Phase Measurements Research Articles

The effectiveness of cervical mucus electrical impedance compared to basal body temperature to determine fertility window

BackgroundSerial serum hormone measurements and transvaginal ultrasound are reliable measures to predict ovulation. These measures are inconvenient and expensive therefore, basal body temperature charting (BBT) and urine ovulation predictor kits (OPK) for luteinizing hormone are often used to determine the 6-day fertile window. However, BBT does not clearly change until 1–2 days after ovulation. Additionally, while OPK can indicate positivity prior to ovulation, false readings are common. A novel alternative approach involves measuring electrolyte trends in cervical mucus using electrical impedance spectroscopy. Cervical mucus electrolyte measurements are associated with hormone level changes during the menstrual cycle. The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of cervical mucus electrical impedance and basal body temperature. We sought to determine if cervical mucus electrolyte measurements provided improved detection of the ovulation day and therefore, improve fertility timing for women.Methods14 healthy women between 18 and 44 years of age with normal menstrual cycles were enrolled in the Observational Study. Participants measured BBT and cervical mucus electrical impedance daily for 3 menstrual cycles using Kegg (Lady Technologies Inc. San Francisco, California, USA). Ovulation date for each cycle was confirmed by measuring hormone levels in urine and serum, and by vaginal ultrasound.ResultsElectrical impedance was significantly different between the follicular phase versus ovulatory date (p = 0.007) and between the luteal phase versus the ovulatory date (p = 0.007). A significant difference in the rate of change of cervical impedance measurements in the pre-ovulatory follicular phase was found compared to BBT (p = 0.0225). The sensitivity (+ 7.14%), specificity (+ 20.35%), and accuracy (+ 17.59) to determine the 1-day fertility window was significantly higher using cervical mucus impedance compared to BBT.ConclusionsBBT is considered unreliable for evaluating ovulatory function. Cervical mucus electrical impedance offers a novel measure of electrolyte changes associated with hormone levels. We report that pre-ovulatory electrical impedance patterns demonstrated higher sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy for determining the fertility window when compared to BBT. These findings suggest that changes in electrical impedance may provide an accurate method for predicting ovulation and for measuring ovulatory function.

Optical phase and amplitude measurements of underwater turbulence via self-heterodyne detection

The creation of underwater optical turbulence is driven by density variations that lead to small changes in the water’s refractive index, which induce optical path length differences that affect light propagation. Measuring a laser beam’s optical phase after traversing these turbulent variations can provide insight into how the water’s turbulence behaves. The sensing technique to measure turbulent fluctuations is a self-heterodyne beatnote enhanced by light’s orbital angular momentum (OAM) to obtain simultaneous optical phase and amplitude information. Experimental results of this method are obtained in a water tank that creates a thermally driven flow called Rayleigh–Bénard (RB) convection. The results show time-varying statistics of the beatnote that depend on the incident OAM mode order and the strength of the temperature gradient. Beatnote amplitude and phase power spectral densities are compared to analytic theory to obtain estimates of the turbulent length scales using the Taylor hypothesis that include mean flow speed, turbulent strength, and length scales, and flow dynamics due to intermittency in the RB process.

The application of neural networks in the problem of radio monitoring with the use of a two-coordinate radio direction finder and the estimation of their efficiency

Problem statement. Measuring bases of two-coordinate phase direction finders (PDF), as a rule, are located along the same line, while bearing occurs in two planes independently. The procedure for determining the bearing in this case consists in restoring the true wave front and is quite computationally expensive. The study of PDF using a neural network with simultaneous use of information from all possible combinations of measurement bases is of particular interest from the point of view of evaluating the possibility of increasing the probability of correctly eliminating the ambiguity of bearing and increasing the accuracy of bearing, reducing computational costs and reducing the time to determine the bearing. Goal. Evaluation of the effectiveness of the use of artificial neural networks (NN) for direction finding of radio emission sources (RES) in solving radio monitoring problems using two-coordinate PDF, evaluation of the possibility of increasing the probability of correct elimination of ambiguity of bearing and increasing the accuracy of bearing when using all measuring bases of PDF. Results. A model of two-coordinate PDF based on NN has been developed, which makes it possible to evaluate the effectiveness of RES bearing in two planes with variations in model parameters and initial data. The obtained modeling results allow us to conclude that it is possible to create a two-coordinate PDF based on NN. The evaluation of the effectiveness of bearing shows that PDF based on NN has a commensurate accuracy of bearing and a high probability of eliminating ambiguity compared with PDF using classical methods and is somewhat inferior to them at high values of the phase measurement error in the receiving channels. Practical significance. The use of artificial neural networks (NN) for direction finding of radio emission sources (RES) in solving radio monitoring problems and further research on their development will improve the accuracy and reliability of measurements while reducing computational costs.

