Measurement Of Effects Research Articles

Forward modelling of the Cotton-Mouton effect polarimetry on EAST tokamak

Measurement of plasma electron density by far-infrared laser polarimetry has become a routine and indispensable tool in magnetic confinement fusion research. This article presents the design of a Cotton-Mouton polarimeter interferometer, which provides a reliable density measurement without fringe jumps. Cotton-Mouton effect on Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST) is studied by Stokes equation with three parameters . It demonstrates that under the condition of a small Cotton-Mouton effect, parameter contains information about Cotton-Mouton effect which is proportional to the line-integrated density. For a typical EAST plasma, the magnitude of Cotton-Mouton effects is less than 2 for laser wavelength of 432 . Refractive effect due to density gradient is calculated to be negligible. Time modulation of Stokes parameters ( , ) provides heterodyne measurement. Due to the instabilities arising from laser oscillation and beam refraction in plasmas, it is necessary for the system to be insensitive to variations in the amplitude of the detection signal. Furthermore, it is shown that non-equal amplitude of X-mode and O-mode within a certain range only affects the DC offset of Stokes parameters ( , ) but does not greatly influence the phase measurements of Cotton-Mouton effects.

Mitigation of Railway-Induced Ground Vibration by Soft Support Elements and a Higher Bending Stiffness of the Track

The mitigation of train-induced ground vibrations by track solutions is investigated by calculations and measurements. The calculation by a wavenumber domain method includes the correct vehicle–track interaction and the correct track–soil interaction. Some theoretical results for elastic elements and an increased bending stiffness of the track are presented where the force transfer of the track and the vehicle–track interaction are calculated for the high-frequency dynamic mitigation, and the force distribution along the track is calculated for the low-frequency mitigation which is due to the smoother impulses from the passing static loads. Measurement results for the ground vibration near isolated and un-isolated tracks are given for several under-sleeper pads, for under-ballast mats, and for several under-ballast plates and ballast troughs. The elastic elements yield a resonance frequency of the vehicle–track–soil system and a high-frequency reduction of the dynamic axle loads which depends mainly on the softness of the pads or mats and which can be improved by a higher sleeper mass. In addition, all troughs and most of the soft elements show a low-frequency reduction which is attributed to the scattered impulses of the static axle loads. Besides this main contribution of the article, the problem of a soft reference section on a different soil is discussed and recommendations for better ground vibration measurements of mitigation effects are given.

Single-molecule measurements of DNA topology effects on transcription kinetics

Single-molecule measurements of DNA topology effects on transcription kinetics

Whole-Cell Configuration of the Patch-Clamp Technique in the hERG Channel Assay.

In vitro electrophysiological safety studies have become an integral part of the drug development process because, in many instances, compound-induced QT prolongation has been associated with a direct block of human ether-a-go-go-related gene (hERG) potassium channels or their native current, the rapidly activating delayed rectifier potassium current (IKr ). Therefore, according to the ICH S7B guideline, the in vitro hERG channel patch-clamp assay is commonly used as an early screen to predict the ability of a compound to prolong the QT interval prior to first-in-human testing. The protocols described in this article are designed to assess the effects of acute or long-term exposure to new chemical entities on the amplitude of IKr in HEK293 cells stably transfected with the hERG channel (whole-cell configuration of the patch-clamp technique). Examples of results obtained with moxifloxacin, terfenadine, arsenic, pentamidine, erythromycin, and sotalol are provided for illustrative purposes. © 2024 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol: Measurement of the acute effects of test items in the hERG channel test Alternate Protocol: Measurement of the long-term effects of test items in the hERG channel test.

High-precision measurement of the complex magneto-optical Kerr effect using weak measurement

The present paper introduces a quantum weak measurement (WM) scheme for the measurement of the complex magneto-optical Kerr effect (MOKE). We achieve the simultaneous measurement of the Kerr rotation angle and the ellipticity in a single WM process by utilizing two auxiliary pointers derived from the same meter state. The experimental measurement precision for both the Kerr rotation angle and the ellipticity is capable of reaching 10−4 deg. This technique is also employed for the determination of the complex magneto-optical constant Q. The proposed method overcomes the limitation of acquiring the complex magneto-optical Kerr parameters through a multi-step measurement process, which was previously encountered. This breakthrough holds immense significance for efficiently measuring and applying the complex MOKE with high precision and cost-effectiveness.

