Measures Of Mindfulness Research Articles

Interpersonal Mindfulness Questionnaire: Scale Development and Validation

ObjectivesPreviously developed mindfulness measures focused on its intrapersonal dimensions and did not measure the interpersonal aspects of mindfulness. Furthermore, recently developed interpersonal mindfulness measures were either specific to a certain context (e.g., parenting, conjugal, teaching) or omitted/minimized the role of the body in the interpersonal dynamic. The proposed Interpersonal Mindfulness Questionnaire (IMQ) aims to operationalize the theoretical notion of embodied and embedded mindfulness by grounding it into four dimensions, each representing a set of skills that can be cultivated through training and practice: (1) Detachment from the Mind, (2) Body-Anchored Presence, (3) Attention to and Awareness of the Other Person, and (4) Mindful Responding.MethodsThe IMQ subscales were developed through consultations with a panel of eight graduate students and ten experts in the field. Three studies were conducted to evaluate the construct, internal consistency, reliability, convergent validity, and utility of the IMQ.ResultsFindings from the three studies supported the proposed four subscales of IMQ and suggested that these four subscales are independent and supported by convergent evidence. In addition, results suggested that IMQ subscales’ scores are sensitive to meditation experience and are associated with better intrapersonal and interpersonal outcomes.ConclusionsIMQ subscales are valid and are consistent with the proposed embodied and embedded conception of interpersonal mindfulness. IMQ subscales are associated with intrapersonal mindfulness, but not strongly enough to be conceived as the same phenomenon. Limitations, as well as theoretical and practical implications of IMQ subscales, are thoroughly discussed.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12671-022-01855-1.

Universal delivery of a dialectical behaviour therapy skills programme (DBT STEPS-A) for adolescents in a mainstream school: feasibility study

The social and emotional wellbeing of young people is an area of increased focus for policy and practice. Schools are required to provide a holistic approach to education that includes teaching and implementing programmes designed to promote resilience and address difficult behaviours. Preliminary studies in the USA have shown promise for DBT STEPS-A (Dialectical Behavior Therapy- Skills for Emotional Problem Solving- Adolescents) but there have been no published UK evaluations. The aim of this study was to adapt DBT STEPS-A for a UK setting and test the feasibility of training teachers to deliver this universal programme as part of a mainstream school curriculum. The programme was delivered by teachers to students aged 13–14 years (n = 183) using a waitlist (non-randomised) controlled design. We investigated potential changes in level of emotional and behavioural problems using the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) and Difficulties of Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) and changes in psychological skills using the Child and Adolescent Mindfulness Measure (CAMM) and DBT Ways of coping checklist (DBT-WCCL). The views of students (n = 50) and teachers (n = 4) were explored using a participant satisfaction questionnaire. Feasibility outcomes indicate that it is possible to recruit participants from a school setting and to train teachers in the delivery of DBT STEPS-A. A statistically significant treatment effect was observed on the SDQ prosocial subscale (p = 0.04) with a large effect size (0.92). The intervention and some measures were acceptable to participants and teachers. Areas to improve future implementation are discussed.

Containing Attachment Concerns: Does Trait Mindfulness Buffer the Links between Attachment Insecurity and Maladaptive Sexual Motivations?

ABSTRACT Individuals reporting greater insecure attachment are more likely to report maladaptive sexual motivations, such as sex to avoid negative relational and personal outcomes (e.g., conflict). Despite the costs of such sexual motivations, research is less clear regarding what might buffer the extent to which attachment insecurities manifest in such motives. The current study examined whether trait mindfulness moderates the links between attachment insecurity and maladaptive sexual motives. Participants (N = 194) completed measures of trait mindfulness, general sexual motivations, and attachment. As predicted, the links between attachment anxiety and having sex to cope and affirm the self were eliminated among individuals reporting higher levels of the acting with awareness facet of trait mindfulness. No such buffering effects were seen for attachment avoidance. Instead, acting with awareness mindfulness appeared to increase the extent to which more avoidantly attached individuals reported coping and self-affirmation-based sexual motives. These findings contribute to knowledge regarding the potential utility and limits of mindfulness in relational and sexual contexts, perhaps suggesting that mindfulness may help anxiously attached individuals manage the extent to which attachment concerns manifest in maladaptive sexual motivations. Findings of the study may inform both theory regarding mindfulness in interpersonal functioning and how mindfulness interventions might be deployed in sex therapy contexts.

Effectiveness of a brief dialectical behavior therapy intensive-outpatient community health program.

