Sanitary Measures Research Articles

Invasive wild boar (Sus scrofa) as a functional reservoir for the dynamics of Trichinella in the Patagonia region.

Trichinellosis is a zoonotic disease that has been studied mainly in domestic pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus). The cycle involves infection in domestic and wild fauna, which fulfill complex ecological roles, where Trichinella spiralis is reported in wild boar (Sus scrofa). The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of trichinellosis in wild boar and evaluate the distance of positive animals to the nearest urbanization areas in Argentina Patagonia. Necropsies were carried out on wild boar hunted in the Nahuel Huapi and Lanín National Parks and surrounding areas. Skeletal muscle samples were collected from 1,694 wild boar and artificial digestion was performed on all samples. Trichinella spp. were found in 96 (5.8%) wild boar (0.2 to 424 Larvae/g). Parasitism in wild boar depends on the distribution of the population in natural and urban areas. Infected wild boar were found near peri-urban areas, demonstrating the importance of routine epidemiological surveillance and sanitary measures in and around cities. More research is needed to identify the Trichinella species that infect wild animals. We recommend the application of active and passive epidemiological surveillance in South America on exotic and native fauna that are hunted and consumed by humans.

Who's To Blame for the COVID-19 pandemic? Perceptions of responsibility during the crisis using text mining and latent Dirichlet allocation

The spread of the contagious COVID-19 virus was quickly followed by an outbreak of explanations and discourses trying to make sense of the crisis. The goal of this paper is to track the changing dynamics of blame attribution and scapegoating in the Canadian population as the COVID-19 pandemic unfolds, with a particular emphasis on the influence of evolving public health measures. The study uses data from a longitudinal survey conducted with a representative sample of 3617 Canadians between April 2020 and May 2021 following a longitudinal design. Latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA), a computational approach to analyze text, was applied to data coming from an open-ended question on who or what should be held responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic. Nine topics were identified, six of which were recurring overtime. Canadians mostly blame distant collectives in the early months of the pandemic, especially China and wet markets. Over time, they increasingly blame local collectives, such as individuals who do not comply with sanitary measures. Blame attribution evolves with the proximity of the threat and the risk of international spread.

The impact of trained immunity in respiratory viral infections.

Epidemic peaks of respiratory viruses that co-circulate during the winter-spring seasons can be synchronous or asynchronous. The occurrence of temporal patterns in epidemics caused by some respiratory viruses suggests that they could negatively interact with each other. These negative interactions may result from a programme of innate immune memory, known as trained immunity, which may confer broad protective effects against respiratory viruses. It is suggested that stimulation of innate immune cells by a vaccine or a pathogen could induce their long-term functional reprogramming through an interplay between metabolic and epigenetic changes, which influence the transcriptional response to a secondary challenge. During the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, the circulation of most respiratory viruses was prevented by non-pharmacological interventions and then resumed at unusual periods once sanitary measures were lifted. With time, respiratory viruses should find again their own ecological niches. This transition period provides an opportunity to study the interactions between respiratory viruses at the population level.

КАЧЕСТВО ПРОВЕДЕНИЯ САНИТАРНОЙ ОБРАБОТКИ МЯСОПЕРЕРАБАТЫВАЮЩИХ ПРЕДПРИЯТИЙ – ЗАЛОГ ВЫПУСКА ДОБРОКАЧЕСТВЕННОЙ ПРОДУКЦИИ

The article provides information about sanitary and hygienic control on meat enterprises, about detergents and disinfectants used in sanitary and industrial measures, describes the stages of sanitary processing, and the characteristics of the microbiota present in production.