Influence of TiO2/SiO2 and BaO/CaO ratios on viscosity, crystallization and structure of high-TiO2 mold slags for casting of high-Ti steel

In the current study, the influence of TiO2/SiO2 and BaO/CaO ratios on viscosity, crystallization and structure of high-TiO2 mold slags was discussed through the measurement of viscosity-temperature relationship, melting temperature, crystallization temperature, crystallization rate and phases, and Raman spectrum. With the substitution of SiO2 by TiO2 in slags from 0 % to 12 %, the viscosity at 1300 °C, the melting temperature and break temperature decreased and then increased, while those of slags with the substitution of CaO by BaO from 4 % to 16 % decreased. With the substitution of SiO2 by TiO2 from 0 % to 10 %, crystallization phases gradually changed from cuspidine (Ca4Si2F2O7) to perovskite (CaTiO3), the initial and complete crystallization temperatures had the tendency to increase from 918 °C to 1260 °C and from 857 °C to 1139 °C, respectively, and the overall crystallization ability of slags increased. With the substitution of CaO by BaO from 4 % to 16 %, the initial and complete crystallization temperature of these slags decreased, and the overall crystalline ability decreased. With the substitution of SiO2 by TiO2 from 0 % to 10 %, structural units changed from the simple units to complex units, but the transition was opposite with the substitution from 10 % to 12 %, which was related to the transition of TiO2 from basic oxide to amphoteric oxide. With the substitution of CaO by BaO from 4 % to 16 %, the degree of polymerization and the viscosity of theses slags decreased, which was related to the supplement of more active O2− ion from BaO. Hence, the excessive substitution of SiO2 by TiO2 under the steel-slag reaction would cause the increase of the slag viscosity and crystallization ability, while the substitution of CaO by BaO could weaken the variation of slag viscosity and crystallization ability.

Postprocessing Workflow for Laboratory Diffraction Contrast Tomography: A Case Study on Chromite Geomaterials.

Texture stands as a fundamental descriptor in the realms of geology and earth and planetary science. Beyond offering insights into the geological processes underlying mineral formation, its characterization plays a pivotal role in advancing engineering applications, notably in mining, mineral processing, and metal extraction, by providing quantitative data for predictive modeling. Laboratory diffraction contrast tomography (LabDCT), a recently developed 3D characterization technique, offers nondestructive measurement of grain phases including their morphology, distribution, and crystal orientation. It has recently shown its potential to assess 3D textures in complex natural rock samples. This study looks at improving on previous work by examining the artifacts and presents a novel postprocessing workflow designed to correct them. The workflow is developed to rectify inaccurate grain boundaries and interpolate partially reconstructed grains to provide more accurate results and is illustrated using multi-scan examples on chromite sands and natural chromitite from the Upper Group 2 Reef layer in South Africa. The postcorrected LabDCT results were validated through qualitative and quantitative assessment using 2D electron back-scattered diffraction on polished sample surfaces. The successful implementation of this postprocessing workflow underscores its substantial potential in achieving precise textural characterization and will provide valuable insights for both earth science and engineering applications.

Sources of Wintertime Atmospheric Organic Pollutants in a Large Canadian City: Insights from Particle and Gas Phase Measurements

Sources of Wintertime Atmospheric Organic Pollutants in a Large Canadian City: Insights from Particle and Gas Phase Measurements

Multi-frequency signal acquisition and phase measurement in space gravitational wave detection.

To enhance the accuracy of phase measurement and to prevent tracking errors, it is crucial to effectively read the multi-frequency signal in space gravitational wave detection. In this paper, a novel signal acquisition method called the multi-frequency acquisition algorithm is proposed and implemented. Different from the traditional single-frequency acquisition, the signal characteristics of amplitude and frequency are both considered to better distinguish different frequency components. A phasemeter integrated with the acquisition method and narrow-bandwidth digital phase-locked loop is constructed for the method test and verification. The results show that the multi-frequency acquisition unit can capture all the frequencies of an input signal in several milliseconds. The precision is better than ±200Hz under a low SNR (signal-to-noise ratio) of 0 dB. The phase noise can reach 2 µrad/Hz1/2 in the frequency range of 0.1-1Hz and satisfy the requirement of the space gravitational wave detection in all frequency ranges.