Standard dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), with its 12-month format, has a documented record of efficacy. While emerging evidence is supportive of DBT adaptations in community mental health settings and brief, intensive formats, many of these studies are limited by sample size of its DBT group, by omission of program completion rates and specific data from program noncompleters, and by focusing solely on symptom-focused measures-which inadvertently omits observing gains associated with well-being. We used a nonexperimental design to assess client outcomes on pathology-focused and positive-psychology measures in a brief DBT intensive-outpatient Community Mental Health Center in the midwestern United States for program graduates and program dropouts who completed at least two surveys (n = 77). This is the shortest average program length (M = 19.01 days) known for a DBT program. Scores on measures of depression (d = 0.41), anxiety (d = 0.5), stress (d = 0.5), and difficulties in emotion regulation (d = 0.51) all decreased from entrance to exit. Scores on measures of mindfulness (d = 0.43), Snyder's hope (d = 0.51), and integrative hope (d = 0.41) increased from entrance to exit. These results provide evidence that pathology decreases and measures associated with well-being increase in this brief, intensive-outpatient community health DBT program. This study provides support for future investigations of brief, intensive community health programs. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Dispositional Mindfulness and Inhibitory Control after Perceiving Neutral, Food and Money Related Stimuli.

Previous studies have shown that dispositional mindfulness is positively associated with cognitive performance, including the ability to stop behavioral actions (formally called inhibitory control). However, some studies suggest that the relationship may be context dependent. The current study addressed previous limitations and focused on the role of reward context regarding the relationship between mindfulness and inhibitory control. Seventy-five participants (31 men, 44 women) between 18–50 years old (M = 30, SD = 9) were included in the final sample. Participants filled out a self-report measure of mindfulness and performed a stop signal task with three conditions that varied in terms of reward context. In the neutral condition, go stimuli (stimuli to which a response was required) were letters; in the food and money condition, these were pictures of food and money, respectively. Results showed that inhibitory control was reduced in the money condition relative to the neutral condition (p = 0.012). Mindfulness was positively correlated with inhibitory control, but only in the money condition (p = 0.001). However, results might differ when inhibitory control is required while perceiving a learned reward-related stimulus. The latter represents an open question for future research.

Attentional Features of Mindfulness are Better Predictors of Face Recognition than Empathy and Compassion-Based Constructs.

Recent research has employed measures of either empathy, compassion or mindfulness and linked better face recognition memory to higher scores of identification with all humanity and mindfulness but not empathy or compassion. Additionally, empathy, compassion and mindfulness have been suggested as concepts that intertwine, but research has not yet examined how their respective personality questionnaires map onto latent concepts. We employed these measures together to explore their factor structure and, using structural equation modelling, we investigated if the suggested latent variables predict recognition memory performance for face and non-face stimuli. Attentional notions of mindfulness described a latent factor that predicted face recognition. All self-compassion facets and the non-react mindfulness facet described a latent factor, which predicted false alarms in face recognition. Finally, empathy and compassion-based notions described one latent factor, which did not predict recognition performance. None of the latent variables predicted performance in either object or voice recognition. Collectively, findings indicate attention-based mindfulness to benefit face recognition, prompting further research into the potential of mindfulness to support the face recognition process.

Adaptive self-concept as a predictor of dispositional mindfulness

The purpose of the studies was to investigate the relationship between adaptive features of self-concept and facets of dispositional mindfulness. We assumed that the strong self-concept is a crucial factor enhancing optimal functioning. Accordingly, we hypothesized that adaptive features of self-concept predict the general factor of dispositional mindfulness. We conducted two studies using four measures of mindfulness (FFMQ, MAAS, AAQ, and MEAQ) and the Adaptive Self-Concept Questionnaire (ASCQ). To explore the complex relationships between mindfulness and adaptive self-concept canonical correlation analysis was performed (N = 134; 78% females; age: M = 30.99, SD = 10.27). We found that variance shared by three features of adaptive self-concept (i.e. clarity, self-distance, and non-rumination) is strongly related to general factors of mindfulness and experiential acceptance. To evaluate alternative models depicting different patterns of relationships between these variables the structural equation modeling approach was applied (N = 162; 65% females; age: M = 27.24, SD = 9.76). Adaptive self-concept significantly predicted the latent variable representing variance shared by mindfulness and experiential acceptance. Overall, the results confirmed our hypothesis and suggest that adaptive self-concept may be a basis for a high dispositional mindfulness. We discuss this possibility in light of a metacognitive model of mindfulness.

