification of the broth was assumed to be the major mechanism for ZP solubilization by A. terreus, where the growth was related to the pH decrease in the medium containing ZP. Under pot conditions, A. terreus increased the biomass and phosphorus content of Hordeum vulgare plants. A. terreus showed a phosphorus solubilization ability with a NaCl concentration of up to 10%; therefore, A. terreus can be of great benefit in maintaining the available phosphate levels for crops in saline soils. Finally, it was found that A. terreus with ZP can substitute chemical fertilizer and help improve crop production.