Mechanical Expeller Research Articles

Biodiesel synthesis through Gossypium hirsutum oil transesterification using reusable nanocatalysts: An energy intensive approach optimization

The present study intends to synthesize biodiesel from Gossypium hirsutum (cottonseed) oil using reusable copper (Cu) nanoparticles and optimize the transesterification process parameters to achieve a higher yield of Gossypium hirsutum biodiesel (GHB). The Cu nanoparticle was synthesized through the polyol method, and its fundamental characteristics were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The cottonseed oil, obtained through mechanical expeller, was then subjected to a two-step transesterification process for the conversion into GHB. Key process parameters such as Cu catalyst concentration (CuC), methanol-oil-ratio (MOR), and reaction time (RT) were optimized at a reaction temperature of 60 °C. The GHB’s elemental composition, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and physicochemical properties were analyzed. The results indicate that the nanoparticle characterization provided valuable insights into its properties, showcasing its recyclability for five consecutive cycles. The optimized process parameters for achieving a higher GHB yield were determined as CuC of 211 ppm, MOR of 8.5, and RT of 104.5 minutes, resulting in GHB yield of 95.6%. Furthermore, an exploration of an energy-intensive approach revealed that a slight reduction in CuC by 1% and an increase in the MOR by 2.4% significantly reduced the RT by 36.3%, with only a marginal decrease in GHB yield (2.6%). Confirmation experiments validated the predicted values, and the fuel properties of GHB strongly support its efficacy as a valuable fuel source.

Study and Synthesis of Bio-fuel from Jatropha Vegetable Oil

Abstract: This work has been carried out to produce biodiesel and inspect how the production from Jatropha seeds oil, methanol and using a catalyst as Potassium iodide Aluminium oxide (KI Al2O3). This Methodology dried jatropha seeds ware used. This seed oil is extracted from the jatropha seed by applying the Soxhlet extraction method with methanol as the organic solvent and screw-type mechanical expeller. In the oil free fatty acid content of jatropha seeds oil was 0. 800.i.e.is ≤ 2. After using the transesterification process and the ratio of methanol: oil ratio was 12:1, 0.5 g of catalyst and temperature of the reaction was 60 °C for 4 hours of reaction time with stirring at 600 rpm. The cloud point was 7°C. The pour point was 2°C, density was 0.38 g/cm3 and flash point was 155 °C.

DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF A HIGH-YIELD EDIBLE OIL EXPELLER SCREW SHAFT

This project focuses on the design, construction, and performance testing of a mechanical oil expeller press for extracting oil from various raw materials including coconut, mustard seed, sesame, and groundnuts. The expeller was also subject to structural analysis using simulation software to ensure its safety and efficiency. Unlike chemical and centrifuge processes, which rely on solvents or high-speed spinning to extract oil, the mechanical expeller press uses a screw to apply pressure to the raw material, forcing the oil out. The screw shaft was designed using the ASME shaft design code and manufactured using locally available mild steel. The machine was powered by a 1 hp electric motor, and the screw rotated at a speed of 140 rpm. Raw materials were fed into the machine through a hopper and compressed inside the barrel for oil extraction. The cake, or residual material, was discharged outside the machine using a choke mechanism. The pressure on the screw was analyzed using simulation software and found to be within safe limits, ensuring the machine's durability and reliability. Overall, this project provides a viable solution for small-scale oil extraction using a mechanical expeller press that is safe, efficient, and cost-effective. KEYWORDS: Seeds, Oil Expeller Shaft Design, Oil Extraction, Fabrication, Efficiency.

