Measures Of Labor Productivity Research Articles

Цифровизация и производительность труда

The article discusses a wide range of problems associated with the introduction of digital technologies in all sectors of the economy and society in the United States and other developed countries belonging to the OECD. First of all, attention is drawn to the fact that digitalization has become the core of the fourth industrial revolution, which fully unfolded in the third millennium. In US statistics, the reflection of information industries began in 2000. These industries in turn formed the basis for the spread of digital technology through the Internet. The US Bureau of Economic Analysis proposed its definition and methods for measuring digitalization using the KLEMS model. Together with OECD experts, American researchers included in the digital economy both the production of goods and the production of services — computers, software, telecommunications equipment, buildings and facilities for placing equipment and companies, the Internet of Things (IoT) and all machines that interact via the Internet, as well as supporting services - both digital and technical equipment maintenance. Over the past decades, the growth rate of the digital economy has exceeded four times the average annual growth rate of US GDP. In the works of scientists from the United States and other countries, considerable attention is paid to identifying the complex influence of digital technologies - artificial intelligence, computer technologies (big data, cloud technologies, blockchain, etc.), robots, smart machines, machine learning, quantum technologies and computers - on human perspectives of civilization. Artificial intelligence takes a key place in the digitalization process. Therefore, many well-known scientists from the United States and other countries devote their work to the study of artificial intelligence from an economic point of view. Any progress, including digitalization, leads to an increase in labor productivity. It happens today. However, the so-called “Solow paradox” is confirmed, which consists in the fact that productivity growth takes place primarily in the digital economy sectors, to a lesser extent it affects the productivity gains of the entire national economy. At the same time, digitalization raises the problem of how to measure labor productivity in new conditions. The particular concern of the population is the widespread introduction of artificial intelligence, training machines, robots, and other similar products into various sectors of the economy. No country wants social tension due to the threat of unemployment. The EU countries, the USA, Japan, and the People's Republic of China intensively prepare people for mastering new professions; they are developing retraining programs for personnel in both the private and public sectors. Man creates new technologies, new areas of activity. Man created artificial intelligence, which is not opposed to the human intellect, but complements it. The mind of man is irreplaceable. People will work together to find answers to the challenges of digitalization.

ПОКАЗНИКИ І МЕТОДИ ВИМІРЮВАННЯ ПРОДУКТИВ-НОСТІ ПРАЦІ НА ПІДПРИЄМСТВАХ В УМОВАХ ЖОРСТКОЇ КОНКУРЕНЦІЇ

ПОКАЗНИКИ І МЕТОДИ ВИМІРЮВАННЯ ПРОДУКТИВ-НОСТІ ПРАЦІ НА ПІДПРИЄМСТВАХ В УМОВАХ ЖОРСТКОЇ КОНКУРЕНЦІЇ

Evaluation of labour productivity in Russian and Italian enterprises

A substantial body of economic research proves the need and the potential for a significant increase in the labour productivity in Russian enterprises, but does not examine the reasons behind its low values. In this context, examination of foreign experience to determine the factors behind low labour productivity and identify the reserves to increase it appears to be relevant. The paper compares the indicators of labour productivity considering the cases of a Russian and an Italian enterprise with similar production. Methodologically the paper relies on the scientific management in the part of factors affecting the efficiency of using personnel. The paper attempts to integrate a Russian approach to measuring labour productivity based on indicators of output and labour-intensity, and foreign approaches that emphasise the efficiency of exploiting all company resources. The principal methods of the research include comparative analysis of labour conditions and indicators of labour productivity, case study, interview with key company decision-makers. The objects under consideration are chosen on the basis of their similarity in terms of goods produced and situation in the markets of these goods. Comparative analysis of the number of employees and labour productivity revealed that the Russian enterprise lags behind the Italian one in labour productivity; at this, it clearly has reserves to improve its position. Among the main reasons behind lower productivity, the authors list poor technological and managerial competences, production automation level, insufficient use of possibilities to outsource non-core activities, and in some cases, specifics of environmental and climatic conditions. As a result of the study, the authors formulate recommendations for the Russian enterprise, which, given the unification of the approaches to labour productivity management in different countries, will allow utilizing the reserves of increasing it more efficiently.

