Mechanical Properties Of Components Research Articles

Research on Mechanical Properties of a 3D Concrete Printing Component-Optimized Path by Multimodal Analysis

Three-dimensional concrete printing (3DCP) technology with solid wastes has significant potential for sustainable construction. However, the hardened mechanical properties of components manufactured using 3DCP technology are affected by weak interlayer interfaces, limiting the widespread application of 3DCP technology. To address the inherent limitations of 3DCP technology, conventional improvement strategies, such as external reinforcement and the optimization of material properties, lead to increased production costs, complex fabrication, and decreased automation. This study proposes an innovative spatial path optimization method to enhance the mechanical performance of 3D-printed, cement-based components. The novel S-path design introduces additional printed layers in the weak interlayer regions of the printed samples. This design improves the spatial distribution of fiber-reinforced filaments in continuous weak zones, thus enhancing the functional efficiency of fibers. This approach improves the mechanical performance of the printed samples, achieving compressive strengths close to those of cast samples and only a 20% reduction in average flexural strength. Compared to using a conventional printing path, the average compressive strength and flexural strength are improved by 30% and 55%, respectively, when the S-path layout is employed in 3DCP. Additionally, this method significantly reduces the anisotropy in compressive and flexural strengths to 26% and 28% of samples using conventional printing paths, respectively. Therefore, the proposed method can improve the mechanical properties and stability of the material, reducing the safety risks of printed structures.

A deep transfer learning model for online monitoring of surface roughness in milling with variable parameters

Surface roughness is crucial for the functional and aesthetic properties of mechanical components and must be carefully controlled during machining. However, predicting it under varying machining parameters is challenging due to limited experimental data and fluctuating factors like tool wear and vibration. This study develops a deep transfer learning model that incorporates the correlation alignment method and tool wear to enhance model generalization and reduce data acquisition costs. It utilizes multi-sensor data and the ResNet18 with a convolutional block attention module (CBAM-ResNet) to extract features with improved generalization and accuracy for monitoring milled surface roughness under varying conditions. The performance of the model is evaluated from different perspectives. First, the proposed model achieves high accuracy with fewer than 500 experimental samples from the target domain by using the CORAL module in the CBAM-ResNet model. This demonstrates the model's strong generalization capability by minimizing second-order statistical discrepancies between different datasets. Second, ablation experiments reveal a significant reduction in test error when incorporating CORAL and tool wear, highlighting their contributions to improved model generalization. Integrating tool wear information significantly reduces test errors across various transfer conditions, as it reflects changes in cutting force, vibration, and built-up edge formation. Third, comparisons with existing deep transfer models further emphasize the advantages of the proposed approach in improving model generalization. In summary, the proposed surface roughness model, which incorporates tool wear and multi-sensor signal features as inputs and employs feature transfer and CBAM-ResNet, demonstrates superior generalization and accuracy across various machining parameters.

Analysis of mechanical properties of components produced by additive manufacturing

Analysis of mechanical properties of components produced by additive manufacturing

Towards a Direct Consideration of Microstructure Deformation during Dynamic Recrystallisation Simulations with the Use of Coupled Random Cellular Automata-Finite Element Model.

Dynamic recrystallisation (DRX) is one of the fundamental phenomena in materials science, significantly impacting the microstructure and mechanical properties of components subjected to large plastic deformations. Experimental research on that topic carried out for a wide range of new metallic materials is often supported by computational materials science. A direct consideration and detailed understanding of this phenomenon are possible with a class of full-field numerical models based on the cellular automata (CA) method. However, the classical CA approach is based on a regular, fixed computational space and has limitations in capturing large deformations of the computational domain. Therefore, the main goal of the work is to develop and implement an alternative solution to overcome this limitation. The proposed solution is based on coupling the finite element (FE) method with the random cellular automata (RCA) approach. Such a model can directly consider the influence of geometrical changes in microstructure during large plastic deformation on recrystallisation progress. Details of the developed RCA DRX model assumptions and coupling issues with FE mesh are discussed. Particular attention is also paid to increasing model efficiency and robustness studies.