Anomalous Nernst effect and thermal conductivity in Co3Sn2S2 polycrystals

A polycrystalline sample of Co3Sn2S2 shandite was synthesized using spark plasma sintering for its densification. The unit cell parameters, a = 5.3688(1) Å and c = 13.1797(1) Å, refined from room temperature X-ray diffraction data, confirm the R-3m shandite structure. The frustrated nature of the Co magnetic network is invoked to explain the low effective paramagnetic moment of Co, μeff = 1.04μB/Co, whereas the ferromagnetic Curie temperature, TC = 175K, determined from T-dependent magnetic susceptibility corresponds to the metal to metal transition at that temperature. Interestingly, the residual resistivity ratio and resistivity values indicate that the electronic transport is driven by the in-plane contribution. This behaviour close to that of ab-plane transport of Co3Sn2S2 crystal fits well with the measurement of an anomalous Nernst effect (ANE). The latter reaches at T = 100K a maximum value Sxy = +1.5 μV K−1, i.e. a reduction by a factor of ≈2 as compared to crystal, explained by the reduction for the magnetization, M, of the former. This is also demonstrated by the H-dependent Sxy and M loops that match very well. Similarly, a hysteresis is found for the thermal conductivity demonstrating the existence of an anomalous thermal Hall effect of about 5 % of the total thermal conductivity. This study shows that ANE can be also measured in ceramics of Weyl ferromagnets.

An Objective Assessment of Effect of Stimulants on Attention in Individuals With ADHD

Introduction: Currently, assessing ADHD treatment response to stimulants relies on rating scales and subjective questionnaires and sometimes a CPT. Such tools fall short of objective, quantifiable measurement of effect, especially in natural settings and can result in inconsistent treatment. Method: We report results from two studies using a novel proof-of-concept approach. A preliminary trial of 10 individuals used a high-fidelity eye tracker; a second study of 100 individuals used webcams at the participants’ homes. Results: Both studies evaluated stimulant effect using reading behavior analysis, being an ADHD symptom that stimulants affect and a major symptom patients want to improve. Both showed a significant change in reading behavior related to medication state, suggesting a clear, objective measure of stimulant effect. Conclusion: Using ubiquitous hardware, investigators created a user-friendly treatment assessment platform where individuals can collect their own objective data within minutes in any setting where they have access to a web camera and computer.

The measurement of the E2 nuclear resonance effects in kaonic atoms at DAΦNE: The KAMEO proposal

KAMEO (Kaonic Atoms Measuring Nuclear Resonance Effects Ob-servables) is a proposal for an experiment aiming to perform the first consistent measurement of the E2 nuclear resonance effects in kaonic molybdenum A=94,96,98,100 isotopes. The E2 nuclear resonance mixes atomic states, due to the electrical quadrupole excitation of nuclear rotational states. It occurs in atoms having the energy of a nuclear excitation state closely matching an atomic de-excitation state energy, and affects the rates of X-ray atomic transitions matching the energy of the resonance. The measurement E2 nuclear resonance effect in KMO isotopes allows the study of the strong kaon-nucleus interaction in a rotational excited nuclear state. Moreover, the effect enables the K- to access an inner atomic level not easily reachable by the kaon normal cascade, due to the nuclear absorption. The KAMEO proposed apparatus consists of 4 enriched Mo A=94,96,98,100 isotope strips, exposed to the kaons produced by the DAφNE collider, for kaonic atoms formation, with a high-purity germanium detector, cooled with liquid nitrogen, used to measure the X-ray atomic transitions. The DAφNE collider is located at the National Laboratories of Frascati (LNF-INFN), in Italy. It is already suited for kaonic atoms measurement by the SIDDHARTA-2 collaboration.

Measurement and Analysis of the Intensity-dependent Effects on the CSNS Medium Energy Beam Transport line

A power upgrade project (CSNS-II) has been approved in 2021 to increase the beam power to 500 kW for the China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS), for which the Linac energy will reach 300 MeV and the beam intensity is expected to be 50 mA. In this study, the beam measurement results given by the wire scanners at various current intensities, and the numerical modeling and fitting methods to obtain the evolution of the beam envelope and emittance along the CSNS medium energy beam transfer (MEBT) are given and discussed. Finally, new matching results have been given to control the emittance blowup.

Simulation and measurement of beam loading effects in magnetic alloy rf cavity of CSNS RCS

Different from the ferrite cavity, the Q value of magnetic alloy cavity in CSNS RCS is only about 1.25, the frequency band of impedance is wide, and the beam loading effects is strong. Based on the impedance measurement results, the influence of the beam loading effects on the longitudinal distribution of the magnetic alloy cavity in CSNS RCS is studied by simulation, and the induced voltage measured on the machine is consistent with it.

Giant adiabatic temperature change and its direct measurement of a barocaloric effect in a charge-transfer solid

Solid refrigerants exhibiting a caloric effect upon applying external stimuli are receiving attention as one of the next-generation refrigeration technologies. Herein, we report a new inorganic refrigerant, rubidium cyano-bridged manganese–iron–cobalt ternary metal assembly (cyano-RbMnFeCo). Cyano-RbMnFeCo shows a reversible barocaloric effect with large reversible adiabatic temperature changes of 74 K (from 57 °C to −17 °C) at 340 MPa, and 85 K (from 88 °C to 3 °C) at 560 MPa. Such large reversible adiabatic temperature changes have yet to be reported among caloric effects in solid–solid phase transition refrigerants. The reversible refrigerant capacity is 26000 J kg−1 and the temperature window is 142 K. Additionally, cyano-RbMnFeCo shows barocaloric effects even at low pressures, e.g., reversible adiabatic temperature change is 21 K at 90 MPa. Furthermore, direct measurement of the temperature change using a thermocouple shows +44 K by applying pressure. The temperature increase and decrease upon pressure application and release are repeated over 100 cycles without any degradation of the performance. This material series also possesses a high thermal conductivity value of 20.4 W m−1 K−1. The present barocaloric material may realize a high-efficiency solid refrigerant.