Wages and Labour Productivity in African Manufacturing

AbstractWe examine the relationship between labour productivity and wages using a sample of manufacturing firms in 39 African countries. The analysis is based on the World Bank's enterprise survey data. Controlling for regressor endogeneity and country fixed effects, our main finding is that wages reflect labour productivity and worker skills. In addition, the adoption of management quality standards, foreign ownership, and location in the capital city are all positively associated with wages. Female workers and adverse business environments characterized by electricity outages and bribery are negatively associated with wages. These findings are robust to inclusion of control variables, alternative measures of labour productivity, and exclusion of firms located in upper middle income countries and North Africa.

Improving labour productivity in process construction maintenance and shutdown/turnaround projects

Construction labour is a critical cost factor which affects the profitability of petrochemical companies and contractors. Improvement in labour productivity is indispensable for the petrochemical industry to achieve sustainable development. However, the industry lacks consensus in measuring labour productivity in construction, maintenance and shutdown/turnaround projects. This engenders a need for developing productivity improvement practices applicable to all projects. This article proposes productivity improvement solutions based on a study conducted on 17 projects at five petrochemical plants in Singapore. This research team developed and used a modified Activity Analysis method suitable to the site conditions and the maintenance and shutdown/turnaround activities which are seldom studied. The study was conducted over two cycles to assess the current trend in labour productivity, identify productivity barriers, implement improvement solutions and assess their effectiveness. The aggregated direct work percentage for the projects from the first cycle of data collection was found to be 29.5%. After implementing the improvement strategies proposed by this study, the direct work percentage has increased to 35.6% in the second cycle. The assessment of labour productivity through Activity Analysis in maintenance and shutdown/turnaround environments is an important contribution of this study. This article provides a basis for benchmarking labour productivity in the Singapore petrochemical industry.

Productivity in transit: a new measure of labor productivity for urban transit systems

Productivity in transit: a new measure of labor productivity for urban transit systems

Labour Productivity Measurement and Control Standards for Hotel

Improving labor productivity is one of the more enthralling and challenging aspect of managing hotels and restaurant business. The demand to secure countless productivity became an increasingly pivotal role of managers to survive and sustain the business. Besides making business profitable, they are in the doom to make every resource to become productive and effective towards achieving company goal while maximizing the value of organization. This paper examines what productivity means to the services industry, in particular, to the hotel industry. This is underpinned by an investigation of the extent of compliance of respondent hotels to labor productivity indicators in order to find a suitable measurement standard and control system for the hotel industry in SBMA, Olongapo City. This paper proposed labor productivity standards and measurement and control system that will help employees and managers get important insights for their strategic and operational decisions to improve performance and productivity. The study further explores whether there are significant differences among the ratings of managers and employee. The result shows that there is no significant different which implies that they both have the same perspective on the compliance with labor productivity practices in three different areas. The computation of Labor productivity resulted that relationship of employee versus labor productivity is inversely proportional. This study provides a potential measurement and control standards for the enhancement of hotels labor productivity. These standards should also contain labor productivity customized for standard hotels in Subic Bay Freeport Zone to assist hotel owners in increasing the labor productivity while meeting company goals and objectives effectively.

