Mechanical Homogenization Research Articles

Development and Characterization of Bioplastics from Straw and Rice Husk for: Effect of Addition of Glycerin, CMC, and TiO2

The development of environmentally friendly materials is crucial to mitigate the environmental impact of conventional plastics. This study focuses on developing bioplastics using rice straw and rice husks, combined with glycerine, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), and titanium dioxide (TiO₂). Glycerine acts as a plasticizer to enhance flexibility, CMC functions as a matrix binder, and TiO₂ serves as a reinforcing agent to improve mechanical strength. Bioplastics were produced using the casting method with specific proportions of these materials. Characterization tests included scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for morphology, biodegradability tests, water absorption analysis, and tensile strength measurements. Results revealed that the combination of rice straw and rice husks produced bioplastics with varied morphologies. TiO₂ enhanced mechanical strength and material homogeneity, though its distribution requires further optimization. Glycerine significantly increased flexibility, while CMC improved matrix cohesion. The novelty of this research lies in the integration of agro-industrial waste—rice straw and rice husks—with TiO₂, glycerine, and CMC, creating bioplastics that balance biodegradability, mechanical properties, and flexibility. This innovative approach demonstrates the potential of utilizing agricultural byproducts to produce sustainable alternatives to conventional plastics, offering customizable properties for diverse applications.

First-Principles-Based Structural and Mechanical Properties of Al3Ni Under High Pressure

The structural, elastic, and thermal characteristics within the 0–30 GPa pressure range of Al3Ni intermetallic compounds were extensively studied using first-principles computational techniques. Using structural optimization, lattice parameters and the variation in volume variation under diverse pressures were determined, and the trends in their structural alteration with pressure were identified. The computed elastic constants validate the mechanical stability of Al3Ni within the applied pressure range and show that its compressive stiffness and shear resistance increase rapidly with increasing pressure. The Cauchy pressure variation implies that the metallic nature of Al3Ni increases gradually with increasing pressure. Moreover, through analysis of Poisson’s ratio, the anisotropy factor, and the sound velocity, we ascertained that pressure attenuates the anisotropic attributes of the material, and Al3Ni exhibits more pronounced isotropic characteristics and mechanical homogeneity under high-pressure conditions. The substantial increase in the Debye temperature further suggests that high pressure fortifies the lattice dynamic rigidity of the material. This current research systematically elucidated the stability of Al3Ni under high-pressure conditions and the law of the transformation of it mechanical behavior, providing a theoretical foundation for its application under extreme circumstances.

Development and validation of ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry methods for the quantitative analysis of the antiparasitic drug DNDI-6148 in human plasma and various mouse biomatrices

DNDI-6148 is a promising new oral drug for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), a parasitic neglected tropical disease that affects impoverished populations worldwide. Preclinical target site pharmacokinetics (PK) studies are necessary to evaluate the actual exposure to DNDI-6148 of Leishmania parasites in the skin. To facilitate these investigations, we have developed and validated a reversed phase ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method to quantify DNDI-6148 in relevant target site PK samples, adhering to the relevant International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) M10 guideline on bioanalytical method validation. Full validation was performed for the surrogate biomatrices human K2EDTA plasma, enzymatic digestion buffer and skin microdialysate. Partial validation was conducted for mouse K2EDTA plasma and tissues. The tissue samples, including mouse skin, liver and spleen, were homogenized using a collagenase A-based enzymatic homogenization workflow. This method was found to be 2.9-fold more effective in extracting DNDI-6148 from skin than the commonly used mechanical homogenization. Protein precipitation was subsequently carried out for all biomatrices. A surrogate biomatrix was used for each method and the range was specifically developed for its intended application, resulting in a linear concentration range of 5.00–2000 ng/mL, 2.00–1000 ng/mL, and 3.00–600 ng/mL for human K2EDTA plasma, enzymatic digestion buffer and microdialysate, respectively. Each biomatrix had intra- and inter-run accuracy and precision within 15 % for all concentration levels. Matrix effects did not affect the determination of DNDI-6148, since the stable isotopically-labelled internal standard for DNDI-6148 effectively compensated for these matrix effects. Total recovery across all methods was between 73.5 % and 81.3 % (CV ≤4.5 %). DNDI-6148 was stable under various conditions in all the tested biomatrices. However, a decrease in its concentration was observed during homogenization, for which the internal standard corrected adequately. The suitability of the method for use in future preclinical research involving DNDI-6148 was demonstrated in a preclinical target site PK study using a CL-infected murine model.