Production and characterization of biodiesel from Jatropha (Jatropha curcas) seed oil available in Bangladesh

ABSTRACT In this study, biodiesel was produced from Jatropha (Jatropha curcas) seed oil available in Bangladesh. The percentage of the oil extracted from the seed using a mechanical expeller was found at 24.87%. As the free fatty acid content of crude Jatrpha oil was higher, acid-catalyzed esterification and base-catalyzed transesterification were carried out to produce biodiesel. The optimum condition for esterification was found as follows: addition of 90% methanol and 2.25% H2SO4 (both are based on the wt.% of oil), 60 °C temperature and 90-minute reaction time and that for the transesterification was found as follows: addition of 50% methanol and 0.8% NaOH (both are based on the wt. of oil), 60 °C temperature and 90-minute reaction time. The yield of biodiesel was found 95.09% at optimum condition. The fatty acid content in the produced biodiesel includes oleic acid (45.09%), linoleic acid (25.21%), palmitic acid (13.85%), and methyl tricosanoate (10.3%) as a major component. Viscosity, density, pour point, flash point, acid value, and calorific value of the produced biodiesel were found 5.18 cSt, 0.87 gm/cc, −10.01 °C, 96.6 °C, 0.49 mg KOH/g of oil, and 35.84 MJ/Kg, respectively. Six blends of biodiesel and commercial diesel were prepared and their performances were measured. The produced biodiesel can potentially be used in blending with commercial diesel and contribute to the fuel economy of Bangladesh.

Optimization of Mechanical Oil Extraction of Jatropha Seeds from Oil Expeller

A study was carried out to optimize the moisture content of Jatropha seeds expelling through a mechanical expeller. A MERADO developed, 1 TPD mustard oil expeller was used for the expelling of whole Jatropha seeds. Moisture levels were started from 14 percent with a step size of 3 percent and continued up to the last increment in oil recovery. Oil recovery, specific power consumption and expeller throughput were taken into consideration for observation. Oil recovery was found maximum 21.10 percent at 23 % moisture content and 21.70 percent at 20 % moisture content for hot water sprinkling. However, the expeller efficiencies on these moisture levels were only 57.96 and 59.61 percent. Residual oil in the cake was minimum 15.8 and 15.2 percent in accordance with maximum oil recovery for cold and hot water sprinkling, respectively. Specific power consumption was found minimum at 20 % moisture content for both the treatments. The throughput of the expeller was observed maximum (6.15 kg/h) up to 17 % moisture content and having no remarkable difference among them for both the treatments.

Techno-Economic Analysis of Extruding-Expelling of Soybeans to Produce Oil and Meal

Mechanical expelling (pressing) is a common and developed technique used to separate soybean oil from soybean protein and fiber. Due to the relatively higher oil content in the expelled meal compared to solvent-extracted soybean meal, the mechanical process is often used for specific purposes in industry, such as targeted livestock feed applications. For improving oil recovery and profits, two-stage mechanical process combining extrusion before the expelling process has been introduced and adapted by industrial applications. To examine the viability of this improved two-stage extruding-expelling process, techno-economic analysis was performed by using SuperPro Designer for simulation of the soybean extruding-expelling process. Soybean oil yield increases to over 70% compared to the conventional single-step expelling process with 60%. Soybean oil and soybean meal contributed about 25% and 75% of total revenues, respectively. Through fluctuations in economic conditions, soybean meal plays an important role in earning profits, making the whole mechanical process profitable. According to the sensitivity analysis, the sale of soybean meal is one of the driving forces for the mechanical expelling process, especially in large industrial scales.

Effects of various oil extraction methods on the structural and functional properties of starches isolated from tigernut (Cyperus esculentus) tuber meals

Complete utilization of tigernut tubers, including their use in oil production and use of the meal as a byproduct, is an important aspect in improving their industrial value. However, there are few studies on the use of starch isolated from tiger tuber meals and cakes remaining after oil extraction. In this investigation, starches were isolated from tigernut tubers before and after various oil extraction processes and their structural and functional properties were comparatively investigated. A typical C-type X-ray diffraction pattern was observed for all of the isolated starches. Noticeable decreases in relative crystallinity by XRD and solid state 13C NMR were observed for starches from the cakes of tigernut tubers remaining after oil extraction utilizing a mechanical expeller. The proportion of amorphous phase (PPA) in the starches isolated from meals and cakes was relatively low compared with that of starch isolated from raw tigernut tuber. The branch-chain length distribution of the starches isolated from meals and cakes exhibited a low average chain length of amylopectin. These changes reflect a disruption in the ordered structure of starch granules caused by the various oil extraction processes, which led to significant variability in their functional properties, including paste clarity, freeze-thaw characteristics, thermal transition temperatures, texture, solubility, and swelling power. This investigation provides important information for the complete utilization of tigernut tubers.