Labour productivity statistics: a reality check for the Norwegian construction industry

ABSTRACTConstruction is one of the largest sectors that drive the global economy, yet it has failed to receive the necessary attention from the policymakers and investors. The existing construction statistics report the declining state of labour productivity. However, existing statistics often fail to reflect the true scope and economic impact of construction. They mainly account for on-site construction activities, but overlook the manufacturing of construction products and services in construction labour productivity statistics. The aim of this research is to investigate macro-economic labour productivity and identify the methodological problems inhibiting the effective measurement of construction labour productivity. The paper opted for academic literature review and a case study strategy for data collection. The findings reveal that many productive construction activities related to construction products and services are excluded from the construction labour productivity statistics. The results suggest that Norwegian construction labour productivity is not declining and is actually a productive industry in terms of value added per working hour. Although special reference has been made to the Norwegian construction industry, the same approach holds validity at the international arena of construction statistics. The study offers insights and lessons to construction industries of other countries facing similar productivity related issues.

Outside the Box Warehousing: When Thinking of Inputs as Outputs Makes Sense

AbstractAs the supply chain revolution continues, small and medium‐sized enterprises and smaller facilities of large companies experience an increased pressure from their adjacent supply chain partners and their own senior management to improve their performance. This places higher demands on the accuracy of their performance measurement, particularly labor productivity in warehouses. Smaller facilities cannot afford to implement engineered labor standards (ELS) and rely on traditional metrics of output, such as piece count, which do not provide the reliable level of accuracy demanded today. Changing the traditional view of the inputs‐outputs paradigm, this study suggests a unique labor productivity metric for non‐ELS facilities based on warehouse lift‐truck utilization data. Empirical tests using a longitudinal data set from an automotive parts distribution center provide evidence that the new metric is more accurate than the traditional output metrics because it is not affected by the assignment contribution error due to workload smoothing. The new metric offers managers an opportunity to fine‐tune labor productivity measurement in warehouses and other environments with extensive lift‐truck utilization without investing in ELS projects.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ УПРАВЛЕНИЯ ПРОИЗВОДИТЕЛЬНОСТЬЮ ТРУДА НА ВОДНОМ ТРАНСПОРТЕ

The article focuses on the problem of branch aspects of labor productivity management. The analysis of an upward trend in labor productivity in transport sector in general and on the water transport in particular has been carried out. The results show incomplete use of labor productivity potential, as well as rather low efficiency of labor management in the Russian Federation. In terms of generalization of the data which found in scientific and methodical literature, the methodical approaches to labor productivity management in transport sector are structured, the essence of process, functional, and organizational approaches is defined, and features of their use are described. Realization of the revealed approaches allows managers to define priorities of separate tasks of labor productivity management within the organizations of the water transport. Development of process of labor productivity management in the transport sector is linked to a problem of information and methodological support adequacy. The content of the information methodological support used for assessment and forecasting labor productivity parameters of the organizations of the water transport is disclosed. There has been revealed incompleteness of such information methodological support, in particular, the fact that the approved forms of reporting contain few components for labor productivity evaluation. A set of target labor productivity indicators on transport mentioned by the state program documents is given. The analysis of techniques of labor productivity measurement on transport in general and on the water transport in particular is made, main problems arising while using the existing techniques are defined during the analysis. Recommendations on improvement of the quality of the information methodological support necessary for effective decision-making in the field of labor productivity on the water transport are offered.

Exploring Digital Time Measurement in the Public Sector: Labor Productivity and Service Quality in Home Care

We measure labor productivity in home care using new data from the recent introduction of digital time measurement in Swedish municipalities. By measuring worker utilization (delivered hours as a share of worked hours) we avoid several problems that have plagued previous studies of public sector productivity. The time use measure exposes substantial variation in productivity between home care units, suggesting room for improvement. More productive units deliver a larger share of the hours approved by care managers and have equally satisfied users.

