Measures Of Labor Productivity Research Articles

Innovation and Demand as Drivers of Labour Productivity: An Integrated Analysis for OECD Countries

ABSTRACT The article seeks to empirically reconcile two strands of research on the determinants of labour productivity growth: on one hand, the Kaldorian literature emphasises the role of autonomous demand; on the other hand, the Schumpeterian literature underscores the role of innovative investments. Specifically, we test two hypotheses. Firstly, we investigate whether demand shocks, private research intensity, and public R&D expenditure influence labour productivity when these variables are considered simultaneously. Secondly, we examine whether private research intensity is affected by demand shocks and public investments in innovation. We make use of a panel of 12 OECD countries spanning the period from 1986 to 2017. We combine the Local Projection approach with structural shocks estimated through Structural Vector Autoregressive modelling. Findings show a positive impact of government R&D investment, demand shocks, and private research intensity on labour productivity. Additionally, when examining the effects of demand shocks and innovative activities by the public sector on research intensity, the results affirm a positive impact of these variables, thus supporting the presence of the Schmooklerian demand-pull hypothesis. These results remain robust across various model specifications and different measures of labour productivity.

Analysis of Construction Worker Group Productivity at Pt. Bima Natisa Graha Contractor for Red Brick Installation Work with Time Study Method on Housing Development Project

This study aims to determine the productivity value of construction workers of PT Bima Natisa Graha red brick installation work on the construction project of housing units in residential area projects, to determine the factors that hinder the productivity of construction workers for red brick installation and to determine the productivity value of construction workers in red brick installation work after improving the factors that hinder the productivity of construction workers in red brick installation. The method to measure the productivity of construction workers in the installation of red bricks with the time study method. Time study is a method of measuring labor productivity in the field by determining the standard time of a job. The results of the study can be concluded as follows: (1) The productivity value of construction workers for red brick installation work on a housing construction project implemented by the contractor PT Bima Natisa Graha on a type 60 housing unit with a time study method of 0.378 M2 / OJ (2) Factors that hinder the productivity of construction workers are site managers, implementers and foremen from PT. Bima Natisa Graha who is rarely seen at the project site which should be in charge of giving directions in carrying out work in the field to workers so that workers joke more, talk a lot, smoke a lot, play a lot of cellphones and have coffee during working hours, this condition occurs because there is no reprimand and direction from the authorities. (3) The productivity value of construction workers for red brick installation work on a housing construction project carried out by the contractor PT Bima Natisa Graha on a type 60 housing unit with the time study method after productivity improvement is 0.496 M2 / OJ.

Study on Labor Productivity Improvement Based on Situational Awareness and Improved Value Stream Mapping

This study addresses the issue of poor construction labor productivity, exploring the process and methodology for increasing construction workers’ participation in labor productivity improvement, as well as a situational awareness (SA) development approach for construction workers based on lean construction (LC). A framework for enhancing labor productivity through SA has been developed. A case study approach is utilized to describe the LC improvement process, which includes enhancing construction workers’ SA for waste minimization and process optimization and engaging them in LC with improved value stream mapping (VSM). The labor productivity measurement approach, combined with VSM, is used to evaluate the labor productivity improvement with labor productivity improvement rate, resource efficiency, and flow efficiency. The results demonstrate that the labor productivity of the case project has increased by 24.07%, with 11.54% contributing resource efficiency and 88.46% contributing flow efficiency, indicating a greater increase in flow efficiency. This study fills a research gap in terms of the combination of construction workers’ SA enhancement and the involvement of LC practices to boost labor productivity. Furthermore, this study proposes an SA development approach based on LC at three levels: waste perception, VSM implementation, and labor productivity improvement assessment. This provides new perspectives for leveraging construction workers’ SA to increase labor productivity. The improved VSM approach and labor productivity measurements provide an operationalization of workers’ participation in continuous improvement. This research is of great practical relevance for augmenting the competencies of construction laborers and inspiring them to engage in labor productivity enhancement.