Diagnosis of saproligniosis and protozoa of fish and veterinary and sanitary assessment of their meat (Uzbekistan)

Recent experiments have shown that the pH value of saproligniosis in muasa ryb was found to be 7.3. In our experiments, it was clear that in the study of muasa ryb, b with chylodinilliosis, this indicator was higher (7.4-7.6) than in muasa ryb, infected with Saprolignia mixta. In the prevention of saproligniosis in fish, the high effectiveness of timely use of chloramine B, malachite blue, bleach, slaked lime, sodium chloride solution, formalin-sodium alkali, potassium permanganate, malachite blue has been established. The fish disease trichodinosis is widespread in nature and affects mainly juvenile, one- and two-year-old fish. Good results in the treatment of trichodinosis are obtained by using the bath method with appropriate solutions of table salt, formalin, chlorine preparations and treatment with a mixture of FMS according to 2 schemes. In order to prevent the disease, it is effective to regularly carry out fish reclamation, veterinary, sanitary and therapeutic measures.

АНАЛІЗ ЗОВНІШНЬОЇ ТОРГІВЛІ ТОВАРАМИ УКРАЇНИ З КРАЇНАМИ ЄВРОПЕЙСЬКОГО СОЮЗУ

The article is devoted to the study of foreign trade in goods of Ukraine with the countries of the European Union (hereinafter – the EU) with the identification of priority partners for the purpose of diversification and activation of foreign trade cooperation. It was emphasized that the foreign trade of Ukraine is dominated by trade in goods, where a negative trade balance is formed, in particular, in trade with EU countries. In order to determine the key consumers of domestic goods among the EU-27 countries, an ABC analysis was conducted based on the volume of goods exported to them by Ukraine in 2016–2021. The distribution of EU countries into groups was carried out as follows: group A – countries that account for a significant volume of exports of goods by Ukraine (about 80% of the total volume); group B – countries with an average level of export supplies of goods from Ukraine (about 15%); group C – countries with a small volume of exports of goods from Ukraine (about 5%). ABC-analysis is complemented by XYZ-analysis, which allows to analyze and forecast the stability of export of goods to EU countries. Based on the results of the ABC-XYZ analysis, a conclusion was made regarding the expediency of supporting the volume and dynamics of trade cooperation with key EU partner countries in the export of goods – Poland, Italy, Germany, the Netherlands, Spain, Romania, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Slovakia, Austria, and the need to intensify efforts to increasing the export of goods to countries that in the medium term have the potential to become attractive markets for the consumption of domestic products – France, Bulgaria, Belgium, Lithuania, and to a lesser extent – Denmark, Greece and Latvia. At the same time, it is noted that the vast majority of these countries are highly developed economies of the European Union, and trade in goods with them for Ukraine is disparate. Therefore, it is important to continue cooperation with the EU regarding the signing of the Agreement on Conformity Assessment and Acceptance of Industrial Products, recognition of the equivalence of sanitary and phytosanitary measures for opening markets, and simplifying the export of food and agricultural products. It is also necessary to increase efforts to gradually open public procurement markets. The further liberalization of transport with the EU, the conclusion of agreements in the field of road, inland water and railway transport are also important.

Improvement of lifetime and post-mortem diagnostics of trichinellosis in animals of the Suidae family (comparative study)

Trichinosis is one of the most dangerous helminthozoonoses. Methods of compressor trichinelloscopy and peptolysis of animal muscle tissue in artificial gastric juice used for postmortem diagnosis of trichinosis are reliable enough to identify sources of infection and prevent the development of helminthiasis in humans. In addition to these methods, indirect solid-phase enzyme immunoassay (ELISA) and crystalloscopy were used. Meat juice samples obtained from domestic pigs from various regions of the Russian Federation and wild boars were used as the tested biological material. The formulation of ELISA and crystalloscopy, accounting and interpretation of the results obtained were carried out according to the classical method: the result was considered positive, exceeding the negative control by 0.08 units or more in optical density. The specificity of ELISA in all animals with heterologous invasion was 98%, hydrosol-hydrogel reactions - 80% and crystalloscopy - 75%. These methods can be used for testing for trichinosis, but the examination should be comprehensive: immunological and crystallographic methods should be confirmed by compressor trichinelloscopy and peptolysis using artificial gastric juice. Currently, in the system of veterinary and sanitary measures for trichinosis, there is a change in the structure of the sources of invasion. The probability of human infection with hunting products is higher than when eating pork obtained from meat processing enterprises. Therefore, field trichinelloscopic control in the field (CT, HH etc.) occupies a leading place in diagnostics. Thus, the development of portable equipment for veterinary examination and the training of hunters in basic trichinelloscopy skills, as well as the improvement of the formulation and accounting of crystalloscopy and НН are becoming extremely relevant.