STRATEGIC PERSONNEL REQUIREMENTS PLANNING IN THE TRANSPORT INDUSTRY

The paper examines methods for measuring labour productivity in transport as a basis for implementing an effective strategic planning system of the transport sector personnel requirements. The author conducted the research of existing methods of planning and recording labour productivity and proposed the method of integrated measurement of labour productivity in uniform (labour) indicators for all PJSC "UZ", as well as for separate production groups and service jobs. This method allowed revealing the main productivity growth reserves and giving recommendations for their use. The author developed approximate standards of labour, as well as methods for calculating the economic efficiency of the internal reserves resulted from the introduction of new technology, best practices, etc. Reserves and methods of increasing labour productivity are considered in relation to the specific conditions and peculiarities of the work of transport, its branch facilities, enterprises and linear organizations.The area of labour notions is very complicated, and herewith the most general concepts of labour terms are used in different ways. Therefore, when studying the issues of labour productivity, it is necessary, above all, to define its concept. It also needed to identify the main labour terms (labour activity, work, difficulties, difficulty of work, labour productivity, production, productivity of individual, social labour, means, subject of labour, qualification, specialty, profession, etc.). The work considers the issues raised taking into account the specific features of the organization of production and labour activities in the transport industry, specifies the employment terms and reveals their definitions.The author concluded that the more acceptable indicator for measuring labour productivity at the transport, economy, enterprise and unit labour level is the indicator of labour costs per unit of output, and the measurement method is the complex one. The application of this method does not require the expansion of forms of transport statistics. On the contrary, the complex method simplifies and improves their management by reducing a number of employee output indicators by type of work and categories of workers.

BIM-assisted labor productivity measurement method for structural formwork

Abstract Knowledge of labor productivity is essential for cost estimation and progress control. Due to the limited availability of automatic generation technology for integrated information including both physical component attributes (such as spatial information) and managerial attributes (such as allocated resources), research efforts focusing on cost-time integrated progress control theory have been sparse. However, current advances in 3D building information modeling (BIM) applications have allowed for the practical development of BIM-based visual progress control systems. The goal of this research is to explore the importance of labor productivity data for measuring compound progress. Therefore, this paper develops a field labor productivity data acquisition method by integrating a 3D model with associated information. To evaluate the proposed method, a case project and field data were used to assess productivity. The results of this research are discussed in terms of significant findings and potential further developments.

Development accounting with intermediate goods

AbstractI use a simple development accounting framework that distinguishes between goods and service industries on the one hand, and final and intermediate output on the other hand, to document the following facts. First, poorer countries are particularly inefficient in the production of intermediate relative to final output. Second, they are not necessarily inefficient in goods relative to service industries. Third, they present low measured labor productivity in goods industries because these are intensive intermediate users, and because their intermediate TFP is relatively low. Fourth, the elasticity of aggregate GDP with respect to sector-neutral TFP is large.

Why Is Europe Falling Behind? Structural Transformation and Services' Productivity Differences between Europe and the U.S.

We explain labor productivity differences of the service sector between Europe and the U.S. through the labor allocation taking place within the service sector. We measure labor productivity using a multisector structural transformation model that decomposes services into 11 sub-sectors comparable across Europe and the U.S. We identify wholesale and retail trade as well as business services to be the two sectors responsible for most of the lack of catch-up in labor productivity between Europe and the U.S. We also investigate which institutional characteristics are associated with the different performances of sectoral productivity across sectors. We empirically explore our country-sector panel measures of labor productivity levels, and our results suggest that differences in taxation, pro-business attitudes, ICT diffusion and rates of innovation are disproportionally correlated with the productivity of wholesale, retail and business services relative to the rest of the sectors in the economy.

Produktywność pracy w Polsce w przekroju województw

The first part of this article presents the essence of intellectual-institutional capital. It is part of the capital of the country which finances intellectual and institutional resources. The quality of those resources contributes to the sustainable growth of an economy. The second part provides rules of measuring of the institutional-intellectual capital. Reliably stated level of this capital is an information regarding implementation of the sustainable development paradigm. In order to measure intellectual-institutional capital, labor productivity indicator was used, derived based on the concept of analytical production function. This is a function of seven variables, reflecting the actual way of composing of production factors in the process of products formation and their market realization. This indicator integrates technical equipment of labor, assets turnover, returns on assets, and the level of human capital remuneration. The pursuit of sustainable development is a politically- -economic goal, which reflects stable increase of the labor productivity factor. In-depth analysis of the sustainability of economic growth can be provided by regional labor productivity analysis. The last part of the paper presents the results of measuring labor productivity in Poland by region. The results indicate that the level of labor productivity is 2.12, what is typical for developing countries. At the same time, the results indicate significant distance to developed countries, where the value of labor productivity exceeds 3. In turn, the results of the measurement of regional labor productivity indicate another problem, reflected in large differences between regions. It proves the development of Poland to be uneven.