Development of a New Strategic Framework for Improving the Productivity Benchmarking Practices in Road Project Operations

Primarily, this study highlights the knowledge gaps in the field for implementing systematic techniques to benchmark and improve productivity levels of critical construction activities in road projects. Accordingly, the study aims to develop a new strategic framework that can enhance the benchmarking practices related to the assessment of labour productivity compared to labour performance with the use of potential apprenticeship tools and systems in road construction operations. A series of literature reviews and expert consultations were conducted to build a new framework with the collection of potential models/tools/systems related to labour training, performance evaluation and productivity measures. The mechanism associated with the developed framework was systematically executed in nine road construction projects in Sri Lanka. The findings show the precise patterns of significant changes in labour productivity and performance index values, which have inspired new approaches in the planning procedures for construction projects. The results assure that proposed mechanisms can be applied with reliable, generalisable and sustainable aspects in their use. The study offers a fresh road map with constructive approaches for project managers, planners and engineers to raise the bar for benchmarking labour productivity and performance levels across a wide range of tasks. The results of the study will have considerable impacts on how other emerging countries and enterprises need to operate their workflows to achieve productivity-related benefits in the future circumstances.

Analisa Produktivitas Tenaga Kerja Pada Proyek Pembangunan Gedung Bertingkat Dengan Menggunakan Metode Time Study (Studi Kasus: Proyek Pembangunan Gedung Kejaksaan Tinggi Kalimantan Tengah)

The productivity of workers determines the success of the implementation of the construction project schedule, because it has an impact on the compatibility between the planning of the construction schedule and the progress of work in the field. The worker productivity that will be calculated is the work of reinforcing beams in the Central Kalimantan High Prosecutor's Office building construction project. The calculation of worker productivity will be carried out using the time study method.This study aims to determine the extent of worker productivity during working hours in the morning and evening. The method used in this research is the time study method, which is the measurement of labor productivity in the field by determining the standard time of a job. From this method can be seen the comparison of worker productivity from the results of a job. In this case study, the factors that affect worker productivity will be identified. The data collection technique in this study used a questionnaire by giving written questions to respondents that were relevant to the research objectives. Based on the results of the analysis, it is known that the productivity of workers in the morning higher with an average weight of 41,825 kg/hour than in the afternoon of 40,433 kg/hour. Where on the first day the productivity of morning workers is 12,56% and in the afternoon it is 11,97%. On the second day the productivity of morning workers is 12,81% and in the afternoon it is 12,18%. On the third day the productivity of morning workers is 12,68% and in the afternoon 12,43%. On the fourth day the productivity of morning workers is 12,85% and in the afternoon 12,52%. In general, it can be seen that the productivity of workers in the morning is higher than that of workers in the afternoon. There are 3 categories of factors that influence worker productivity: not influential (TB) are wind gusts; influential (B) are weather factors; number of workers, age, wages; managerial factors; effectiveness of working hours; and very influential are skill factors

НАУЧНЫЙ ИНСТРУМЕНТАРИЙ И ПРАКТИКА ИЗМЕРЕНИЯ ПРОИЗВОДИТЕЛЬНОСТИ ТРУДА: ОТРАСЛЕВОЙ И СТРАНОВОЙ ПОДХОДЫ

In recent years, research on labor productivity has become increasingly relevant due to the pressing issue of labor shortages. The implementation of the national project “Labor Productivity” has shifted research interest toward measuring productivity levels. This paper hypothesizes that the approaches to measuring labor productivity adopted in Russian statistical practice differ significantly from research methodologies and recommendations, failing to address the driving forces behind productivity growth. This raises the question of identifying the nature of these differences to correct the interpretation of measure-ments and to understand avenues for enhancing productivity. This article systematizes approaches and methodologies for measuring labor productivity while identi-fying the challenges of their application in statistical observations at industry levels and within the Russian economy as a whole. The authors employed systematic, comparative, and statistical methods for scientific analysis. The findings indicate that few of the methods for measuring labor productivity proposed by for-eign research are used in Russian statistical practice. This leads to a decrease in the possibility of conduct-ing research at the macroeconomic and sectoral levels. In this regard, the question of measuring labor productivity in the Russian economy is still open. The conclusions regarding the characteristics and chal-lenges of calculation methodologies may serve as a basis for developing strategies to improve labor produc-tivity measurement. This is essential for conducting accurate assessments and identifying pressing issues re-lated to productivity growth in Russia.