Therapeutic effect of an ayahuasca analogue in clinically depressed patients: a longitudinal observational study

RationaleStudies have suggested mental health improvements following the use of the psychotropic plant concoction ayahuasca in non-clinical and clinical samples.ObjectivesThe present observational study assessed depressive symptomatology in 20 clinically depressed patients (symptom score > 13 on the Beck’s Depression Inventory) before attendance of an ayahuasca ceremony and 1 month and 1 year after. Secondary measures included ratings of altered states of consciousness and ego dissolution during the ayahuasca ceremony as well as global measures of mindfulness, satisfaction with life, depression, anxiety, and stress.ResultsTwenty participants completed baseline and 1-day follow-up, 19 completed measures at 1-month follow-up, and 17 completed measures at 1-year follow-up. BDI scores reduced from baseline (M = 22.7) to all post-ceremony measures (Ms 11.45, 12.89, and 8.88, for 1-day, 1-month, and 1-year follow-up, respectively). After 1 day, 12/20 participants were in remission (BDI < 13). Remission rates after 1 month and 1 year were 13/19 and 12/17, respectively. Three participants remained mildly depressed (BDI 14–19) at the 1-month and 1-year follow-up. Two participants did not respond and remained at a moderate/severe level of depression at 1-year follow-up. Reductions on the secondary mental health measures and increases in mindfulness and satisfaction with life were found up to 1 year post-ceremony. Improvements in clinical depression and mental health correlated with levels of experienced ego dissolution and oceanic boundlessness during the ceremony up to 1 month after the ceremony. Engagement in additional mental health treatments or use of another psychedelic during study participation may have contributed to improved mental health ratings at 1-year follow-up.ConclusionAyahuasca produces long-term mental health improvements in clinically depressed patients, which highlights its therapeutic potential.

Mindful Parent Training for Parents of Children Aged 3-12 Years with Behavioral Problems: a Scoping Review.

ObjectivesWhile mindfulness-based parenting programs (MPPs) are increasingly popular for reducing child behavior problems, the evidence for the advantages of MPP over existing behavioral parent training is unclear. Existing systematic reviews have largely excluded the breadth of MPP protocols, including those that integrate behavioral skills components. Therefore, a scoping review was conducted to map the nature and extent of research on MPPs for parents of children aged 3 to 12 years with behavioral problems.MethodsPRISMA-ScR guidelines were used to conduct an encompassing peer literature review of cross-disciplinary databases. Studies were included if they reported mindfulness interventions for parents of children aged between 3 and 12 years with externalizing behavior problems and had an outcome measure of child behavioral problems that could be represented as an effect size. Randomized controlled trials as well as quasi-experimental, pre-post studies and unpublished dissertations were included.ResultsSixteen studies met the inclusion criteria (N = 1362). The majority of MPPs delivered mindfulness adapted to parenting based on the Bögels’ protocol within clinical settings. There was a dearth of fully integrated mindfulness and behavioral programs. MPPs generally produced pre-to-post-intervention improvements with small effect sizes across child behavior and parent style, stress, and mindfulness measures. Examining longer follow-up periods compared to pre-intervention, effects reached a moderate size across most outcome measures.ConclusionsMPPs continue to show promise in improving child behavior and parental mindfulness, well-being, and style. Further research is needed to determine how to best leverage the advantages of mindfulness in augmenting the well-established effectiveness of behavioral programs.

Trait mindfulness and relationship mindfulness are indirectly related to sexual quality over time in dating relationships among emerging adults

Trait mindfulness is associated with sexual satisfaction, but their temporal relation is unexplored. Using a short-term longitudinal design, the present study not only examines their temporal relation but also extends extant research by also investigating relationship mindfulness and potential mechanisms that might account for any temporal relation that exists between the two forms of mindfulness and sexual quality. Participants were sexually active emerging adults ( N = 104) in romantic relationships who initially completed measures of trait and relationship mindfulness, and 6 weeks later measures of relationship satisfaction and difficulties in emotion regulation. After another 6 weeks, they completed a measure of sexual quality. Relationship mindfulness was related to sexual satisfaction 12 weeks later via relationship satisfaction, whereas trait mindfulness was related to later sexual dissatisfaction via difficulties in emotion regulation. These results suggest that the temporal relationship between mindfulness and sexual quality is indirect and more nuanced than previously thought. Several avenues for future research are suggested.