Ultrasonic vibration assisted directed energy deposition of titanium alloy: Microstructure control, strengthening mechanisms and fatigue crack behavior

Large-scale titanium alloy structural components fabricated using direct energy deposition (DED) technology have broad application prospects. However, the columnar grain structures and inhomogeneous microstructure due to the inherent characteristics of additive manufacturing seriously affects the mechanical properties of components. In this study, high-intensity ultrasound vibration was introduced into the wire-arc DED deposition of TC4-DT titanium alloy. The results showed that ultrasonic vibration assistance (UVA) significantly improves the grain structure (refine prior-β grain size and weaken α texture) of the as-deposited component, without introducing additional porosity. Compared to conventional wire-arc DED deposited components, the yield strength and tensile strength of UVA alloys increased by 22.23 % and 15.06 %, respectively. Furthermore, the difference in α grain structure caused by UVA results in different fatigue crack growth behaviors. The disorder orientation of the α laths enhanced the fatigue crack initiation resistance of the wire-arc DED component with UVA. This study shows the excellent mechanical properties of UVA DED fabricated TC4-DT alloy, paving the way for the design, fabrication, and application of large structural components of titanium alloys.

Influence of material in sheet-bulk metal forming from coil

AbstractSheet-bulk metal forming (SBMF) represents an innovative approach for the efficient manufacturing of functional integrated parts from sheet metal by applying bulk forming processes to sheet metal. It combines the advantages of part weight optimization and process chain shortening. In view of the increasing demand for functionally integrated components, the forming from coil offers an economical possibility to produce high output rates. Nevertheless, an underfilling of functional elements as well as an asymmetric part forming are current challenges. In order to apply SBMF from coil in industrial contexts, it is necessary to understand the causes of these process limits and to develop measures for improving the forming of functional elements and thereby push existing forming limits. In this paper, both a lateral and a backward extrusion process from coil for the forming of internal and external geared SBMF parts are investigated to develop a fundamental process understanding. In a combined numerical-experimental approach, the influence of the flow behavior of different materials as well as the impact of the main material flow direction of the process on the dimensional part accuracy is analyzed. This enables the evaluation of fundamental material-related dependencies and influences regarding the geometrical part accuracy, the mechanical component properties and the tool load for forming of the conventional deep-drawing steel DC04 (t0 = 2 mm), a high-strength steel material (HC260LA) and an aluminum alloy (AA6082 T6). Based on these findings, measures for material flow control are identified and investigated to counteract the challenges of SBMF from coil. These findings permit the identification of potential transferability of the identified cause-effect mechanisms to different processes, component geometries and materials. Thereby, in particular, an increase in coil width as well as lower a strain hardening behavior of the material offers the possibility to improve the geometrical accuracy of the components.

Research on Axial Compression Test and Finite Element Analysis of Sea Sand Concrete Filled CFRP-Steel-CFRP Composite Circular Tubular Stub Column

In order to study axial pressure performance of sea sand concrete filled CFRP-steel-CFRP composite circular tubular stub column, the finite element model of composite constrained short column was established by using ABAQUS, based on experimental research. The accuracy of the finite element model was validated by comparing the finite element with the experimental data. Furthermore, the influence of the number of CFRP layers, the tensile strength of CFRP and the thickness of steel tube on the mechanical properties of components was explored. Finally, the applicability of the existing algorithms for bearing capacity was discussed and a simplified calculation formula was proposed. The results indicate that the structural parameters are directly proportional to the bearing capacity of the components, and the increase of CFRP layers is the most significant. With the increase of CFRP layers, the stiffness of the linear strengthening section of load-displacement curve can also be significantly improved. The existing relevant bearing capacity algorithms are relatively conservative for the combined structure, and the simplified calculation formula presented in this paper has little deviation from the experimental value.