Odrednice unutarnjih migracija u Hrvatskoj

Migration has had a great impact on Croatia, especially after it joined the EU. Thus, several studies have focused on international migration compared to regional migration which is under investigation. This study sheds some light on the determinants of internal migration at the NUTS3 level in Croatia in the 2000-2019 period relying on a fixed effects panel estimation. The results show that regional migration in Croatia is in line with the stylized facts on migration. The living standard and (labour) productivity measures, along with employment and wages are the main economic drivers of migration inflows and outflows. However, regions with substantial tourism activity attract inflows and disincentivize outflows of people, while regions with a high share of agriculture, forestry, and fisheries in the value-added decrease internal migration inflows. Moreover, environmental protection results also being a significant determinant of regional migration.

Особенности измерения производительности труда в медицинских организациях (на примере Кемеровской области – Кузбасса)

The article is devoted to the problem of measuring labor productivity in healthcare. In the absence of a generally accepted standard for evaluating this indicator, the study uses a quantitative approach based on the analysis of the visits and doctors numbers dynamics in medical organizations of the Kemerovo Region. The purpose of the study is to analyze the dynamics and make a forecast of the medical personnel productivity. The authors use general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis, logical analysis; for data analysis standard methods of descriptive statistics were used. The forecast model is compiled by time series analysis using a cross-platform software package for econometric analysis Gretl. Materials for analysis included domestic and foreign literature, regulatory documentation for 2011–2021, as well as data of the Federal State Statistics Service. The authors present the experience of evaluating the medical personnel productivity of the Kemerovo Region – Kuzbass, reveal negative dynamics of the indicator, and make a forecast of its development. The article demonstrates various views of scientists and researchers on the problem of quantitative analysis of social workers performance and actualizes the problem of further analysis of the medical personnel labor productivity based on the methodology of multivariate analysis.

A New Productivity Benchmarking System Connected to Well-designed Labour Apprenticeship Framework for Construction Projects

This study primarily identifies the knowledge gaps that must be filled to apply conceptualised methods for rising and benchmarking productivity levels of various construction operational tasks. Accordingly, this study intended to evaluate labour productivity in relation to labour performance using potential apprenticeship instruments and systems. Comprehensive literature analysis and expert consultations were carried out to create a new mechanism with the collection of potential models, methods and systems connected to labour training, performance evaluation and productivity measurements. A total of 23 construction projects in Sri Lanka employed the created approach methodically. The results demonstrate the precise patterns of substantial shifts in labour productivity and performance index values, which have sparked new conceptual mechanisms for construction project planning methods. The outcomes demonstrate that the suggested approach can be used in a way that is reliable, generalisable, productive and sustainable. The study provides project managers, planners and engineers with a new road map and helpful techniques to raise the standard for measuring labour productivity levels across a variety of jobs. The overall study outcomes strengthen the chain relationship among the training elements, labour skills, performance and productivity. Though the study findings were limited to the construction industry and Sri Lankan context, the study outcomes are expected to make a significant impact on the current practices of various industry sectors in many developing countries for achieving higher productivity levels in work operations. This paper discusses some more implications and future scopes of the study elaborately.

Labor Productivity and Increasing the Efficiency of National Economic Systems: Cross-Country Comparison

The problem of measuring the efficiency of social production is inseparable from the problem of measuring labor productivity. The efficiency of the production use of material resources, expressed as the ratio of the useful result of labor directly to its corresponding costs, reflected in the physical volume of GDP of the countries of the world, is presented in the work as labor productivity. The author selected 12 different countries. The necessary statistical indicators was recalculated from material resources to labor. Using factorial and correlation-regression analysis, the problem of quantitative assessment (in weight terms) and its interpretation as a measure of labor productivity impact on the efficiency of the economies of a number of countries in 2011–2020 is solved. The results of the study confirmed the hypotheses, providing increase in the role of labor productivity in achieving the efficiency of using the production resources in national economic systems. It was empirically proven that national economic systems that differ not in the maximum amount of resources, but in the most balanced combination of different types of resources involved, have a relatively greater efficiency. The place of Russia as an economy characterized by the optimal value of the effect of social production equal to one is noted, which contributes to the relatively successful development of its economic system, subject to active structural restructuring of the economy in favor of sectors that increase labor productivity.

