Abstract
ObjectivesValid and reliable instruments for the measurement of mindfulness are crucial for people living with HIV. However, there was no Myanmar version of such an instrument.MethodsWe adapted the English version of the 12-item Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale-Revised (CAMS-R) based on standard cross-cultural procedures. By randomly sampling methods, a sample of 248 eligible people living with HIV was contacted from a closed Myanmar Facebook group; 159 PLHIV completed the initial 12-item version of the adapted survey.ResultsThree items were removed due to low item-to-total correlations of the corrected item-total correlation as well as having infit and outfit mean squares outside the range of 0.6 to 1.4. After deleting the 3 items, the three-factor structure was confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis, which indicated good model fit. The resultant 9-item CAMS-R in Myanmar (CAMS-R-M-2) achieved good internal reliability (Cronbach’s α of 0.75 to 0.87, and the corrected item-total correlation ranged from 0.44 to 0.81). Construct validity of the scale was demonstrated by significant association with self-reported HIV stigma and social support levels (r = 0.63, and − 0.53). In Rasch analysis, the infit and outfit mean squares for each item ranged from 0.49 to 1.24, and the person reliability was 2.17 and the separation index was 0.83.ConclusionsThe 9-item CAMS-R-M-2 with a three-factor structure has good reliability and validity. Higher total scores and subscale score reflected greater mindfulness qualities in people living with HIV in Myanmar.
Highlights
This paper concerns an initial scale validation study focusing on a mindfulness scale administered to an HIV-infected population, in the Myanmar Buddhist context
This mindfulness scale validation comprised a multiphase process to ensure the rigorousness of the scale validation
The psychometric evaluation presented in this paper provides satisfactory cross-cultural, structural, and construct validities, as well as robust internal consistency reliability
Summary
From January 2020 to June 2020, a sample of 248 eligible PLHIV was recruited from a Facebook group list that included more than 10,000 Myanmar people, 90% of whom were PLHIV, by randomly sampling methods; that is, one of every five individuals on the Facebook site roster was contacted. Participants completed a screening questionnaire to ensure they were at least 18 years of age, diagnosed with HIV, able to provide informed consent, and lived within Myanmar. Of the 248 PLHIV participants, 64.11% (159/248) completed the questionnaires. The mean age of participants was 28.77 years (SD = 16.85), and the average years of living with HIV was 7.06 years (SD = 6.61). The average recent CD4 count was 678.93 (SD = 483.54), and the average viral load was 615.80 (SD = 1058.55).
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