Unveiling the layer-wise dynamics of defect evolution in laser powder bed fusion: Insights for in-situ monitoring and control

Lack of fusion (LOF) defects can significantly affect the mechanical properties of components manufactured by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF). The layer-wise evolution of LOF defects is complex and not yet thoroughly understood. This work explores the spatiotemporal variations of LOF defects under various conditions using in-situ monitoring, ex-situ surface topography and μ-CT porosity characterization, and high-fidelity multi-physics numerical simulation. The results show that LOF defects could exhibit typical self-healing characteristics for over five printing layers. The specific self-healing behaviors depend on the initial sizes of the defects and the LPBF process conditions. The evolution of LOF defects can be detected by in-situ monitoring using light intensity. However, the in-situ monitoring may miss detecting LOF defects buried below the healed layers, which were alternatively observed via μ-CT. For the defective area with a depth of 150 μm, the relative density increased from 61.7 % to 95.7 % for the first to the fifth printing layer. The optimization of process parameters demonstrated that the application of a 45° scanning angle could significantly enhance surface flatness and repair internal pores to a minimum of 36.0 μm. The findings highlight the ability of in-situ monitoring in detecting LOF defects and the potential of the controlled printing process to accelerate defect repair. These outcomes offer valuable insights for the industrial applications of in-situ monitoring and control during LPBF.

Optimization of an Aerospace Bracket by Additive Manufacturing with Continuous Fiber Reinforced Plastics

Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM), one of the most widely used methods of Additive Manufacturing Technique known as 3D Printing, is a popular technique used to produce different engineering components using common engineering fibre. Carbon fibre filament. This study presents an experimental study examining the effect of printing parameters on the mechanical properties of components produced with Carbon fibre filaments. The effects of the printing parameters determined as infill pattern, infill density and nozzle temperature on the mechanical strength parameter determined as tensile strength and flexural strength of Carbon fibre samples produced in standard sizes were investigated experimentally. The experimental design was carried out in accordance with the Taguchi L9 orthogonal array, and the relationship between the printing parameters and the mechanical strength parameters was modelled mathematically. The predicted strength values calculated using mathematical models were compared with the experimental test results. The results showed that the tensile strength and flexural strength values were directly proportional to the infill density. Experiments have shown that the most effective 3D printing parameter on the mechanical strength parameters is the infill density parameter with a contribution ratio of 62.09% for tensile strength and 72.83% for flexural strength. As a result of the RSM optimization, it was determined that the infill density 60%, the nozzle temperature value 265 C° and the infill pattern type lines to maximize the flexural strength and tensile strength values. Key Words: Sustainable Material, 3D Printing Parameters, Mechanical Strength Optimization, Response Surface Methodology.

Broadband optical spectral shift analysis of dielectric coatings.

High-energy laser facilities require high reflection multilayer coatings on meter-scale substrates. Due to stringent use specifications, a precise control of deposition parameters is necessary to tailor the optical and mechanical properties of components. The resulting coatings are sensitive to relative humidity variations, leading to a shift of their optical spectra called spectral shift. This spectral shift is generally observed on a narrow range, near the operating wavelength. Here we extend the concept of spectral shift to a broader spectral range. This analysis serves as a tool to study the behavior of a multilayer coating spectrum with relative humidity. To validate the spectral shift determination method, we compared the spectral shift of single layers induced by the relative humidity with simulated optical properties induced by either thickness or refractive index variations. In addition to the validation of the approach, the fitting results and the comparison between spectral shift shapes show that relative humidity variations mainly impact the refractive index of the layers and SiO2 is more sensitive than HfO2.