Statistical optimization and kinetic study on biodiesel production from a potential non-edible bio-oil of wild radish

The bio-oil extracted from wild radish seeds is non-edible and it still remains an unexplored area in terms of its use as a feedstock for biodiesel. It was extracted from the seeds using mechanical expeller and the oil yield was found to be 46.2 ± 2 wt%. The physical and chemical properties of the extracted oil were analyzed as per AOAC official methods. In this current study, biodiesel was derived by catalytic transesterification reaction. The parameters that influence the processes like methanol to oil molar ratio, catalyst concentration, reaction temperature, and reaction time were optimized. Taguchi statistical method and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) table were used to understand the effects of the influencing parameters and to optimize the biodiesel yield. Further, it was compared with Box-Behnken Design (BBD) using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). It shows that Taguchi method gave similar results of RSM within a limited number of runs. At optimized condition, the yield of biodiesel was 94.58 wt%. Kinetic studies were also performed for transesterification reaction and it was observed that the reaction follows pseudo-first-order kinetics. The reaction rate constants and activation energy were determined. The physical and chemical properties of the biodiesel were analyzed as per ASTM test methods and compared with ASTM D6751 standard.

Effects of heat pretreatment of wet-milled corn germ on the physicochemical properties of oil.

Corn germ oil is removed from the milled germ using a conditioning (heating) process, followed by mechanical expelling and/or hexane extraction. In this study, the effect of pretreatment by oven roasting (OR) and microwave (MW) radiation on wet-milled corn germ was investigated. Three OR temperatures (125, 150, and 175°C) were used with 60min exposure, and MW pretreatments were established by combining two powers (440 and 800W) and three pretreatment times (4, 6, and 8min). The levels of red value, 1,3-diacylglycerol, total diacylglycerol, free fatty acid, and oleic acid increased substantially, while those of triacylglycerol (TAG), linoleic, and linolenic acid decreased significantly following OR. There were no significant differences in TAG compositions following OR and MW treatments. Both heat pretreatments significantly increased the total tocopherol content. δ-Tocopherol showed minimal changes, while β-tocopherol progressively increased after the heat treatments. No significant differences in phytosterols levels were observed among most samples. The MW radiation Proper roasting temperatures or MW radiation times could enrich the content of individual tocopherols and phytosterols, and improve the oxidative stability of oil. The MW radiation tends to be more applicable and sustainable for oil industry to improve the quality of corn germ oil.

Synthesis of High-Quality Biodiesel Using Feedstock and Catalyst Derived from Fish Wastes.

A low-cost and high-purity calcium oxide (CaO) was prepared from waste crab shells, which were extracted from the dead crabs, was used as an efficient solid base catalyst in the synthesis of biodiesel. Raw fish oil was extracted from waste parts of fish through mechanical expeller followed by solvent extraction. Physical as well as chemical properties of raw fish oil were studied, and its free fatty acid composition was analyzed with GC-MS. Stable and high-purity CaO was obtained when the material was calcined at 800 °C for 4 h. Prepared catalyst was characterized by XRD, FT-IR, and TGA/DTA. The surface structure of the catalyst was analyzed with SEM, and elemental composition was determined by EDX spectra. Esterification followed by transesterification reactions were conducted for the synthesis of biodiesel. The effect of cosolvent on biodiesel yield was studied in each experiment using different solvents such as toluene, diethyl ether, hexane, tetrahydrofuran, and acetone. High-quality and pure biodiesel was synthesized and characterized by 1H NMR and FT-IR. Biodiesel yield was affected by parameters such as reaction temperature, reaction time, molar ratio (methanol:oil), and catalyst loading. Properties of synthesized biodiesel such as density, kinematic viscosity, and cloud point were determined according to ASTM standards. Reusability of prepared CaO catalyst was checked, and the catalyst was found to be stable up to five runs without significant loss of catalytic activity.