Green synthesis of polyphenol-grafted lignin nanoparticles and their application as sustainable anti-acne, antioxidant, and UV-blocking agents

Acne is a persistent infectious skin condition primarily caused by Propionibacterium acne that affects 80 % of teenagers. The rise of antibiotic resistance in P. acnes has led to an increasing interest in exploring alternative antimicrobial agents. This study explored the effects of natural polyphenol (gallic and tannic acid)-grafted lignin nanoparticles on P. acnes and other pathogens causing skin infections. The process involved functionalizing lignin by grafting with gallic acid and tannic acid using laccase, followed by mechanical homogenization to synthesize lignin-gallic acid (LGAL-NPs) and lignin-tannic acid (LTAL-NPs) nanoparticles. LGAL-NPs and LTAL-NPs exhibited average low polydisperse particles of less than 60 nm and increased total phenolic content. Testing against P. acnes, S. aureus, and S. epidermidis showed that the nanoparticles had an MIC of 0.625 mg/mL. The effectiveness of LGAL-NPs and LTAL-NPs against acne-causing bacteria was attributed to their high phenolic content and nanosize. Furthermore, studies on the mechanism of action have revealed the interaction of LGAL-NPs with bacterial surfaces, destabilization of membranes, increase in ROS levels, and reduction of metabolic activity. Molecular docking results indicated that these nanoparticles effectively inhibited bacterial growth and compromised their pathogenic abilities by targeting and disrupting key virulence factors. Additionally, these nanoparticles exhibited antioxidant and UV-protecting properties, making them potentially useful in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries for developing skincare products. Their natural, low toxicity, cost-effective nature, and eco-friendly attributes make them a sustainable option for skincare applications.

Isolation of Multiple Cell Types from a Mouse Brain by Mechanical Homogenization

Isolation of Multiple Cell Types from a Mouse Brain by Mechanical Homogenization

Comparative Study of Mechanical and Biological Pretreatment for Releasing Spores of Black Truffle Tuber aestivum

It is well known that the number of true truffles in the wild is decreasing. The aim of the study was to develop an effective, simple and affordable method of asci disruption to release black truffle spores. It was shown that the spore release can be achieved by different ways, such as mechanical or biological destruction. Mechanical homogenization of fruiting bodies using an immersion blender in tandem with a ball mill was shown to be effective and led to destruction of at least 85% of asci and release of spores. Also, the first approach we applied was the biological method of spore activation performed by African and grape snails. As a result of digestion of truffle fruiting bodies, the spores not only lost their protective shells, but also changed their morphology, which promoted their germination in vitro. The spores obtained using these two methods are capable of forming mycelial hyphae on nutrient media. The results of our study can be used to prepare inoculum of Tuber spp. and to obtain their pure cultures in agriculture.

Synthesis and characterization of nanocomposites PVA/CMC/NFC as a barrier film paper packaging

Abstract The renewable discovery resulting from the synthesis of nanocomposites using nano fibrillated cellulose (NFC) as a nanofiller and poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) as a matrix with the addition of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) additives demonstrates good potential for food packaging applications. NFC was synthesized through a mechanical homogenization method from microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) and was effectively characterized by its physical properties, including density and particle size. Subsequently, PVA/CMC/NFC nanocomposites were created using a mechanical homogenization method with various CMC concentrations (0, 0.5, 1, and 2%) and a 90:10 ratio of PVA/CMC to NFC. The resulting nanocomposites were also characterized for their physical properties. It was found that adding CMC 2% increased the density of the solution. Then, these nanocomposites were used to apply as a coating paper. Micro photo characterization was carried out on the nanocomposite to examine the nanocomposite’s morphology on the paper and evaluate the nanocomposite’s performance as a coating paper. The results indicate that the nanocomposite has an uneven particle size distribution and demonstrates agglomeration with increased CMC concentration. This is due to hydrogen bonding interactions among PVA, CMC, and NFC, the adhesion properties to the paper, and the ratio between PVA, CMC, and NFC in solution.