MOSARIX: Multi-crystal spectrometer in the tender x-ray range at SOLEIL synchrotron.

We have built and commissioned a novel standalone multi-crystal x-ray spectrometer (MOSARIX) in the von Hamos configuration based on highly annealed pyrolytic graphite crystals. The spectrometer is optimized for the energy range of 2-5keV, but this range can be extended up to 20keV by using higher reflection orders. With its nine crystals and a Pilatus detector, MOSARIX achieves exceptional detection efficiency with good resolving power (better than 4000), opening the door to study small cross section phenomena and perform fast in situ measurements. The spectrometer operates under a He atmosphere, which provides a flexible sample environment for measurements in gas, liquid, and solid phases.

Advancements in laser-based spatiotemporal measurements of flow boiling

Recent advancements in laser and imaging systems, as well as in computational processing capabilities, have made quantitative optical imaging, which is often combined with laser illumination, highly adaptable, robust and reliable. Laser-based diagnostic techniques, such as planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF), offer the possibility of simultaneous spatiotemporally resolved measurements of temperature fields in the liquid phase at boiling conditions. In this paper, we examine the applicability of two-colour PLIF (2cPLIF), where the ratio between individual fluorescent emissions from uniformly dispersed dyes is used to take temperature measurements in the liquid phase in the presence of moving vapour-liquid interfaces typical of boiling flow. The implementation of 2cPLIF necessitates uniformity in the concentration of different dyes across the flow field. However, in the case of a multiphase flow such as boiling, thermophoresis can lead to inhomogeneous dye distributions. To overcome this challenge, a single-dye multispectral planar laser-induced fluorescence (SDMS-PLIF) method has been developed, which employs fluorescent emissions in different spectral bands of the same dye (Nile Red). The spectral characteristics of Nile Red were measured using a spectrometer to identify its temperature-sensitive bands over a wide range of dye concentrations, from 0.3 to 30 mg/L. Following this, we demonstrate the measurement capabilities of SDMS-PLIF thermography as applied to a boiling flow in a miniaturised vertical square channel, gaining insight into the thermohydrodynamic interactions between vapour bubbles and a heated wall.

Analysis of Multipath Changes in the Polish Permanent GNSS Stations Network

This study examines the influence of multipath errors on Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) measurements collected at ASG-EUPOS reference stations between 2010 and 2021. Multipath occurs when GNSS signals reflect off surrounding objects before reaching the receiver antenna, leading to positioning errors. In the case of reference stations, all available mitigation techniques were used to minimize the impact of multipath. However, it is still detectable and affects the measurement results. For carrier phase differential positioning, it increases the ambiguous search space, which results in a decrease in determining rover—reference station vector accuracy. The study employs two linear combinations (Code-Minus-Carrier and Multipath Pseudorange Observable) to quantify the multipath effect on both pseudorange and carrier phase measurements. Based on the research, it was found that the multipath values changed depending on the change of the receiver and the terrain around the reference stations. The study observed a gradual decrease in multipath errors from 2010 to 2021, likely due to technological advancements in receiver design. No significant increase in multipath errors was observed due to environmental changes around the stations, suggesting a minimal influence from new reflecting objects nearby. Based on the analyses conducted, it is also recommended to perform periodic tests to detect incorrect receiver configuration or operation.

A method to enhance the accuracy of radio frequency power measurements in particle accelerator high‐frequency systems

AbstractThis letter presents a method for accurately calculating radio frequency (RF) power in a standing wave transmission line system. The proposed approach utilizes two directional couplers in conjunction with a low‐level radio frequency control system. RF power is determined through the application of proposed equations derived from amplitude and phase measurements of coupling signals obtained from the two directional couplers. Experimental validation of the method is conducted using two directional couplers with directivities of 26 and 28 dB, respectively, operating at 162.5 MHz across the entire wavelength. Results indicate that employing a single directional coupler yields average power errors of approximately 6.6% and 5.8%, respectively. However, by implementing the proposed method, the measurement error can be reduced to approximately 1.0%.