Continuity breakageof cableinorthotropic stay rope of rectangular cross-section

Purpose. Construction of an algorithm for determining a stress-strain state of a multi-layer stay rope of a rectangular cross-section with a broken reinforcing fiber. Methods. Analytical solution of an interaction model of parallel fibers connected by elastic material of a stay rope of rectangular cross-section in the event of reinforcing element breakage using methods of mechanics of layered composite materials with soft and hard layers. Findings. An analytical algorithm for determining a stress-strain state of a composite stay rope of rectangular cross-section with a damaged reinforcing fiber is constructed.An analytical method for determining a stress-strain state of a rope with a comprehensive consideration of structure, mechanical properties of components, layout of reinforcing fibers in a cross-section, in a presence of a broken fiber, is developed in a closed form.It is established that load unevenness on fibers is practically independent of the ratio of an amount of fibers and layers in a rope and their total amount, and the ratio of fiber placement spacing in layers and spacing of layers in case of fiber breakage in a stay rope cross-section. Scientific novelty. It is established that load unevenness on fiber does not depend on a ratio of an amount of fibers and amount of layers in a stay rope. Practical significance. The developed algorithm makes it possible to determine the share of tractive capacity loss of a stay rope of rectangular cross-section due to breakage of a reinforcing element. The known value of lost strength makes it possible to establish acceptable conditions for use of a rope of rectangular cross-section. It is advisable to give a rope a shape with less resistance to air pressure by reducing the amount of layers compared to the amount of fibers in layers. Damage to a corner element of cable reinforcement is more dangerous, it leads to a load increase of almost 30 % in the most loaded fiber, while the specified parameter is less than 20 % in case of a breakage of the central fiber.

An integrated computation framework for predicting mechanical performance of single-phase alloys manufactured using laser powder bed fusion: A case study of CoCrFeMnNi high-entropy alloy

Establishing a process-structure-property (PSP) relationship is crucial for understanding and optimizing the mechanical properties of components via laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) additive manufacturing (AM). However, the parameters pertinent to the PSP relationship are encapsulated in a “black box” with a high dimension, resulting in relying on trial-and-error approaches to elucidate hidden associations becoming impracticable, while the acquisition of microscopic data proves financially burdensome. Thus this paper presents an integrated computation framework based on machine learning (ML) for predicting the tensile yield strengths and post-yield hardening rates of single-phase alloys fabricated through L-PBF, for efficient process optimization purposes. Research herein focuses on single-phase alloys to be built via L-PBF, taking CoCrFeMnNi high-entropy alloy as a study case, and provide an efficient integrated computation solution. The methodology proposed in this paper generates as-built microstructures associated with the varying L-PBF process parameters via cellular automata (CA). Subsequently, the mechanical responses of these microstructures are estimated by employing crystal plasticity finite element (CPFE) simulations. In addition, the approach raised in the paper leverages particle-level microstructure descriptors instead of average feature descriptors for the entire representative volume element (RVE) structure in an ML framework to predict the characteristics of the newly randomly growing grains. This research demonstrate the practicality and instructiveness of the methodology for modeling realistic grains. Then, trained ML model exhibits promising accuracy for the prediction of mechanical properties. This work showcases an integrated computation framework combining advanced materials science and ML techniques for enhancing understanding of the L-PBF process and offering valuable insights into process optimization for L-PBF-built diverse materials.

Effect of Geometrical Parameters on the Mechanical Performance of Bamboo-Inspired Gradient Hollow-Strut Octet Lattice Structure Fabricated by Additive Manufacturing.

Hollow-strut metal lattice structures are currently attracting extensive attention due to their excellent mechanical performance. Inspired by the node structure of bamboo, this study aimed to investigate the mechanical performance of the gradient hollow-strut octet lattice structure fabricated by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF). The effect of geometrical parameters on the yield strength, Young's modulus and energy absorption of the designed octet unit cells were studied and optimized by FEA analysis. The hollow-strut geometrical parameters that deliver the best mechanical property combinations were identified, and the corresponding unit cells were then redesigned into the 3 × 3 × 3 type lattice structures for experimental evaluations. Compression tests confirmed that the designed gradient hollow-strut octet lattice structures demonstrated superior mechanical properties and deformation stability than their solid-strut lattice structure counterparts. The underlying deformation mechanism analysis revealed that the remarkably enhanced bending strength of the gradient hollow-strut lattice structure made significant contributions to its mechanical performance improvement. This study is envisaged to shed light on future hollow-strut metal lattice structure design for lightweight applications, with the final aim of enhancing the component's mechanical properties and/or lowering its density as compared with the solid-strut lattice structures.