Formulation and Stability Evaluation of Topical Creams Containing Arbutin and Magnesium Ascorbyl Phosphate: Effects of Croda Wax Concentration on Physical Characteristics

Background: Arbutin and magnesium ascorbyl phosphate are widely recognized for their exceptional antioxidant properties, making them valuable ingredients in treating various skin disorders. These compounds are frequently incorporated into skincare products aimed at improving skin health, reducing hyperpigmentation, and providing anti-aging benefits. Objective: The study aimed to develop and evaluate the stability of topical creams containing arbutin and magnesium ascorbyl phosphate, using varying concentrations of Croda Wax as an emulsifying agent, to determine their efficacy and suitability for dermatological applications. Methods: Three formulations of skin lightening cream were prepared, each with different Croda Wax concentrations (2%, 2.5%, and 2.9%). The formulations underwent a water-in-oil emulsion process using a mechanical homogenizer. Physical characteristics such as color, odor, texture, and stability were assessed over 28 days. Stability was further evaluated through phase separation tests at centrifugation speeds of 4000, 4500, and 5000 rpm, and by observing changes under various temperatures and humidity conditions. Results: All formulations exhibited stability with no phase separation. The 2% Croda Wax formulation showed the most favorable results, maintaining a white color with minimal changes over 60 days. pH values ranged from 5.85 to 6.31, indicating stability suitable for skin applications. Conclusion: The formulated creams with arbutin and magnesium ascorbyl phosphate demonstrated excellent physical stability, making them suitable for addressing skin conditions such as hyperpigmentation and inflammation.

The impact of extraction method and pollen concentration on community composition for pollen metabarcoding

AbstractPremisePlants and pollinators closely interact with each other to form complex networks of species interactions. Metabarcoding of pollen collections has recently been proposed as an advantageous method for the construction of such networks, but the extent to which diversity and community analyses depend on the extraction method and pollen concentration used remains unclear.MethodsIn this study, we used a dilution series of two pollen mixtures (a mock community and pooled natural pollen loads from bumblebees) to assess the effect of mechanical homogenization and two DNA extraction kits (spin column DNA extraction kit and magnetic bead DNA extraction kit) on the detected pollen richness and community composition.ResultsAll species were successfully detected using the three methods, even in the most dilute samples. However, the extraction method had a significant effect on the detected pollen richness and community composition, with simple mechanical homogenization introducing an extraction bias.DiscussionOur findings suggest that all three methods are effective for detecting plant species in the pollen loads on insects, even in cases of very low pollen loads. However, our results also indicate that extraction methods can have a profound impact on the ability to correctly assess the community composition of the pollen loads on insects. The choice of extraction methodology should therefore be carefully considered to ensure reliable and unbiased results in pollen diversity and community analyses.

A novel quenching strategy for enhanced mechanical behaviour homogeneity of large-size parts via bainite kinetics acceleration: Experimental and numerical investigation

Quenching is a key process for many large-size parts in manufacturing. However, property difference between the surface and the center of the part after quenching is amplified as its part size increases because of phase transition difference. As a mesothermal phase, bainite is potential to reduce above difference through appropriate microstructure regulation. A novel quenching strategy combining the advantages of spraying schedule and phase transformation characteristic is proposed for large-size parts here to get enhanced mechanical behaviour homogeneity. In this novel strategy, an additional holding at 700 °C for 600 s was used before traditional quenching cooling process during spraying of wheel block part. The results after novel treatment shown that the differences/gaps in strength and hardness between the surface and the center was reduced, and simultaneously the strength and toughness matching of overall part was improved than 20 %. The mechanism of as-treated process was expounded in detail by bainite transformation kinetics. This additional holding can accelerate subsequent bainite formation, increase bainite volume fraction, and result in better homogeneity. These bainite with refining substructure is good to advanced strength and toughness matching. The FE model systematically considering thermal, phase transformation based on phase kinetics, and property were performed and its positive influence with new strategy on large-size parts were verified.