Evaluating technology enhanced learning by using single‐case experimental design: A systematic review

AbstractSingle‐case experimental designs (SCEDs) may offer a reliable and internally valid way to evaluate technology‐enhanced learning (TEL). A systematic review was conducted to provide an overview of what, why and how SCEDs are used to evaluate TEL. Accordingly, 136 studies from nine databases fulfilling the inclusion criteria were included. The results showed that most of the studies were conducted in the field of special education focusing on evaluating the effectiveness of computer‐assisted instructions, video prompts and mobile devices to improve language and communication, socio‐emotional, skills and mental health. The research objective of most studies was to evaluate the effects of the intervention; often no specific justification for using SCED was provided. Additionally, multiple baseline and phase designs were the most common SCED types, with most measurements in the intervention phase. Frequent data collection methods were observation, tests, questionnaires and task analysis, whereas, visual and descriptive analysis were common methods for data analysis. Nearly half of the studies did not acknowledge any limitations, while a few mentioned generalization and small sample size as limitations. The review provides valuable insights into utilizing SCEDs to advance TEL evaluation methodology and concludes with a reflection on further opportunities that SCEDs can offer for evaluating TEL.Practitioner notesWhat is already known about this topic SCEDs use multiple measurements to study a single participant over multiple conditions, in the absence and presence of an intervention SCEDs can be rigorous designs for evaluating behaviour change caused by any intervention, including for testing technology‐based interventions. What this paper adds Reveals patterns, trends and gaps in the use of SCED for TEL. Identifies the study disciplines, EdTech tools and outcome variables studied using SCEDs. Provides a comprehensive understanding of how SCEDs are used to evaluate TEL by shedding light on methodological techniques. Enriches insights about justifications and limitations of using SCEDs for TEL. Implications for practice and/or policy Informs about the use of the rigorous method, SCED, for evaluation of technology‐driven interventions across various disciplines. Contributes therefore to the quality of an evidence base, which provides policymakers, and different stakeholders a consolidated resource to design, implement and decide about TEL.

Improved phase-to-height mapping method combine with device attitude

Phase-to-height mapping is one of the important processes in three dimensional phase measurement profilometry. But, in traditional phase-to-height mapping method, the measurement accuracy is affected by device attitude, so it needs saving a large amount of mapping equations to achieve high-quality phase-to-height mapping. In order to improve that, this paper proposes an improved phase-to-height mapping method combine with device attitude. Firstly, we get the unwrapped phase of the target. Then, using generalized regression neural network is used to reduce the offset of phase information at the same height due to the randomness of device attitude. Last, the phase-to-height mapping is completed by substituting the unwrapped phase (the difference between having detected object and no detected object) of eliminate the offset into improved phase-to-height mapping method. Experimental results show that the proposed method could achieve high-quality phase-to-height mapping with less mapping equation and less memory space. Compared with the nonlinear phase-to-height mapping method (probabilistic neural network to eliminate phase offset), its accuracy is improved by 44.30%. Compared with the nonlinear phase-to-height mapping method (radial basis function neural network to eliminate phase offset), the accuracy is improved by 39.58%.

Vortex shedding behind porous flat plates normal to the flow

This work examines the influence of body porosity on the wake past nominally two-dimensional rectangular plates of fixed width $D$ in the moderate range of Reynolds numbers $Re = UD/\nu$ (with $U$ the incoming velocity and $\nu$ the kinematic viscosity) between 15 000 and 70 000. With porosity $\beta$ defined as the ratio of open to total area of the plate, it is well established that as porosity increases, the wake shifts from the periodic von Kármán shedding behaviour to a regime where this vortex shedding is absent. This change impacts the fluid forces acting on the plate, especially the drag, which is significantly lower for a wake without vortex shedding. We analyse experimentally the transition between these two regimes using hot-wire anemometry, particle-image velocimetry and force measurements. Coherence and phase measurements are used to determine the existence of regular, periodic vortex shedding based on the velocity fluctuations in the two main shear layers on either side of the wake. Results show that, independent of $Re$ , the wake exhibits the classical Kármán vortex shedding pattern for $\beta <0.2$ but this is absent for $\beta >0.3$ . In the intermediate range, $0.2<\beta <0.3$ , there is a transitional regime that has not previously been identified; it is characterised by intermittent shedding. The flow alternates randomly between a vortex shedding and a non-shedding pattern and the total proportion of time during which vortex shedding is observed (the intermittency) decreases with increasing porosity.