The impact of participation in a mindfulness-based intervention on posttraumatic stress symptomatology among Black women: A pilot study.

Objective: Women, racial/ethnic minorities, and socioeconomically disadvantaged groups experience trauma and PTSD at a rate of up to four times the U.S. national average. The aim of the present study is to assess the association between participation in a mindfulness-based intervention delivered in a community health center and posttraumatic stress symptoms among socioeconomically disadvantaged, Black women with trauma histories. We hypothesized that participants would experience a significant reduction in trauma symptom severity from pre- to post-intervention. Method: Women were recruited from a community health center on the South Side of Chicago, Illinois. Participants completed self-report measures of trauma symptoms, mindfulness, depression, and stress. Pre/postintervention differences in symptom severity were analyzed with paired sample t tests and independent sample t tests. Results: A total of 36 women with trauma symptom data were assessed. There was a significant reduction of trauma symptom severity from baseline to end of treatment. A minority of participants endorsed slightly higher symptomatology at the end of treatment. Women whose trauma symptom severity increased were less symptomatic overall to begin treatment; they had significantly lower trauma and depressive symptom severity at baseline. Conclusions: Socioeconomically disadvantaged, Black women with moderate to severe trauma symptoms benefited from a mindfulness-based intervention delivered in a community health care setting. While some women with mild trauma symptoms may have become more aware of their symptoms through an intervention designed to increase awareness of thoughts and feelings, most women experienced a decrease in trauma symptom severity. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Measuring Mindfulness: Assessing the Utility of the FFMQ in the Older Veterans With Dementia and Their Caregivers

Mindfulness is increasingly popular as a low cost, convenient, and accessible way to address mental health and chronic health conditions. Despite its popularity, best practices in measuring mindfulness in clinical settings and intervention research are still being defined. The Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ-15) measures mindfulness traits; however, its use has been limited in older adults, those with dementia, and caregivers. Method: Caregivers (N=82) and veterans with dementia (N=62) enrolled in a randomized pilot intervention study completed the 15-item FFMQ at baseline, 6-month, and 12-month assessments. Veterans were mostly male (98%), White/Caucasian (65%), and living with a partner/spouse (79%). Caregivers (M=65 years old) were mostly female (89%) and White/Caucasian (66%). FFMQ response options were simplified to a 3-point Likert-scale for individuals with dementia (0=rarely true to 2=often true). Results: Internal consistency statistics (Cronbach’s alphas) at the scale-level were acceptable among caregivers at baseline and 6-months (.71-.75) but questionably reliable at 12-months (.59, N=46). For individuals with dementia, the simplified version of the FFMQ (with 3 response options) achieved questionable reliability at baseline (.57, N=56) and 6-months (.67, N=32), but improved to acceptable at 12-month assessments (.75, N=15), after significant attrition. Conclusion: Researchers should apply caution when using the FFMQ total score with caregivers and those with cognitive impairments. Though simplified response options eased administration, utility of the tool may be limited in those who are more impaired. Before mindfulness measures can be used meaningfully, reliability of available tools like the FFMQ-15 need to be examined in more diverse samples.

Guided Mindfulness Meditation for Pain Control After Septorhinoplasty: A Randomized-Controlled Pilot Study.

Background: Mindfulness meditation has been shown to alleviate pain and may be an appealing adjunctive pain management option. Objective: To compare measures of pain, mindfulness, and opioid usage, and collect evaluative feedback among patients undergoing septorhinoplasty with and without guided meditation. Methods: Patients undergoing septorhinoplasty were randomized to online-guided meditation postoperative days 0-3 versus standard care; all received the same pain medications. Primary outcome measures included pain intensity, opioid consumption, mindfulness scores, and evaluative feedback. Results: Twenty-one patients received guided meditation and 24 received standard care. No significant difference in opioid consumption or pain scores was seen with the exception of higher opioid use in patients with intranasal splints in the standard care group. Twenty out of 21 patients provided evaluative feedback; all recommended mindfulness meditation to friends undergoing nasal surgery, 90% reported it was beneficial, 85% believed it eased pain/discomfort, and 80% believed it aided with sleep. Conclusion: Although no objective difference was found in opioid consumption or pain scores, most patients reported that guided mindfulness meditation was beneficial to their recovery following septorhinoplasty.

Mindfulness, rejection, and recovery of positive mood and friendliness: A Cyberball study.