Experimental and numerical investigations of 3D-printed glass fiber reinforced onyx composites with infill patterns

The lightweighting of 3D-printed components is achievable by using infill patterns and the ability to adjust their density. In this context, performing a mechanical characterization and numerical simulation of the printed parts is imperative. This manuscript conducts experimental and numerical investigations on 3D-printed composites (onyx/glass fibers) that consider the infill pattern, walls, roofs, and floors of the samples. A numerical homogenization approach was adopted to identify the elastic mechanical parameters of the infill patterns. The results demonstrated the homogenization tool’s effectiveness in predicting the mechanical parameters of the infill patterns. Relationships correlating the infill density and each homogenized mechanical parameter were established, enabling the calculation of each mechanical parameter based on the used infill pattern and its density without reiterating the mechanical homogenization. Regarding the simulation of specimens under tension and flexure, the results indicated that the prediction error of the elastic modulus ranged between 2.87% and 11.84% for tension and between 4.42% and 8.45% for 3-point bending. The simulation of 3D-printed composites, considering all constituent elements of the specimens, allowed for examining stress fields in each element and identifying areas of highest and lowest stress. These findings can contribute to predicting the behavior of 3D-printed composites in the context of addressing engineering problems.

Manufacturing profiled conical cylinder by a semi-closed isothermal precision die forging technology

An improved semi-closed isothermal precision dies forging process has been used to produce successfully precision profiled conical cylinder forging. The semi-closed die forging significantly improved the forming quality and deformation homogeneity of profiled forgings, and greatly reduced die forging force by isothermal forging with three-stage variable speed. The static recrystallization during solution process was inhibited, and fine and even dynamic recrystallized grains and abundant sub-grains were obtained. In addition, the difference of the microstructure at each position was small and the distribution of grains and second phase particles was uniform. This significantly improved the mechanical properties and homogeneity of forgings, and the average values of tensile strength, yield strength and elongation reached 480.9 MPa, 387.8 MPa and 8.75%, respectively.

Multi-Step Mechanical and Thermal Homogenization for the Warpage Estimation of Silicon Wafers.

In response to the increasing demand for high-performance capacitors, with a simultaneous emphasis on minimizing their physical size, a common practice involves etching deep vias and coating them with functional layers to enhance operational efficiency. However, these deep vias often cause warpages during the processing stage. This study focuses on the numerical modeling of wafer warpage that occurs during the deposition of three thin layers onto these vias. A multi-step mechanical and thermal homogenization approach is proposed to estimate the warpage of the silicon wafer. The efficiency and accuracy of this numerical homogenization strategy are validated by comparing detailed and homogenized models. The multi-step homogenization method yields more accurate results compared to the conventional direct homogenization method. Theoretical analysis is also conducted to predict the shape of the wafer warpage, and this study further explores the impact of via depth and substrate thickness.

Improving the manufacturing of 3D printed insoles through a combined experimental and topology optimization approach

This study integrates additive manufacturing and advanced engineering to produce lightweight, mechanically suitable insoles. The research combines experimental data and computational techniques to enhance the manufacturing process. Through mechanical testing and computational homogenization, an alternative infill pattern is identified, allowing for faster printing. Topology optimization, based on Finite Element analysis, determines an optimal material distribution for the forefoot. Validation analyses confirm the structural performance of the optimized shape. Thanks to this procedure, a time reduction up to 50% can be expected. This approach allows for an efficient and sustainable alternative for the production of insoles.

Evaluation of cell disruption methods for protein and coenzyme Q10 quantification in purple non-sulfur bacteria.

A recent focus has been on the recovery of single-cell protein and other nutritionally valuable bioproducts, such as Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) from purple non-sulfur bacteria (PNSB) biomass following wastewater treatment. However, due to PNSB's peculiar cell envelope (e.g., increased membrane cross-section for energy transduction) and relatively smaller cell size compared to well-studied microbial protein sources like yeast and microalgae, the effectiveness of common cell disruption methods for protein quantification from PNSB may differ. Thus, this study examines the efficiency of selected chemical (NaOH and EDTA), mechanical (homogenization and bead milling), physical (thermal and bath/probe sonication), and combined chemical-mechanical/physical treatment techniques on the PNSB cell lysis. PNSB biomass was recovered from the treatment of gas-to-liquid process water. Biomass protein and CoQ10 contents were quantified based on extraction efficiency. Considering single-treatment techniques, bead milling resulted in the best protein yields (p < 0.001), with the other techniques resulting in poor yields. However, the NaOH-assisted sonication (combined chemical/physical treatment technique) resulted in similar protein recovery (p = 1.00) with bead milling, with the former having a better amino acid profile. For example, close to 50% of the amino acids, such as sensitive ones like tryptophan, threonine, cystine, and methionine, were detected in higher concentrations in NaOH-assisted sonication (>10% relative difference) compared to bead-milling due to its less disruptive nature and improved solubility of amino acids in alkaline conditions. Overall, PNSB required more intensive protein extraction techniques than were reported to be effective on other single-cell organisms. NaOH was the preferred chemical for chemical-aided mechanical/physical extraction as EDTA was observed to interfere with the Lowry protein kit, resulting in significantly lower concentrations. However, EDTA was the preferred chemical agent for CoQ10 extraction and quantification. CoQ10 extraction efficiency was also suspected to be adversely influenced by pH and temperature.