Perceptions and experiences of users who received outpatient COVID-19 care in Santiago, Chile

To explore the perceptions and experiences of COVID-19 patients who received outpatient treatment in public health services in the Metropolitan Region of Chile. An exploratory rapid qualitative study was conducted. Individual, telephonic and semi-structured interviews were conducted with patients who received a COVID-19 diagnosis confirmed by a PCR test and who had outpatient treatment for the disease. A thematic analysis was performed. Nine interviews were conducted (six female and three male participants). The main emerging themes were: life before COVID-19, living with the disease at home, recovery process, and Ineffective sanitary measures. Most of the participants highlighted the lack of information about their health and the uncertainty about COVID-19 as the cause of fear for their wellbeing. They also felt guilty for putting at risk others due to their COVID-19-positive status. The experiences of patients show the need to strengthen communication and information strategies for patients who receive outpatient care during the pandemic. This is key to reducing misinformation, fear and uncertainty about the progression of the disease and the potential recovery. Consequently, this could impact clinical outcomes and patient satisfaction.

Современная эпизоотическая ситуация по бешенству в Гвинейской Республике

Rabies is a global area that is registered in most countries of the world, in a wide variety of natural and climatic zones. In Africa, the geography and ecology of rabies is complex and multilayered. Guinea is a country with diverse natural conditions and a large number of animals. The population is approximately 13 million inhabitants, which are distributed among eight administrative regions: Conakry, Kindia, Boke, Mamu, Labe, Farana, Cancan and N'zerekore. In Guinea, there are numerous cases of rabies among humans and animals every year, so the fight against rabies is an urgent task. To assess the epizootic situation, the spread of rabic infection in the regions of Guinea from 2010 to 2022 was studied. The study was conducted by the National Directorate of Veterinary Services of the Republic of Guinea. Epizootological analysis confirms that the disease has been registered in all regions of the country where rabies dominates. Risk factors for human infection are increasing from year to year, therefore, vaccination coverage of livestock and veterinary and sanitary measures remain one of the main tasks of the veterinary service.

A retrospective study of animal leptospirosis in Kazakhstan.

The purpose of the paper was to monitor the disease incidence in farm and wild animals in some areas of Kazakhstan, which are most susceptible to leptospirosis, and the typification of isolated pathogens, carried out under the scientific and technical program "Studying the epizootological characteristics of the country territory on particularly dangerous diseases and developing veterinary and sanitary measures to improve their effectiveness" in 2021-2023. The material included the reports of veterinary laboratories on leptospirosis in recent years, as well as laboratory tests on samples carried out at the "SANA" research and development enterprise. During this period, 6,701 serum samples from farm animals and 86,651 serum samples from rodents were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The serological results showed antibody titers in the blood of 6.32% of cattle, 5.4% of sheep, 4.2% of horses, and 1.8% of pigs. The highest number of positive samples were found in Turkestan (12.3%), Almaty (11.7%), and Kyzylorda (11.4%) regions. Infection in rodents was lower and ranged from 0.34% to 0.07% during these years. The population of leptospira-causing diseases of animals on the territory of the country is represented by 8 serogroups. Studies in 2022 on the detection of pathogenic leptospires by polymerase chain reaction in 350 samples of blood serum from animals and 350 samples of biomaterial from rodents from different regions of Kazakhstan were negative. Studies conducted as part of this work will help reduce the incidence of disease among the population and animals in Kazakhstan.