KIBS spillovers in the knowledge production function of manufacturing and services sub-sectors at the USMCA countries

In this paper, the knowledge production function is estimated by regressing R&D knowledge spillovers, capital investment and labor productivity on innovation generation, variable measured as filled patents, in the manufacturing and services sectors of each one of the three countries that integrate the USMCA Agreement (United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement). The results state that direct and indirect spillovers of KIBS R&D expenses, reinforced by capital investment and labor productivity measures, have a significative influence on the number of patents filled by each country over the years analyzed on those sub-sectors of the USMCA economy. That positive and causal effect generates knowledge production value chains from KIBS consultancies to the manufacturing and the services subsectors and backwards therefore reinforcing the value creation system of those services; also, by promoting the development of new goods and services by innovating in the production or administrative processes of the enterprises immerse on those subsectors (the embodied effect). The conclusions could serve as basis for the analysis of the sectorial policies that have to be stipulated by the conjunction of the politicians of the three countries, in the institutions already been established by the USMCA agreement in recent years. Keywords: KIBS, I-O direct and indirect impacts, USMCA, knowledge spillovers, manufacturing and service sectors, patents, innovation, knowledge production function.

Measuring the labour productivity of sericultural farmers in Mahasarakham province, Thailand

Sericultural farming is important to the local economy of Mahasarakham province of Thailand. This study measured the labour productivity of sericultural farmers by calculating the total labour value added per hour worked, given that the total labour value added refers to the difference between the total revenue and the total cost, not including the labour cost. This mixed-method research collected empirical data from 160 households in five districts of Mahasarakham during the 2020 production cycle using questionnaires and semi-structured interviews. Silk mulberry sales minus all costs (except labour) were used to represent the added value of labour. The overall total revenue data and total costs in each production cycle were used in this study. The study's results revealed that farmers' total labour productivity equated to 1.68 USD per hour per production cycle, 9.69 USD per day and 1,559.61 USD per year, calculated using the added value of labour divided by total hours worked. When comparing by district, Na Dun had the highest productivity of labour at 1.90 USD per hour, followed by Na Chueak (1.82 USD per hour), Wapi Pathum (1.70 USD per hour), Phayakkhaphum Phisai (1.50 USD per hour) and Yang Sisurat tires (1.46 USD per hour), respectively. The research results showed that the labour productivity of the studied sericultural farmers, 1.68 USD per hour, was higher than the minimum wage of Mahasarakham labours in 2022, which was 1.26 USD per hour. Despite the higher productivity cost, various challenges faced by the farmers were also identified, including a shortage of labour, lack of a market to support production, insufficient promotion and support from government agencies, a low price for silk products, damage to barns repair costs, lack of investment and production factors. The procedures and methods used to raise silkworms are complicated and time-consuming. Traditional farmers' barns are insufficient for raising silkworms and sick silk varieties; a suitable barn design and systematic production management are recommended, providing the research's empirical evidence confirmed to help enhance labour productivity. Based on the results and discussions, this paper recommends future studies to investigate practical guides to help increase labour productivity and tackle the challenges facing local sericultural farming to a wider extent. Key words: Labour productivity, Measuring labour productivity, Sericultural farmers, Value-added labour