IMPORTANCE OF MEASUREMENT OF LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY IN CONSTRUCTION

Productivity is an important aspect of construction industry that may be used as an index for efficiency of production. Efficient management of construction resources can lead to higher productivity which can help to achieve cost and time saving. Construction is labour oriented industry. It heavily relies on the skills of its workforce. The labour is industry’s most valuable asset. It is important to improve efficiency of production by improving productivity of labour. Decreasing productivity of project has always been major concern for construction Industry. Aim of this project is to study the importance of measurement of labour productivity in construction industry around Mumbai sector after finding the factors affecting labour productivity. Factors affecting labour productivity were analysed using RII method. Measurement of labour productivity is done using work study method. RII method revealed top ten ranked factors which affect labour productivity. The data collection is done by work study method shows skilled labour as highly important factor affecting labour productivity. From the analysis of data collected it is observed that measurement of labour productivity is helpful in saving the time of the project as well as cost of project without hampering the quality of work.

Problems of statistical study of labor productivity in construction

The article focuses on the problems of statistical measurement of labor productivity in construction, as recent years saw the most significant changes in the methodology of calculating construction products. The study examined the factors affecting the dynamics of labor productivity in construction, calculated by the volume of work at estimate piece that is at the index known as “average output per worker” in the practice of planning and statistics. Labor productivity is a complex qualitative index, which is influenced by numerous factors. Therefore, the most effective method for studying the dynamics of labor productivity is the use of the index method. The index method seems to be widely used in statistical research of labor productivity in construction

Explaining Cross-Country Productivity Differences in Retail Trade

Many macroeconomists argue that productivity is low in developing countries because of frictions that impede the adoption of modern technologies. I argue that in the retail trade sector, developing countries rationally choose technologies with low measured labor productivity. My theory is that the adoption of modern retail technologies is optimal only when household ownership of complementary durable goods, such as cars, is widespread. Because income is low in the developing world, households own few such durables. The theory implies that policies that increase measured retail productivity do not necessarily increase welfare.

Challenges to Mismeasurement Explanations for the US Productivity Slowdown

The United States has been experiencing a slowdown in measured labor productivity growth since 2004. A number of commentators and researchers have suggested that this slowdown is at least in part illusory because real output data have failed to capture the new and better products of the past decade. I conduct four disparate analyses, each of which offers empirical challenges to this “mismeasurement hypothesis.” First, the productivity slowdown has occurred in dozens of countries, and its size is unrelated to measures of the countries' consumption or production intensities of information and communication technologies (ICTs, the type of goods most often cited as sources of mismeasurement). Second, estimates from the existing research literature of the surplus created by internet-linked digital technologies fall far short of the $3 trillion or more of “missing output” resulting from the productivity growth slowdown. Third, if measurement problems were to account for even a modest share of this missing output, the properly measured output and productivity growth rates of industries that produce and service ICTs would have to have been multiples of their measured growth in the data. Fourth, while measured gross domestic income has been on average higher than measured gross domestic product since 2004—perhaps indicating workers are being paid to make products that are given away for free or at highly discounted prices—this trend actually began before the productivity slowdown and moreover reflects unusually high capital income rather than labor income (i.e., profits are unusually high). In combination, these complementary facets of evidence suggest that the reasonable prima facie case for the mismeasurement hypothesis faces real hurdles when confronted with the data.