Experiencing stressful events that threaten feelings of social belonging can have far-reaching negative impacts on well-being, but there are individual differences in sensitivity to threat that might be explained by dispositional traits. In particular, naturally occurring dispositional mindfulness may be one trait that can explain such differences. To test this possibility, a pool of 495 young adults completed a measure of dispositional mindfulness and a subset of 90 (M = 19 years, SD = 1.3), selected to represent the full range of mindfulness scores, participated in an induced social rejection task (Cyberball). Threat appraisal was collected by asking about perceived exclusion and rejection post-Cyberball, and participants reported their mood and friendliness before, after, and at 3-mins of recovery, and their self-esteem and life meaning after Cyberball and at recovery. Participants higher in mindfulness reported better mood and less unfriendliness prior to Cyberball. Directly after playing Cyberball, a more heightened appraisal of threat, but not mindfulness, was associated with worse mood, less friendliness, lower self-esteem, and less life meaning. Mindfulness directly mitigated the negative effects of rejection on feelings of friendliness post rejection. When mindfulness and threat appraisal were considered in interaction, the association of perceived threat with pre- to post- changes in positive mood and friendliness was strongly negative when mindfulness was high relative to low. Further, mindfulness was associated with better recovery of mood and life meaning by 3-min after Cyberball, and these effects were additive rather than interactive. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Validation of the French sexual mindfulness measure and its links with psychosexual well-being

Limited instruments are available to assess sexual mindfulness (i.e., state of mindfulness during sexual interactions) and understand its links with psychosexual well-being. The aim of this study was to examine the reliability and validity of a French version of the Sexual Mindfulness Measure (SMM) (Leavitt et al., 2019) and its relation to psychosexual outcomes (e.g., body image, sexual communication). A confirmatory factor analysis was conducted with a community sample of 541 adults (M age= 36.82, SD = 11.78). The factorial structure of the original English version of the SMM was replicated, and satisfactory internal consistency was found, suggesting that the French SMM can be considered a valid measure to capture sexual mindfulness in research and clinical settings. Results showed significant linear regressions with expected psychosexual outcomes, which suggests that increased sexual mindfulness could improve psychosexual well-being. Lay summary: This study presents the validation of a questionnaire measuring sexual mindfulness - the level of awareness and nonjudgment during sexual interactions. Findings support the validity of the questionnaire to measure sexual mindfulness in clinical and research settings; it also suggests that sexual mindfulness may predict sexual higher self-esteem and body image, and lower anxiety towards sexual communication.

A preliminary study of the effects of mindfulness‐based cognitive therapy on structural brain networks in mood‐dysregulated youth with a familial risk for bipolar disorder

Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for children (MBCT-C), as a psychotherapeutic intervention, has been shown to be effective for treating mood dysregulation (MD). While previous neuroimaging studies of MD have reported both pre-treatment structural and functional alterations, the effects of MBCT-C on brain morphological network organisation has not been investigated. We investigated brain morphological network organisation in 10 mood-dysregulated youth with familial risk for bipolar disorder and 15 matched healthy comparison youth (HC). Effects of 12 weeks of MBCT-C were examined in the mood-dysregulated youth. Topological properties of brain networks used for analyses were constructed based on morphological similarities in regional grey matter using a graph-theory approach using MRI data. At baseline, compared with the HC group, the mood-dysregulated group exhibited increased global efficiency (Eglob ), decreased path length (Lp ), and abnormal nodal properties, mainly in the limbic system. Right temporal pole alterations at baseline predicted change in Child and Adolescent Mindfulness Measure scores after treatment. The mood-dysregulated group showed significant decreases in both the Eglob and Lp metrics after MBCT-C, suggesting an improved capacity for optimal information processing. Changes in Lp were correlated with changes in Emotion Regulation Checklist scores. Our results show significant topological alterations in the mood-dysregulated group as compared to controls at baseline. After MBCT-C, disrupted topological properties in the mood-dysregulated group were significantly reduced. MBCT-C may facilitate clinically meaningful changes in the brain structural network in mood-dysregulated individuals.

A Large-Scale Naturalistic Evaluation of the AIM Curriculum in a Public-School Setting.

This study evaluated the effectiveness of the AIM curriculum when implemented in a public-school setting by schoolteachers and direct care staff. Three hundred eighteen students took part in this quasiexperimental design where all received the AIM curriculum every day for an entire school year. The participants completed a series of self-assessments (the Avoidance and Fusion Questionnaire for Youth, the Child and Adolescent Mindfulness Measure, and the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire) at the onset of the study and at the end of the school year to assess psychological flexibility, mindfulness, and emotional behavioral skills. Results suggest that at the end of the school year, participants increased psychological flexibility and mindfulness. State standardized testing scores also showed increases school-wide as compared to the previous 2 years. These results suggest that the AIM curriculum may be effective in large school settings, appeared easy to implement by school staff to address the needs of both the individual student and the entire student body, and likely participated in improving school-wide academic success.