Dry synthesis of bi-layer nanoporous metal films as plasmonic metamaterial

Abstract Nanoporous metals are a class of nanostructured materials finding extensive applications in multiple fields thanks to their unique properties attributed to their high surface area and interconnected nanoscale ligaments. They can be prepared following different strategies, but the deposition of an arbitrary pure porous metal is still challenging. Recently, a dry synthesis of nanoporous films based on the plasma treatment of metal thin layers deposited by physical vapour deposition has been demonstrated, as a general route to form pure nanoporous films from a large set of metals. An interesting aspect related to this approach is the possibility to apply the same methodology to deposit the porous films as a multilayer. In this way, it is possible to explore the properties of different porous metals in close contact. As demonstrated in this paper, interesting plasmonic properties emerge in a nanoporous Au–Ag bi-layer. The versatility of the method coupled with the possibility to include many different metals, provides an opportunity to tailor their optical resonances and to exploit the chemical and mechanical properties of components, which is of great interest to applications ranging from sensing, to photochemistry and photocatalysis.

Experimental study on mechanical properties of FDM 3D printed polylactic acid fabricated parts using response surface methodology

The purpose of this study is to examine the mechanical properties of components produced through the Response Surface Methodology for polylactic acid, utilizing the Fused Deposition Modeling 3D printing technique. Polylactic acid is a commonly employed biodegradable polymer, making it a desirable substance for diverse applications. This study involves carrying out experiments to vary process printing parameters like layer height or thickness, part orientation, and infill density. The values of these parameters were obtained using a Response Surface Methodology Box–Behnken experimental design. The mechanical performance of the 3D Printed polylactic acid fabricated was assessed by evaluating their flexural and tensile strength. The test samples for measuring tensile and flexural strength are fabricated according to American Society for Testing and Material standards. The findings suggest that higher strength is achieved when using increased layer height and infill levels. The experimental results indicated that specimens with a filling ratio of 80% exhibited greater tensile strength, while the flexural strength of samples with 50% infill was observed to be higher. Regression analyses and multi-optimization techniques were employed to predict the experimental results. This study provides valuable insights that can significantly impact various industries. Our research on the complex interactions between process variables and mechanical properties has major implications for improving high-strength component manufacturing. As demand for dependable and efficient 3D-printed materials rises, our discoveries improve material design and manufacturing methods, making a significant contribution to the field.

A comparative study on Al-Mg-Sc-Zr alloy fabricated by wire arc additive manufacturing with controlling interlayer temperature and continuous printing: Porosity, microstructure, and mechanical properties

Wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) technique is a promising approach to producing large-scale metal components due to high deposition efficiency and low production cost. However, fundamental research about WAAM-processed Al-Mg-Sc-Zr alloy was still fewer. In this study, Al-6.54Mg-0.36Sc-0.11Zr (wt%) components were successfully manufactured by WAAM with an interlayer temperature at 100 °C (named IW) and continuous printing (named CP), and the corresponding porosity, microstructure, and mechanical properties of components were studied in detail. The porosity of components as-deposited was relatively low, about 0.385% and 0.116%, respectively. The microstructures of the two components exhibited the same distribution characteristics in XZ and YZ planes: fine equiaxed grains (FEG) at remelted zone + FEG and coarse equiaxed grain (CEG) alternative distribution at middle zone + FEG at the top zone of the molten pool. The average grain size of component IW was about 10.51 ± 6.01 μm, and that of component CP significantly increased, to about 11.85 ± 5.86 μm. The short-circuit transition mode of cold metal transfer technology and the heterogeneous nucleation effect of primary Al3(Sc, Zr) and Al3(Sc, Zr, Ti) phases together promoted the formation of equiaxed grains and refined the microstructures. After heat treatment at 325 °C and 6 h, nano-Al3Sc precipitated with a size of about 15–50 nm. The yield strength (YS) of components IW and CP increased from 171 ± 3 to 261 ± 1 MPa and 168 ± 7 to 240 ± 17 MPa, respectively. Component IW had the highest ultimate tensile strength, about 400 ± 1 MPa. For WAAM-processed Al-Mg-Sc-Zr alloys, the contribution of the strengthening mechanism to YS was solid solution strengthening > precipitation strengthening > fine grain strengthening > dislocation strengthening.