Tuberculose bovina no estado do Rio Grande do Norte com base em dados secundários

ABSTRACT: This study determined the frequency of positive tests for bovine tuberculosis in animals and breeders/establishments in Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. Data were provided by the Instituto de Defesa e Inspeção Agropecuária do Rio Grande do Norte (IDIARN), from its Unidade Local de Sanidade Animal e Vegetal (ULSAV’S), acquired in monthly reports issued by qualified Veterinarians under the National Program for the Control and Eradication of Brucellosis and Animal Tuberculosis (PNCEBT), from June 2012 to December 2021. For diagnosis, the comparative cervical test was used as a routine and confirmatory test. A total of 45,804 cattle were tested, 53 (0.1%) of which tested positive. Secondary data are essential in the evaluation of sanitary measures, allowing rapid generation of hypotheses about diseases and providing support for decision-making. Measures such as raising awareness among producers, sanitary control in the acquisition and sale of cows for reproduction, inspection of sanitary barriers, and conducting epidemiological surveys to understand the actual situation of this disease in the state of Rio Grande do Norte are crucial.

CURRENT STATE OF ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION MANAGEMENT IN THE BAMENDA MUNICIPALITY

Environmental sanitation is a fundamental process with the intention of protecting the environment and promoting health and the quality of life of communities. Sanitation in the Bamenda municipality is worsened due to inadequate housing facilities: toilets, drainage, water supply and ubiquitous littering with domestic wastes. This study sets out to examine the current state of environmental sanitation across the municipality. The study employs both an explanatory and descriptive survey using qualitative and quantitative methods, SPSS version 20, Microsoft Excel and Microsoft Word 2016 to analyse the results. Findings reveal that majority of households (86.6%) use illegal dumpsites, while only 13.4% rely on approved dump sites. Over 67.8% households have access to pipe borne water while 32.2 use doubtful sources. 36.8% use pit latrines, 21.1% have access to flush toilets and 21.1% used both pit and flush toilet, while 13.1% practice open defecation. Over 68.4% dispose untreated wastewater into nature with only 31.6% using drains/gutters. Some 23.7% households with children under 5 safely dispose of their fecal waste. Treating drinking water is imperative and also crucial to implement proper hygiene and sanitation measures to safeguard the population’s health in a quest to attain sustainable development of the municipality.

Hygienic characteristic of the UV led irraditor for the disinfecting surfaces and indoor air

Objective: to assess from the hygienic point of view the bactericidal characteristics and effectiveness of disinfection of surfaces and indoor air with the developed bactericidal ultraviolet LED irradiator (BUI-L). Material and methods. The studies were carried out in scientific laboratories in conditions close to natural, by usage of standard modern hygienic, physical and microbiological methods. Results. The BUI-L is characterized by hygienic and environmental safety at usage, lower power consumption, ultraviolet radiation power, total biocidal flux, surface and volume density of biocidal flux and biocidal energy by 2.5-5.6 times, operating energy illumination and energy exposure in spectrum С is less in 4.4-5.5 times, in spectrum В — more in 5.8-9.3 times in comparison with the standard bactericidal ultraviolet mercury irradiator. BUI-L during disinfection of the surface contaminated with the Escherichia coli test culture inhibits its growth on 98.2%, Staphylococcus aureus — on 96.4%, air contaminated with S. aureus — 98.8% respectively, in comparison with the control. Conclusion. The irradiator meets the regulatory hygienic requirements and can be recommended for disinfecting air and surfaces during sanitary and anti-epidemic measures to prevent infectious diseases, including health care associated infections in healthcare organizations.

Mental health in all policies: How does an effort for mental health in all policies impact the battle against increasing mental unwell-being across society?

The worldwide pandemic caused by the covid-19 virus led to interventions in personal freedom of citizens that were never seen before. These measures limiting freedom caused an enormous impact on people’s mental health, which is largely dependant on social, economic and environmental factors. Mainly in young people a strong increase in mental health problems could be observed. Specific sanitary measures heavily affected their social lives, education, hobbies and other areas in their lives. This crisis showed us the interconnectedness of many areas of life with mental health policy and the need for a holistic approach. Therefore we mustn’t focus solely on expanding mental health care and making it more accessible if we want a general improvement of the population’s mental health. On top of the important and necessary increase in accessibility and availability, there is a need to prevent additional mental health problems of our citizens. For this reason we want to make a case for a mental health in all policies. There is a need for high quality integrated mental health care, as well as generally a policy of integrated care that addresses mental health as part of the larger health system, which fortifies resilience. In this presentation we want to demonstrate this need by showing local examples and research which makes the case for a mental health in all policies for all.