Manilkara zapota (L.) Seed Oil: A New Third Generation Biodiesel Resource

The economic development of any country is appreciably affected by the extensive use of rapidly depleting fossil resources. Identifying new, renewable based energy resource is of vital importance and is a global requirement too. This study focusses attention on the introduction of a new biodiesel resource Manilkara zapota seed oil, production and characterization of biodiesel from M. zapota seed oil. The raw oil is extracted from the seed by a mechanical expeller. The composition of fatty acids and physicochemical properties of the raw oil have been estimated. The suitability of M. zapota seed oil for biodiesel production was studied based on its chemical structure and physicochemical properties. Methyl ester was produced from the raw M. zapota seed oil using transesterification process using an alkaline catalyst. The composition of fatty acids and physicochemical properties of the biodiesel derived have been estimated and compared with EN14214 biodiesel standards. The new biodiesel M. zapota methyl ester meets the EN14214 biodiesel standards and could be a reliable substitute to diesel in diesel engine applications.

Reduction of harmful emissions from a diesel engine fueled by kapok methyl ester using combined coating and SNCR technology

This research work has been formulated to reduce the stinging effect of NOX emission on atmospheric environment from a coated diesel engine fueled by biodiesel. As such, in the current study, we attempted to harness the renewable source of energy from in-edible kapok oil, which is normally under-utilized despite being a viable feedstock for biodiesel synthesis. Notably, steam treatment process followed by crushing of the kapok seeds in a mechanical expeller was done to extract large quantities of kapok oil for the application of diesel engine, which is quite distinct of a method adopted herein. The conventional trans-esterification process was availed to synthesize KME (kapok methyl ester) and the physical and thermal properties of it were estimated by ASTM standard methods. Subsequently, two blends of KME with diesel such as B25 (KME – 25% and diesel – 75%) and B50 (KME – 50% and diesel – 50%) were prepared and tested in a single cylinder diesel engine with thermal barrier coating. To help realize the coating process, PSZ (partially stabilized zirconia), a pertinent coating material in respect of its poor thermal conductivity and better durability, has been chosen as the coating material to be applied on engine components by plasma spray coating technique. As an outcome of the coating study, B50 was found to show improved BTE (brake thermal efficiency) than that in an uncoated engine, with notable decrease in major emissions such as HC (hydrocarbon), CO (carbon monoxide) and smoke. However, due to reduction in heat losses and increase in in-cylinder temperature, the NOX (oxides of nitrogen) emission was expected to be increased in a coated diesel engine. Therefore, in order to reduce the NOX emission, urea based SNCR system was incorporated in the exhaust pipe and by which, NOX emission was reduced.

Use of continuous pressure shockwaves apparatus in rapeseed oil processing

The aim of this study was to increase the efficiency of rapeseed oil recovery by pressure shockwaves and to asses the changes related to energetical utilization of the seedcake obtained. Mass balances and several design parameters (along with their manifestations on the seedcake) were analyzed to allow further optimization of the technology. It was found that the use of pressure shockwaves, in combination with the mechanical expeller, may increase oil yields up to the theoretical 100 % maximum, or alternatively reduce expeller energy requirements while maintaining the same oil yield. Decreased amounts of oil in the seedcake correlate with reduced amounts of volatile matter, which means lower quantities of hazardous fumes generated during direct combustion. In addition, higher levels of seedcake disintegration accelerated the biogas production.

Safety evaluation of Simarouba glauca seed fat.