A New Strategy for the High-Throughput Characterization of Materials' Mechanical Homogeneity Based on the Effect of Isostatic Pressing on Surface Microstrain.

A new strategy for the high-throughput characterization of the mechanical homogeneity of metallurgical materials is proposed. Based on the principle of hydrostatic transmission and the synergistic analysis of the composition, microstructure, defects, and surface profile of the chosen material, the microstrain characteristics and changes in surface roughness after isostatic pressing were analyzed. After isostatic pressing, two types of microstrains were produced: low microstrain (surface smoothening with decreasing roughness) and large microstrain (surface roughening with increasing roughness). Furthermore, the roughness of the roughened microregions could be further classified based on the strain degree. The phenomenon of weak-interface damage with a large microstrain (plastic deformation, cleavage fracture, and tearing near nonmetallic inclusions) indicated that the surface microstrain analysis could be a new method of high-throughput characterization for microregions with relatively poor micromechanical properties. In general, the effect of isostatic pressing on the surface microstrain of heat-resistant steel provides a promising strategy for achieving high-throughput screening and statistically characterizing microregions with poor micromechanical properties, such as microregions containing microcracks, nonmetallic inclusions, pores, and other surface defects.

Influence of low heat input by CMT powered WAAM on attaining the microstructural and mechanical homogeneity of printed 304 SS cylindrical component

Recently, several industries have been implementing the Cold Metal Transfer (CMT) powered Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) technique because it fabricates large-scale products effectively. However, studies related to attaining uniformity in the microstructure and printing defects in the cylindrical components were lacking. So, the prime novelty is to examine the microstructural and mechanical homogeneity of the CMT-powered WAAM 304 austenitic stainless steel (SS) component. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis substantiates the presence of austenite and ferrite phases all along the samples from the bottom to the top portion of the wall resulting in higher bond strength and uniformity in the microstructure. Optical Microscopy (OM) and the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) revealed the presence of dendritic microstructure with ferrite and austenite phases throughout the samples. The values connected to the dendritic formations are lower as a result of the reduced heat input by CMT, which leads to higher mechanical characteristics. The hardness values from the bottom to the top of the wall was 191 ± 10 HV, indicating uniformity and homogeneity in the microstructure. The tensile result showed a yield strength (σy) of 398 MPa and the ultimate tensile strength (σu) of 598 MPa and an elongation rate of 17 % in the building direction which proves the uniformity in the hardness values. Fracture morphology reveals the presence of microvoids and dimples, indicating lower ductility in the component. The Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) also reveals the presence of higher Fe and Mn content, adding up to the successful fabrication of the cylindrical component.

Constrained Constant Radius Pressing (CCRP) process to improve mechanical properties and microstructural homogeneity of pure copper sheet

Constrained groove pressing (CGP) is a well-known severe plastic deformation (SPD) process used to improve the mechanical properties of metallic sheets by forming the ultrafine grain (UFG) structure. The conventional CGP process employs 45° grooved dies to impart good amount of plastic strain on the specimen without altering the specimen's initial dimensions. The literature indicates that conventional CGP-processed sheets have inherent strain inhomogeneity. In the present investigation, an effort was made to minimize the inherent strain inhomogeneity by modifying conventional CGP dies into symmetric constrained constant radius pressing (CCRP) dies. Three distinct CCRP dies with varying radius of curvature and die parameters were designed to attain the optimal combination of mechanical properties. It was found that metal sheets processed by new modified dies (CCRP) exhibit improved ductility and significantly enhanced toughness, in contrast to the sheets processed by conventional CGP dies. The improvement in mechanical properties could be attributed primarily to homogeneous grain refinement. In addition, the finite element analysis (FEA) was used to simulate the influence of different die designs on the strain distribution across the sheet, and it showed that lower die angle of CCRP lead to more homogeneous distribution of strain across the arc of the CCRP die.