Effect of fused deposition modeling process parameter in influence of mechanical property of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene polymer

The objective of this study is to investigate how the mechanical properties of components produced using acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) on a Creality Ender-3 3D printer are affected by various fused deposition modeling (FDM) printing parameters. The impact of various factors, including infill density, printing speed, platform temperature, extruder temperature, and so on, was assessed in terms of their influence on the ultimate tensile strength, yield strength, and elastic modulus of the manufactured components. The impact of each parameter was assessed using a Multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) methodology. Finally, the second set of parameters, including a 35% infill thickness, 0.25 mm layer level, 40 mm/s printing speed, 75 °C platform temperature, 210 °C extruder temperature, and 75 mm/s travel speed, was discovered to be the most suitable for ABS filament used to make impellers.

Effect of vitamin E–enhanced highly cross-linked polyethylene on wear rate and particle debris in anatomic total shoulder arthroplasty: a biomechanical comparison to ultrahigh-molecular-weight polyethylene

Particle-induced osteolysis resulting from polyethylene wear remains a source of implant failure in anatomic total shoulder designs. Modern polyethylene components are irradiated in an oxygen-free environment to induce cross-linking, but reducing the resulting free radicals with melting or heat annealing can compromise the component's mechanical properties. Vitamin E has been introduced as an adjuvant to thermal treatments. Anatomic shoulder arthroplasty models with a ceramic head component have demonstrated that vitamin E-enhanced polyethylene show improved wear compared with highly cross-linked polyethylene (HXLPE). This study aimed to assess the biomechanical wear properties and particle size characteristics of a novel vitamin E-enhanced highly cross-linked polyethylene (VEXPE) glenoid compared to a conventional ultrahigh-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) glenoid against a cobalt chromium molybdenum (CoCrMo) head component. Biomechanical wear testing was performed to compare the VEXPE glenoid to UHMWPE glenoid with regard to pristine polyethylene wear and abrasive endurance against a polished CoCrMo alloy humeral head in an anatomic shoulder wear-simulation model. Cumulative mass loss (milligrams) was recorded, and wear rate calculated (milligrams per megacycle [Mc]). Under pristine wear conditions, particle analysis was performed, and functional biologic activity (FBA) was calculated to estimate particle debris osteolytic potential. In addition, 95% confidence intervals for all testing conditions were calculated. The average pristine wear rate was statistically significantly lower for the VEXPE glenoid compared with the HXLPE glenoid (0.81 ± 0.64 mg/Mc vs. 7.00 ± 0.45 mg/Mc) (P<.05). Under abrasive wear conditions, the VEXPE glenoid had a statistically significant lower average wear rate compared with the UHMWPE glenoid comparator device (18.93 ± 5.80 mg/Mc vs. 40.47 ± 2.63 mg/Mc) (P<.05). The VEXPE glenoid demonstrated a statistically significant improvement in FBA compared with the HXLPE glenoid (0.21 ± 0.21 vs. 1.54 ± 0.49 (P<.05). A newanatomic glenoid component with VEXPE demonstrated significantly improved pristine and abrasive wear properties with lower osteolytic particle debris potential compared with a conventional UHMWPE glenoid component. Vitamin E-enhanced polyethylene shows early promise in shoulder arthroplasty components. Long-term clinical and radiographic investigation needs to be performed to verify if these biomechanical wear properties translate to diminished long-term wear, osteolysis, and loosening.