Simarouba glauca DC is a tree of the family Simaroubaceae, which grows well up to 1,000m above sea level in all types of well-drained soils (pH5.5 to 8.0) and in places with 250 to 2,500mm annual rainfall. The seed oil has been extracted both by mechanical expelling and solvent extraction. The fatty acid composition and iodine value of the oil indicate that it possesses saturated (40.8-42.6%), monounsaturated (52.9-55.0%), and polyunsaturated (2.5-3.4%) fatty acid in ratios close to that of palm oil. These characteristics are suitable for its use as edible oil. Acute oral toxicity and safety evaluation in a 13-week feeding trial on albino rats showed that the oil is comparable to groundnut oil in all the parameters.

Sulfur Content in Selected Oils and Fats and their Corresponding Methyl Esters

According to Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulations, the use of ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD) has been mandated for all on-highway transportation diesels since 2006. To comply with the EPA regulations, biodiesel must meet the same ULSD standard for total sulfur which is set at a maximum of 15 ppm. Generally, biodiesel contains lower sulfur than fossil diesel. However, due to the diversity of biodiesel feedstocks, questions have been raised about their sulfur content and the sulfur content of the biodiesel made from them. The objective of this research was to gain basic knowledge about how the sulfur content in biodiesel is affected by the sulfur content of different feedstocks. Sulfur in oilseeds, seed meals, oils and fats, and biodiesel were investigated according to ASTM D5453. Samples of different feedstocks for biodiesel production were investigated. Results showed that sulfur content varies greatly from one source to another. The highest sulfur in seeds and meals was found in rapeseed and mustard, at the level of 9,000 and 15,000 ppm, respectively. Oils from mechanical expeller presses contained very low levels of sulfur, although some were still higher than 15 ppm. Animal fats and waste vegetable oils contained relatively higher sulfur levels and were frequently above 15 ppm. It was observed that sulfur was significantly reduced when the oils and fats were processed into biodiesel. Results showed that most of the biodiesel samples investigated in this study contained less than 15-ppm sulfur. Feedstocks which contain a high percentage of free fatty acids (FFA) must be treated with sulfuric acid to reduce the FFA level before transesterification. In these cases, care is needed during phase separation to exclude sulfur from the fuel layer.

SPRERI experience on holistic approach to utilize all parts of Jatropha curcas fruit for energy

Freshly harvested Jatropha dried fruit contains about 35–40% shell and 60–65% seed (by weight). The fruits are 2.5 cm long, ovoid, black and have 2–3 halves. It has nearly 400–425 fruits per kg and 1580–1600 seed per kg weight. Weight of 100 seeds is about 63 g. Jatropha shells are available after de-shelling of the Jatropha fruit while Jatropha seed husks are available after decortications of Jatropha seed for oil extraction. Seed contains about 40–42% husk/hull and 58–60% kernels. The kernels have about 50% oil. If the oil is extracted by solvent method the oil recovery is more than 95% but in mechanical expeller the oil recovery is about 85% only. If 100 kg of seed is expelled by expeller it will give about 28–30 kg oil. While lot of emphasis is being given on use of bio-diesel, which is only about 17–18% of the dry fruit, not much attention is being given to utilize other components of fruit for energy purposes. At SPRERI holistic approach has been taken to utilize all components of the Jatropha fruit—shell for combustion, hull/husk for gasification, oil and bio-diesel for running CI engines, cake for production of biogas and spent slurry as manure and it has been found that all components of the Jatropha curcas fruit can be utilized efficiently for energy purposes. This paper gives detailed information on the use of different components of J. curcas fruit for energy purposes.