Physicochemical reports of gliclazide-carplex solid dispersions and tablets prepared with directly compressible co-processed excipients

ObjectivesThe main goal of this research was to develop better tablet formulations by utilizing solid dispersions (SDs) and coprocessing excipients composite to achieve a better release rate of poor water-soluble gliclazide. MethodsThe solvent evaporation method made SDs of gliclazide with different carriers carplex 67, carplex 80, and carplex FPS 500 (weight ratio, 1:1). The drug release patterns of the SDs were all evaluated and optimized. The SDs were illustrated by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray powder diffraction (PXRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Tablet batches FGC-1 to 8 were made using gliclazide-carplex 67 solid dispersions (GC67-SDs) and the co-processed composite of excipients, namely starch-MCC-povidone (SMP) and lactose-MCC-povidone-sodium starch glycolate (LMPS), prepared with coprocessing technology. We evaluated these batches by conducting physicochemical tests and comparing them to the existing commercial brand. ResultsIn a water medium, the release of gliclazide from SDs peaked within the first 30 min, showing a roughly 5∼6-fold increase compared to plain gliclazide. This quick dissolution rate may be due to the amorphization of the drug, which improved the specific surface area, and increased wettability caused by the hydrophilic properties of carplex particles. This has been confirmed through SEM, DSC, FTIR, and PXRD analysis. All FGC formulations had satisfactory pre-compression factor results, while the post-compression parameters indicated good mechanical strength and homogeneity across the blend. All produced tablets met the weight variation, friability, and disintegration time limit set by the compendia. Through in vitro drug release testing, it was discovered that all FGC tablet batches had consistent and nearly identical release results compared to SDs of gliclazide. However, the FGC-5 to 8 batches containing LMPS composites were determined to be the most effective formulations. In the first 30 min in a water medium, the percentage of drug generated from the FGC-8 tablets involving GC67-SDs and co-processed composite LMPS-4 is approximately 3.5 times higher than the average release of currently marketed products (MPs). After storing the selected FGC tablet batches for three months at 40 °C and 75 % RH, there were no noticeable alterations in the amount of drug and drug release profiles across the batches. ConclusionBased on these findings, it appears that using the carplex silica-based SDs approach, along with gliclazide and co-processing excipients composite, could result in significant benefits compared to the current commercial brands. This approach could be effectively utilized to create solid dosage forms for drugs that have low solubility in water.

P/N/S synergistic flame retardant holocellulose nanofibrils efficiently pretreated from ternary deep eutectic solvents

Cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) have widely attracted significant attention due to the excellent mechanical performance, biodegradability, and high surface functionality. However, the high flammability of CNFs commonly restricts their wider application. In this study, the intrinsically flame-resistant holocellulose nanofibrils (HCNFs, which is rich in both cellulose and hemicellulose) were obtained from bamboo under pretreatment using a highly efficient ternary deep eutectic solvent (TDES) and subsequential mechanical homogenization. The phytates and sulfate-containing HCNFs (PHCNFs) displayed nanofibril diameter of 3–5 nm and high aspect ratio of (∼500), and the aqueous suspension exhibited colloidal stability and high transmittance. The PHCNF films exhibited excellent fire resistance, mechanical and optical properties. Compared with raw HCNF, the limiting oxygen index (LOI) of PHCNF-120 film was up to 52.5 %, and the total heat release (THR) and peak heat release rate (PHRR) of PHCNF-120 films were significantly reduced by 92.2 % and 82.4 %, respectively. The flame retardant mechanism was attributed to the synergistic effect of P/N/S in both condensed phase and gaseous phases during the burning process. This work provides a novel, efficient strategy for developing eco-friendly flame-resistant and fireproof holocellulose-based nanomaterials.