THE PRACTICE OF BENCHMARKING IN THE FRAMEWORK OF THE DIAGNOSTIC APPROACH IN FMCG SECTOR PRODUCTIONS

Increasing labor productivity has been on the agenda of science for many years. The search continues for optimal ways to improve with a parallel search for measurement methods both at the country level in the form of national projects, and at the enterprise level in the form of initiatives to optimize the production process, including the introduction of integrated work systems.
 As part of the application of the diagnostic approach, a synthesis of two functions is assumed: management and analytics. The basis of this approach is the idea of continuous monitoring of the state of production systems to diagnose and make preventive management decisions to prevent a decrease in production efficiency, including labor productivity. One of the advantages of the diagnostic approach is the applicability of methods and tools in almost any field.
 The article discusses benchmarking as one of the possible tools for a diagnostic approach to the analysis and management of labor productivity. The possibility of adapting this tool is revealed. The practical applicability of benchmarking to an application is demonstrated using the example of mass production. An example of benchmarking between two production lines within the same production unit is given. The main goal of adaptation and application is to identify best practices for the effective management of production equipment to increase labor productivity.
 Purpose is to formalize benchmarking as a tool for analyzing labor productivity.
 Methodology: the article used the methods of analysis and synthesis of quantitative and qualitative data using benchmarking.
 Results: approbation of benchmarking as a tool for measuring labor productivity based on real data from production lines.
 Practical implications: application of the method in the framework of assessing the efficiency of production equipment at industrial enterprises of the in-line type.

Optimal telework frequency in terms of sleep and labor productivity depends on the workers' psychological distress: A cross-sectional study in Tokyo, Japan.

This study aimed to determine that workers' sleep and labor productivity differ with the telework frequency and that the optimal telework frequency depends on workers' psychological distress. A cross-sectional study using an online-based questionnaire was conducted with 2,971 workers employed by Japanese companies from October to December 2021. We used the 6-item Kessler Scale, K6, as a nonspecific psychological distress scale to screen mental health conditions. A score of ≤ 4 was defined as low psychological distress (LPD), and a score of ≥ 5 was defined as high psychological distress (HPD). We used the Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS) as a measure of sleep quality. The Utrecht Work Engagement (UWES) and Work Functioning Impairment (WFun) scales were used as measures of labor productivity. Series of analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used for the data analysis. The analysis included 2,013 participants (1,390 men and 623 women; mean age 43.2 years, standard deviation 11.3). Multiple comparison tests showed that among the participants categorized HPD (HPD type), the AIS estimates were lowest in the 1-2 d/wk group, with significant differences between the 0-3 d/m and ≥ 5 d/wk groups. UWES estimates were lowest in the 3-4 d/wk group with significant differences between the participants categorized LPD (LPD type) and HPD type, while no significant differences were observed among the LPD type. The WFun estimates among the LPD type decreased significantly with increasing telework frequency, while no significant differences were observed among the HPD type. The optimal telework frequency for sleep and labor productivity may depend on the workers' psychological distress. The finding of this study could make a great contribution to occupational health activities and health promotion for teleworkers, which is necessary to make teleworking a sustainable work style.

Labor productivity in Russian companies: growth factors

At the present stage of economic development, the condition for sustainable socio–economic development and economic growth of society is the growth of labor productivity. The author conducted a source analysis of the development of such an economic category as «labor productivity» from the point of view of the evolution of scientific views.It is highlighted that approaches, including to measuring labor productivity, are associated with the level of aggregation at which this economic category is considered.The factors of productivity growth at the level of organizations are generalized and systematized, which makes it possible to make appropriate organizational and managerial decisions.

Aging workforce, wages, and productivity: Do older workers drag productivity down in Korea?

Older workers stay longer in the labor market due to increasing life expectancy and retirement age. The aging workforce is perceived to create challenges to the current labor markets including productivity, yet our understanding of how the demographic transition and aging workforce affect the labor market and firms’ productivity is limited. Using the 2007–2019 Korean Workplace Panel Survey, we examine the effect of the workforce age structure on wage per worker and labor productivity of firms. The workforce age structure is disaggregated into three age groups: young workers (16–29 years), prime-age workers (30–49 years), and older workers (50 years and higher). Wage and value-added per worker are selected as measures of labor costs and productivity. The ordinary least squares regression results suggest no statistically significant association of firms’ wage per worker and labor productivity with the share of young workers but a negative association with the share of older workers. Yet, in some regions, sectors, and firms, older workers show comparable productivity to prime-age workers while their wages are lower than that of prime-age workers. Its association is particularly apparent in the unstable and low-wage sectors, small to medium size firms, and the Capital Region (Seoul and surrounding areas including Incheon megacity and Gyeonggi province) and six other megacities. Once the difference-GMM addresses the potential endogeneity issue, we find no association between the shares of both young and older workers and firms’ wages and productivity.