Evaluating the Impact of EU Non-Tariff Measures on Vietnam’s Textile Exports

With the development process and international economic integration, the importance of non-tariff measures (NTMs) was stimulated significantly in international trade. This shift has played a vital role in placing NTMs in the limelight of Vietnam’s exportation, particularly textile exports. The gravity model has been applied in this article to analyze the current regulations related to NTMs and to assess the impact of NTMs from the EU on textile exported products from Vietnam. The research findings have shown that technical barriers (TBTs) to trade are the most common and stringent regulations from the EU towards Vietnam’s textile exportation, while, sanitary and phytosanitary measures (SPSs) are not statistically significant. There are other types of NTMs (apart from SPSs and TBTs) that can increase export turnover. Based on these findings, the paper proposes some recommendations to enhance the exportation of textiles for the Vietnamese government and firms in the upcoming period.

The microbial status of bee families Apis melifera during the winter period

Introduction. Bees are very important to balancing different ecosystems around the globe. It’s worth noting that, like animals and humans, bees are affected by different pathogens, such as bacteria, viruses, ecto- and endoparasites, and fungi. Therefore, the health of bee families depends on the veterinary sanitary measures undertaken by the beekeepers in close contact with the veterinarians. The aim of the research is to analyze the impact of the microbial status of bee families during the winter period.
 Material and methods. The research consisted of bee families from the experimental apiary of the Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology of the Technical University of Moldova. Samples of dead bees, about 50 from each examined hive, were collected for bacteriological research. The morphological properties of the bacterial colonies were studied.
 Results. The obtained results demonstrate that a diverse microbial microflora prevails in bee families during the winter period. The results of microscopic investigations confirmed the presence of bacteria of the genus E. coli, accounting for over 50% of bacterial forms, followed by Streptococcus and Staphylococcus with a level of 30%, fungal flora 15%, and up to 5% bacteria of the genus Salmonella spp.
 Conclusions. The bacteriological research carried out in bee families after the winter period reproduces the data of persistent bacteriocenosis in bee families during the cold period of the year and allows for predicting the risk of infectious diseases in bees.

Disciplining Health Regulations through the World Trade Organization’s Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures: Science and the Rule of Law

Abstract The World Trade Organization’s (WTO) Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS Agreement) disciplines WTO Members’ health regulations to prevent their misuse for protectionist purposes. In doing so, its obligations reflect several elements of the rule of law, including legal certainty, non-arbitrariness and non-discrimination, as well as a recognition of the rights of individuals. Through its obligations of non-discrimination, transparency and scientific justification and the scope it leaves for Members to prioritise the protection of health over trade liberalisation, the SPS Agreement can be regarded as entailing a rule-of-law approach. However, cognisant of the limits to the rule of law when transposed to the international level, it is important to avoid an overly “judicialised” approach to the disciplines of the SPS Agreement, and in particular its reliance on scientific justification to prevent arbitrariness in sanitary and phytosanitary regulation. Otherwise, there is a risk of intruding too far into the regulatory autonomy of States, weakening the “compliance pull” of the agreement and thus inadvertently undermining the rule of law in this area. An approach that instead recognises the inherent subjectivity and uncertainty in science and respects Members’ divergent priorities in health regulation would go further in engendering support for the rules-based system of international trade.