Effect of Pre-Treatments on Mechanical Oil Expression of Soybean Using a Commercial Oil Expeller

The effect of expeller screw press and pre-treatments on the quality and quantity of soybean oil and cake was studied using a commercial oil expeller. The pretreatments included whole soybean crushing, soy grits crushing, and crushing of soy grits extruded at 135°C. The screw speeds were 28, 35, and 45 rpm. The moisture content of soybean used in the experiment was 10% wet basis. The average capacity of the oil expeller was found to be 145 kg/h, 110 kg/h, and 120 kg/h for whole, grits, and extrudate, respectively at 45 rpm. The average capacity of oil expression from whole soybean did not vary significantly from 28 to 45 rpm. In the case of soy grits, however, the capacity was higher when the expeller speed was lowest, i.e., 28 rpm. In the case of extrudate, even in a single pass, the recovery was higher, i.e., to 71% at both 45 and 35 rpm. The color of oil from soy grits was lighter followed by extrudate, and the color of oil obtained from whole soybean was dark. The FFA in oil from all the samples was below 1%, however the lowest percentage was for oil obtained from extrudate at 0.5%. The urease activity of the extruded cake was 0.15 pH units, and the protein and oil content were about 48% and 5%, respectively. The optimum process variables for mechanical expelling of soybean were found to be extrusion as a pretreatment and speed of expeller screw at 45 rpm, which yielded throughput capacity 103 kg/h, oil recovery of 70.5%, and urease activity of the cake at 0.15.

Brazilian roasted coffee oil obtained by mechanical expelling: compositional analysis by GC-MS

A preliminary analysis by GC-MS comparing the mass spectrum of the compounds with the Wiley 275 L mass spectral data base was used to identify the fatty acids and mainly, some volatile compounds responsible for the flavor of the roasted coffee oil. The oil was obtained by mechanical expelling of Brazilian beans (Coffea arabica) roasted at 238ºC for 10 minutes. Different sample preparation methodologies such as headspace, adsorbent suction trapping and esterification were used. It was possible to identify pyrazines, pyridines, furan derivatives and other compounds not reported in the literature.

99/02729 Development of industrial biocoal for industrial furnaces and kilns

Freshly harvested Jatropha dried fruit contains about 35–40% shell and 60–65% seed (by weight). The fruits are 2.5 cm long, ovoid, black and have 2–3 halves. It has nearly 400–425 fruits per kg and 1580–1600 seed per kg weight. Weight of 100 seeds is about 63 g. Jatropha shells are available after de-shelling of the Jatropha fruit while Jatropha seed husks are available after decortications of Jatropha seed for oil extraction. Seed contains about 40–42% husk/hull and 58–60% kernels. The kernels have about 50% oil. If the oil is extracted by solvent method the oil recovery is more than 95% but in mechanical expeller the oil recovery is about 85% only. If 100 kg of seed is expelled by expeller it will give about 28–30 kg oil. While lot of emphasis is being given on use of bio-diesel, which is only about 17–18% of the dry fruit, not much attention is being given to utilize other components of fruit for energy purposes.At SPRERI holistic approach has been taken to utilize all components of the Jatropha fruit—shell for combustion, hull/husk for gasification, oil and bio-diesel for running CI engines, cake for production of biogas and spent slurry as manure and it has been found that all components of the Jatropha curcas fruit can be utilized efficiently for energy purposes. This paper gives detailed information on the use of different components of J. curcas fruit for energy purposes.

Occurrence of estolides in processed Dimorphotheca pluvialis seed oil

Samples of oil from Dimorphotheca pluvialis processed by extraction and mechanical expelling were analyzed using supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC), lipase-catalyzed reactions, and 1H-NMR. SFC analysis detected the occurrence of free fatty acid, diglycerides, and unknown materials having molecular weights equivalent to four and five acyl groups. These components were present in larger quantities for oils recovered via mechanical expelling. Results from lipase-catalyzed reactions and NMR analysis suggest the large molecular weight molecules are triglycerides containing additional acyl groups through estolide bonds. The chemical shifts of the olefinic protons on the conjugated double bonds of dimorphecolic [D(+)-18:2 10 t,12 t -OH 9] acid and its estolides appeared at higher ppm values when compared to non-conjugated olefinic absorptions.