Benefit-cost analysis of iron fortification of rice in India: modelling potential economic gains from improving haemoglobin and averting anaemia

ABSTRACT This paper presents an ex-ante Benefit-Cost analysis of proposed fortification of extruder rice with iron under the social safety net in India. The benefits of iron fortification are estimated in terms of economic gains from increases in current work productivity among adults and future productivity from improvements in learning among school-going children. The base case scenario indicates a benefit cost ratio of 8.2, with 69 percent coming from improved learning in school and the remainder through enhanced work productivity. Benefit-cost ratios are also presented for a range of alternative assumptions, all of these resulting in ratios greater than 1. Nevertheless, despite decades of fortification at scale, a principal conclusion of this study is that future benefit cost models would gain confidence if more evidence is generated on the relationship of improved biomarkers for iron and changes in measures of cognition and labour productivity.

ИЗМЕРЕНИЕ ПРОИЗВОДИТЕЛЬНОСТИ ТРУДА

The subject of the study is the types of labor productivity, as well as the essential differences between individual ways of measuring it, including measuring the result and costs of labor activity, the nature and content of the corresponding labor productivity indicators. The purpose of the article is to argue the unacceptability of some methods of measuring labor productivity proposed in the scientific discussion and to identify scientifically sound approaches and parameters that reflect the return of living labor as one of the factors of production. The relevance of this paper is related to the need for measures to activate the economy mainly on the basis of increasing labor productivity in the face of foreign economic challenges and the aggravation of military threats to Russia. The scientific novelty of the article consists in substantiating the refutation of proposals on the use of purely monetary parameters and material components in measuring labor productivity, as well as in arguing the expediency of using the costs of living labor for this and better accounting of its results. The idea of a certain monetary-conjunctural labor efficiency is introduced. The research methods are analysis, systematization, synthesis, induction and deduction. As a result, the scientific parameters of the priority methodological and practical tools for measuring labor productivity for the purposes of state socio-economic policy and corporate governance were determined. The article also formulates the author’s positions on a number of debatable issues related to the inevitability of reducing the cost of production with an increase in labor productivity at the enterprise, the concepts of “productivity” and “labor productivity”, generally accepted standards for measuring the latter, etc.

Statistical Modeling of Regional Labor Productivity

The article from the perspective of interregional comparative analysis methodology substantiates the system of labor productivity factors and presents the results of statistical modeling of labor productivity in the regions of Russia in 2020.The shortcomings of the existing measures of labor productivity in international and domestic practice are noted, namely, the ambiguity and inconsistency of the assessment results. The authors propose a technique for constructing an integral index of regional labor productivity and substantiate a four-factor econometric model of the dependence of the integral index of regional labor productivity, which allowed for an improved system of labour productivity factors to be applied in regional economic analysis. Estimates are given of the relative impact of both traditional and new factors of regional labor productivity, which are the increasing incidence rate and the growing share of unprofitable enterprises (organizations), investments and industrial output per capita in the regions of Russia in 2020.The need to monitor regional labor productivity factors annually to help bring forward problems in the regions is justified. The reasons that led to the insufficient level of labour productivity (compared to Russian average) were identified. According to the authors (following the results of socio-economic development in 2020), they should include low growth rates of investment and production volumes, as well as an increase in the incidence and in the share of unprofitable enterprises and organizations.

THE NEXUS BETWEEN EMBODIED TECHNOLOGY DIFFUSION AND PRODUCTIVITY: KNOWLEDGE PRODUCTION

This study examines embodied technology flows through intermediate good transactions between industries
 in various economies and focuses on the ambiguity about their link to innovation. The model consists
 of two equations measuring labor productivity and knowledge production, and knowledge production
 is measured as the explanatory variable of productivity. We compare direct effect of embodied research
 transfer on labor productivity through intermediate good transactions between industries and its indirect
 effect via knowledge creation. We use input-output tables as a proximity mechanism for research capital
 and utilize production function approach. Simultaneous equations results support the system we introduce,
 indicating that both channels of embodied technology spillovers are significant. We observe that labor
 productivity soars with direct and indirect utilization of technology transfer via knowledge production.