The Impact of the SPS Agreement on Food Legislation of the Russian Federation

The paper analyzes the impact of the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures on the food legislation of the Russian Federation. The author investigated the main provisions of this Agreement, and then analyzed how the member States of the World Trade Organization use the rules under consideration in law enforcement activities. The implementation of this international act is aimed, on the one hand, at the ability of States to take measures to protect humans and animals, and on the other hand, to ensure uniform market requirements. The approaches of States to the implementation of international law rules may be different and may depend on many factors, for example, whether countries are importers or exporters of food. The difference in approaches is also observed between developed and developing countries, which is manifested in different opportunities to defend the interests of the state in the framework of WTO disputes. The analysis of legislation and judicial practice allowed the author to conclude that the agreement for the member States may have both limiting and generating positive consequences. At the same time, the European Union and the Russian Federation are going in opposite directions. The EU actively protects its markets both by developing food legislation and by participating in disputes under the WTO mechanisms, while Russia does not show proper activity in law-making and law enforcement. The provisions of the Agreement related to the academic substantiation of decisions taken by States, as well as the use of a risk-based approach in public administration of the food sector are also implemented in different ways. The EU is building a system of food legislation based on risk-based decision-making by Member States, as well as taking into account the updating of scientific data. Russian legislation presents an unsystematic set of regulatory legal acts that fix the minimum requirements for food products.

Population genetics of Aedes albopictus in the port cities of Hainan Island and Leizhou Peninsula, China

BackgroundAedes albopictus is an important vector of arboviral diseases, transmitting yellow fever, dengue fever, chikungunya and Zika. Monitoring its population genetic diversity and genetic differentiation has become essential for the control of infectious disease epidemics, especially in the functional areas of ports of entry. Population genetic monitoring of Ae. albopictus in the port area can help in the monitoring of port mosquito invasions and establishing port sanitary and quarantine measures to prevent the introduction and transmission of vector-borne diseases. MethodsSeventeen populations of Ae. albopictus were collected from five port cities on Hainan Island and the Leizhou Peninsula, 8 populations were collected from port areas, 4 from urban areas and 5 from rural areas. Nine microsatellite loci and the mitochondrial COI gene were used to study the population genetic diversity, population genetic structure and interpopulation gene flow of Ae. albopictus. ResultsThe nine microsatellite loci used were highly polymorphic, with an average PIC value of 0.768. The UPGMA genetic tree, STRUCTURE barplot and PCoA analyses showed that the 17 Ae. albopictus populations could be divided into three genetic groups. All 17 populations showed high haplotype diversity (Hd = 0.8069–0.9678) and formed 133 distinct haplotypes. These haplotypes can be divided into four genetic clades, but they are not associated with the geographical distribution of Ae. albopictus. Fst and Nm showed strong gene flow and little differentiation among populations. ConclusionAe. albopictus in port areas are not significantly different from urban and rural populations due to strong gene flow, which prevents differentiation and increases the genetic diversity of the populations. High genetic diversity facilitates mosquito adaptation to complex environmental changes, which is a challenge for vector-borne disease control in port areas.

Prospects for the use of probiotic organisms to develop alternative strategies for disinfection and prevention of infectious diseases

Introduction: An important feature of microorganisms is the ability to adapt to adverse external influences, including the development of multiple antimicrobial resistance, leading to such negative consequences for humans as nosocomial infections, problems with cleaning rooms, medical and industrial equipment. The active use of chemical disinfectants for high-quality disinfection and cleaning has a number of disadvantages, including the risks of pathogens with new mechanisms of resistance to antimicrobial agents. The search for new, effective and safe antimicrobial agents as an alternative to chemical disinfectants is relevant. The use of probiotic strains of microorganisms, including lactic acid bacteria, in this capacity may be a promising area of research.Objective: to analyze the literature data on studies of the potential of probiotic organisms, including lactic acid bacteria, to develop alternative disinfection and prevention strategies.Materials and methods: This review of the subject field has been prepared based on the guiding principles of PRISMA-ScR. SCOPUS, Google Scholar, and RSCI databases were used. The works in Russian and English were considered, for the period 1995-2023.Results: The review included 89 articles exploring the disadvantages of traditional disinfection methods and the search for alternative sanitation strategies. The description of various solutions for the introduction of probiotic purification methods is systematized – using bacteriophages, probiotic microorganisms of R. Bacillus and representatives of lactic acid bacteria as active agents.Conclusions: A system of sanitary measures based on probiotic biodesinfectants, including lactic acid bacteria, can be included among the tools for countering pathogens, including their biofilms and forms with multidrug resistance. The introduction of a probiotic hygienic cleaning system, without having a negative impact on the environment, can increase the effectiveness of traditional hygienic preventive measures both in medical institutions and in production.