Is Mindfulness a Noticeable Quality? Development and Validation of the Observed Mindfulness Measure

This paper presents the psychometric development of a new observer-report research questionnaire for assessing aspects of an individual’s mindfulness that are noticeable to others. Items from five established self-report mindfulness scales were re-worded for observer-report, and 30 were endorsed for potential inclusion by an expert panel (n = 5). Factor analytic and item response theory models were used to test item and scale psychometrics with data (N = 494) in three independent samples. A nine-item, three-factor scale with good fit indices was determined (RMSEA = 0.04, CFI = 0.99, TLI = 0.99). The instrument provides an overall score for observed mindful behaviours and subscale scores for observed attentiveness, awareness and acceptance. Within-subject test–retest reliability was strong (ICC 0.91) and agreement between observed mindful behaviours and self-reported mindfulness was adequate (ICC 0.45). Validity tests showed concordance between the new scale and self-reported mindfulness within the selected nomological network constructs (emotional intelligence, empathy and avoidant behaviours). Responsiveness was indicated but unconfirmed in data from a randomized controlled trial of low-dose mindfulness training. The Observed Mindfulness Measure (OMM) is a quantitative instrument that can provide an additional data source to strengthen self-reported findings in mindfulness research. With some further refinement this new instrument can advance research into whether and how mindfulness training might make a noticeable difference in social and organizational domains.

Adaptation and Validation of the Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale-Revised (CAMS-R) in People Living with HIV in Myanmar

ObjectivesValid and reliable instruments for the measurement of mindfulness are crucial for people living with HIV. However, there was no Myanmar version of such an instrument.MethodsWe adapted the English version of the 12-item Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale-Revised (CAMS-R) based on standard cross-cultural procedures. By randomly sampling methods, a sample of 248 eligible people living with HIV was contacted from a closed Myanmar Facebook group; 159 PLHIV completed the initial 12-item version of the adapted survey.ResultsThree items were removed due to low item-to-total correlations of the corrected item-total correlation as well as having infit and outfit mean squares outside the range of 0.6 to 1.4. After deleting the 3 items, the three-factor structure was confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis, which indicated good model fit. The resultant 9-item CAMS-R in Myanmar (CAMS-R-M-2) achieved good internal reliability (Cronbach’s α of 0.75 to 0.87, and the corrected item-total correlation ranged from 0.44 to 0.81). Construct validity of the scale was demonstrated by significant association with self-reported HIV stigma and social support levels (r = 0.63, and − 0.53). In Rasch analysis, the infit and outfit mean squares for each item ranged from 0.49 to 1.24, and the person reliability was 2.17 and the separation index was 0.83.ConclusionsThe 9-item CAMS-R-M-2 with a three-factor structure has good reliability and validity. Higher total scores and subscale score reflected greater mindfulness qualities in people living with HIV in Myanmar.

Exploring the Optimal Factor Structure of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire: Associations Between Mindfulness Facets and Dimensions of Psychopathology

Recent studies of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) and its condensed version (FFMQ-SF) fail to replicate the initially proposed five-factor structure in clinical samples. Failure to adequately understand the dimensionality of common mindfulness measures within clinical samples, therefore, represents an important gap in the current literature. The increasing popularity of mindfulness-based interventions warrants further investigation of differential associations between facets of mindfulness and different forms of psychopathology. We examined (a) the underlying structure of the FFMQ and FFMQ-SF, and (b) associations between FFMQ and FFMQ-SF facets and dimensions of psychopathology (i.e., internalizing and substance use disorders) in two large clinical samples (N = 2,779). Results from bass-ackwards analyses suggested similarly defensible five- and six-factor model solutions in terms of fit. The five-factor model was optimal when factoring in parsimony. Exploratory structural equation modeling revealed that all FFMQ facets with the exception of observe were negatively associated with the internalizing factor. Associations with substance use disorders were more complex. In both samples, five-factor FFMQ and FFMQ-SF models were determined to best represent these data. Whereas deficits in all FFMQ facets with the exception of observe correspond with lower internalizing psychopathology, a more nuanced association was observed with substance use disorders.