Analyzing the added value of common data environments for organizational and project performance of BIM-based projects

Using common data environments (CDEs) adds value to BIM-based construction projects' organizational and project performance. However, CDEs are used very limitedly in the construction industry. One of the reasons for the limited implementation of CDEs can be associated with the need for construction companies' knowledge about the positive impacts of CDEs on performance management. A well-structured CDE can provide countless benefits and promote long-term improvements in construction projects and organizations, increasing their business success. Despite the acknowledged importance of CDEs, research needs to investigate the impacts of CDEs on project and organizational performance considering the construction KPIs. This study aims to reveal (1) how the CDEs facilitate performance measurement in the construction phase of BIM-based projects and (2) how the CDEs positively affect the project and organizational performance in the construction phase of BIM-based projects. This scope uses seven construction KPIs: time, cost, quality, safety, productivity, organizational sustainability, and client satisfaction. This study conducts a systematic literature review, semi-structured interviews with five subject-matter experts, and the two-rounded Delphi method to fulfill the research objective. The results show that implementing the CDEs in the construction phase of BIM-based projects positively affects productivity, quality, and time KPIs, followed by organizational sustainability, cost, client satisfaction, and safety, respectively. This research contributes to collating and uncovering the added value of CDEs for the organizational and performance management of BIM-based projects. Accordingly, this study would increase the awareness of construction companies about ‘how they can benefit from the data located in the CDEs from project management through knowledge management in the best way'.

Alteration of circadian sleep-wake rhythm and salivary melatonin secretion in idiopathic/isolated REM sleep behavior disorder: Preliminary evidence

Objective/BackgroundIdiopathic/isolated REM sleep behavior disorder (iRBD) is widely regarded as an early sign of neurodegeneration leading to synucleinopathies. While circadian rhythm alterations in iRBD have been preliminarily demonstrated, evidence on melatonin secretion patterns in this clinical condition is limited. To address this knowledge gap, this exploratory study aimed to integrate salivary melatonin measurement with actigraphic monitoring in individuals with iRBD and age-matched healthy controls (HC) under real-life conditions. MethodsParticipants diagnosed with iRBD and HC underwent clinical evaluation and wore an actigraph for seven days and nights. Salivary melatonin concentrations were measured at five time points during the last night of recording. Comparative analyses were conducted on clinical data, actigraphic parameters, and melatonin levels between the two groups. ResultsiRBD participants (n = 18) showed greater motor (p < 0.01) and non-motor symptoms (p < 0.001), alongside disruptions in circadian sleep-wake rhythm compared to HC (n = 10). Specifically, actigraphy revealed a delayed central phase measurement (p < 0.05), reduced activity during the most active hours (p < 0.001), and decreased relative amplitude (p < 0.05). Total salivary melatonin concentration was significantly lower in iRBD (p < 0.05), with a slight but non-significant phase delay in dim light melatonin onset. ConclusionsThis exploratory study highlights a dysregulation of circadian sleep-wake rhythm coupled with reduced melatonin secretion in iRBD. Future research could add to these preliminary findings to evaluate novel treatment approaches to regulate the sleep-wake cycle and elucidate the implications of circadian dysregulation in the conversion from iRBD to neurodegeneration.

Room-scale Location Trace Tracking via Continuous Acoustic Waves

The increasing prevalence of smart devices spurs the development of emerging indoor localization technologies for supporting diverse personalized applications at home. Given marked drawbacks of popular chirp signal-based approaches, we aim at developing a novel device-free localization system via the continuous wave of the inaudible frequency. To achieve this goal, solutions are developed for fine-grained analyses, able to precisely locate moving human traces in the room-scale environment. In particular, a smart speaker is controlled to emit continuous waves at inaudible 20kHz , with a co-located microphone array to record their Doppler reflections for localization. We first develop solutions to remove potential noises and then propose a novel idea by slicing signals into a set of narrowband signals, each of which is likely to include at most one body segment’s reflection. Different from previous studies, which take original signals themselves as the baseband, our solutions employ the Doppler frequency of a narrowband signal to estimate the velocity first and apply it to get the accurate baseband frequency, which permits a precise phase measurement after I-Q (i.e., in-phase and quadrature) decomposition. A signal model is then developed, able to formulate the phase with body segment’s velocity, range, and angle. We next develop novel solutions to estimate the motion state in each narrowband signal, cluster the motion states for different body segments corresponding to the same person, and locate the moving traces while mitigating multi-path effects. Our system is implemented with commodity devices in room environments for performance evaluation. The experimental results exhibit that our system can conduct effective localization for up to three persons in a room, with the average errors of 7.49 cm for a single person, with 24.06 cm for two persons, with 51.15 cm for three persons.