Molecular dynamics simulation of mechanical strengthening properties of SiC substrate covered with multilayer graphene

A large number of practices have shown that under the coupling influence of complex working conditions and frequent reciprocating contact, the surfaces of semiconductor devices in micro/nano electromechanical systems often produce adhesive wear, which is the essential reason resulting in short durability service life and declining contact mechanical properties for microelectronics semiconductor devices. However, graphene can significantly improve the interface properties of mechanical components and electronic components due to its excellent mechanical properties, such as high carrier concentration, good thermal conductivity, and low shear. Thus, the study of mechanical strengthening properties and plastic deformation of SiC material with covered multi-layer graphene in MEMS devices will play a significant role in improving the durability service life of MEMS device, and understanding its strengthening and toughening mechanism. Therefore, this paper studies and discusses the effects of stacking type and extreme service temperature with low and high levels on the contact mechanical properties (maximum load, hardness, Young modulus, contact stiffness), micro-structure evolution, contact mass, fold morphology, and total length of dislocation. The atomic-scale mechanism of enhanced mechanical properties of SiC material with multi-layer graphene is explained. The research shows that the damage to carbon-carbon bond at the maximum indentation depth will lead graphene to lose the excellent in-plane elastic deformation capability when the graphene stacking type is AB stacking, so that the maximum load-bearing capacity of the substrate covered by three layers of graphene will drop linearly. In addition, the mechanical property of SiC material coated with three graphene layers is twice that of pure SiC substrate, and the strengthening mechanism is mainly due to the increase of wrinkle caused by the increase of multilayer graphene loading, which causes the quality of contact between the SiC substrate and the virtual indenter to decrease, thus increasing the interface contact stiffness. The increase of the active temperature will trigger off the increase of the atomic vibration frequency, which will cause the number of interface contact atoms to increase greatly, and the interface contact stiffness will weaken, and finally lead the interface contact quality to improve, This is because the mechanical properties of SiC substrate coated with multilayer graphene will decrease approximately linearly with the extreme service from low temperature to high temperature. In addition, the stress concentration in the subsurface layer of SiC substrate can induce the evolution of its micro-structure, and the increase of the number of graphene layers on the substrate can effectively reduce the stress concentration distribution in the subsurface layer of the substrate.

Design of multi-arc collaborative additive manufacturing system and forming performance research

In view of the key issue of high-quality wire-arc-additive-manufacturing (WAAM) of large metal components, this paper has devised a suite of multi-arc collaborative additive manufacturing equipment endowed with functionalities for controlling arc behavior, managing melt pool dimensions, conducting 3D measurements, and executing subtractive machining. In the initial phase, a cutting-edge five-arc additive manufacturing head apparatus was meticulously engineered. This apparatus ingeniously blends two single-wire torches augmented by three-wire oscillating torches, synergizing deposition metal performance and forming effective. Subsequently, extensive research was carried out to explore a master-slave control-based method for orchestrating the synchronized movements of multiple robotic entities. This diligent investigation culminated in the seamless integration of a multi-arc collaborative additive manufacturing equipment, comprising five-arc high-efficiency additive units, a 3D measurement module, and a precision-driven subtractive machining unit. The influence of different horizontal distances between arc guns on the temperature field and mechanical properties of components was investigated through process experiments. The research results indicate that as the horizontal spacing between the arc guns increases, the cooling rate of the deposited metal gradually slows down, leading to an extended period of elevated temperatures. As a result, both tensile strength and yield strength gradually decrease, while elongation and impact absorption capacity first increase and then decrease. In the end, the developed equipment was utilized to fabricate large ship propeller bracket components, achieving a remarkable 4.7 times increase in manufacturing efficiency compared to single-arc additive manufacturing.