Spinet-QSM: model-based deep learning with schatten p-norm regularization for improved quantitative susceptibility mapping.

Quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) provides an estimate of the magnetic susceptibility of tissue using magnetic resonance (MR) phase measurements. The tissue magnetic susceptibility (source) from the measured magnetic field distribution/local tissue field (effect) inherent in the MR phase images is estimated by numerically solving the inverse source-effect problem. This study aims to develop an effective model-based deep-learning framework to solve the inverse problem of QSM. This work proposes a Schatten -norm-driven model-based deep learning framework for QSM with a learnable norm parameter to adapt to the data. In contrast to other model-based architectures that enforce the l -norm or l -norm for the denoiser, the proposed approach can enforce any -norm ( ) on a trainable regulariser. The proposed method was compared with deep learning-based approaches, such as QSMnet, and model-based deep learning approaches, such as learned proximal convolutional neural network (LPCNN). Reconstructions performed using 77 imaging volumes with different acquisition protocols and clinical conditions, such as hemorrhage and multiple sclerosis, showed that the proposed approach outperformed existing state-of-the-art methods by a significant margin in terms of quantitative merits. The proposed SpiNet-QSM showed a consistent improvement of at least 5% in terms of the high-frequency error norm (HFEN) and normalized root mean squared error (NRMSE) over other QSM reconstruction methods with limited training data.

Effects of cognitive behavioural therapy and bright light therapy for insomnia in youths with eveningness: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial

BackgroundInsomnia and eveningness are common and often comorbid conditions in youths. While cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) has been suggested as a promising intervention, it remains unclear whether it is sufficient to also address circadian issues in youths. In addition, despite that light has been shown to be effective in phase-shifting one’s circadian rhythm, there has been limited data on the effects of bright light therapy and its combination with CBT-I on sleep and circadian outcomes in youths. The current protocol outlines a randomised controlled trial that examines the efficacy of CBT-I and CBT-I plus bright light therapy (BLT) in reducing insomnia severity, improving mood symptoms and daytime functioning (e.g. sleepiness, fatigue, cognitive function), and improving subjective and objective sleep and circadian measures compared to a waitlist control group.MethodsWe will carry out a randomised controlled trial (RCT) with 150 youths aged 12–24 who meet the criteria of insomnia and eveningness. Participants will be randomised into one of three groups: CBT-I with bright light therapy, CBT-I with placebo light, and waitlist control. Six sessions of CBT-I will be delivered in a group format, while participants will be currently asked to use a portable light device for 30 min daily immediately after awakening throughout the intervention period for bright light therapy. The CBT-I with light therapy group will receive bright constant green light (506 lx) while the CBT-I with placebo light group will receive the modified light device with the LEDs emitting less than 10 lx. All participants will be assessed at baseline and post-treatment, while the two active treatment groups will be additionally followed up at 1 month and 6 months post-intervention. The primary outcome will be insomnia severity, as measured by the Insomnia Severity Index. Secondary outcomes include self-reported mood, circadian, daytime functioning, and quality of life measures, as well as sleep parameters derived from actigraphy and sleep diary and neurocognitive assessments. Objective measures of the circadian phase using dim-light melatonin onset assessment and sleep parameters using polysomnography will also be included as the secondary outcomes.DiscussionThis study will be the first RCT to directly compare the effects of CBT-I and BLT in youths with insomnia and eveningness. Findings from the study will provide evidence to inform the clinical management of insomnia problems and eveningness in youths.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT04256915. Registered on 5 February 2020.

High-resolution cell imaging using white light phase shifting interferometry and iterative phase deconvolution.

An optimization algorithm is presented for the deconvolution of a complex field to improve the resolution and accuracy of quantitative phase imaging (QPI). A high-resolution phase map can be recovered by solving a constrained optimization problem of deconvolution using a complex gradient operator. The method is demonstrated on phase measurements of samples using a white light based phase shifting interferometry (WLPSI) method. The application of the algorithm on real and simulated objects shows a significant resolution and contrast improvement. Experiments performed on Escherichia coli bacterium have revealed its sub-cellular structures that were not visible in the raw WLPSI images obtained using a five phase shifting method. These features can give valuable insights into the structures and functioning of biological cells. The algorithm is simple in implementation and can be incorporated into other QPI modalities .