Treat-to-Target in Atopic Dermatitis.

Atopic dermatitis is one of the most common inflammatory skin diseases among children and adults. Over the last 5 years, the armamentarium for the treatment of this disease, with both topical and systemic drugs, has increased. Treat-to-target is basically the concept where a treatment goal and a time frame for that goal is set at initiation of a new treatment, and if the goals are not achieved in time, treatment will be adjusted. In clinical trials, treatment targets are based on scoring systems for disease severity as recommended by the Harmonizing Outcome Measure for Eczema (HOME) initiative, with the primary endpoint being a reduction of at least 75% of the baseline Eczema Area and Severity Index (EASI) score (EASI-75). The question, however, is if these are useful targets in real-world settings and how this should be implemented in everyday clinical practice. In rheumatology, setting a measurable target and a time frame for an instigated therapy has been shown to lead to more efficient and successful treatment. For atopic dermatitis, the instruments recommended by HOME form the core outcome measures for the treat-to-target frameworks published to date, which are based on expert consensus and Delphi processes. Although atopic dermatitis patients have a high risk of co-morbidities, including physical, psychological and socioeconomic, instruments to measure the severity of co-morbidities have not been included in these existing frameworks. In order to apply a treat-to-target strategy that is meaningful for both the patient and the doctor, validated tools for the measurement of treatment effect on co-morbidities exist and should be included in a shared decision-making process with the individual patient when choosing which targets to aim for and what should be considered treatment success. An obvious limitation for the implementation of a treat-to-target strategy in the clinical setting with atopic dermatitis is that retrieving the data needed is very time consuming. This could to some degree be mitigated by the use of electronic applications in which patients could report their outcomes.

Stacking textured films on lattice-mismatched transparent conducting oxides via matched Voronoi cell of oxygen sublattice.

Transparent conducting oxides are a critical component in modern (opto)electronic devices and solar energy conversion systems, and forming textured functional films on them is highly desirable for property manipulation and performance optimization. However, technologically important materials show varied crystal structures, making it difficult to establish coherent interfaces and consequently the oriented growth of these materials on transparent conducting oxides. Here, taking lattice-mismatched hexagonal α-Fe2O3 and tetragonal fluorine-doped tin oxide as the example, atomic-level investigations reveal that a coherent ordered structure forms at their interface, and via an oxygen-mediated dimensional and chemical-matching manner, that is, matched Voronoi cells of oxygen sublattices, [110]-oriented α-Fe2O3 films develop on fluorine-doped tin oxide. Further measurements of charge transport characteristics and photoelectronic effects highlight the importance and advantages of coherent interfaces and well-defined orientation in textured α-Fe2O3 films. Textured growth of lattice-mismatched oxides, including spinel Co3O4, fluorite CeO2, perovskite BiFeO3 and even halide perovskite Cs2AgBiBr6, on fluorine-doped tin oxide is also achieved, offering new opportunities to develop high-performance transparent-conducting-oxide-supported devices.

Inverse Magnetocaloric Effect in Heusler Ni44.4Mn36.2Sn14.9Cu4.5 Alloy at Low Temperatures

Direct measurements of the magnetocaloric effect were performed in a Heusler Ni44.4Mn36.2Sn14.9Cu4.5 alloy at cryogenic temperatures in magnetic fields up to 10 T. The maximum value of the inverse magnetocaloric effect in a 10 T field was ∆Tad = –2.7 K in the vicinity of the first-order magnetostructural phase transition at T0 = 117 K. Ab initio and Monte Carlo calculations were performed to discuss the effect of Cu doping into a Ni-Mn-Sn compound on the ground-state structural and magnetic properties. It is shown that with increasing Cu content the martensitic transition temperature decreases and the Curie temperature of austenite slightly increases. In general, the calculated transition temperatures and magnetization values correlated well with the experimental ones.

Measuring and Modeling the Skin Effect for Harmonic Power Flow Studies

This research aims to quantify the skin effect and estimate expressions that well represent the phenomenon for harmonic power flow studies. The primary focus is to validate the behavior of the skin effect at harmonic frequencies ranging from 60 Hz to 960 Hz, while considering various amplitudes of electric current. The investigation not only examines the measurement of the skin effect, but also considers the temperature of the tested conductors, aiming to analyze the increase in resistance resulting from temperature rise and resistivity changes. The measurement outcomes demonstrate notable increments in electrical resistance, with resistivity increases of up to 1.9% observed throughout the measurement process. Finally, based on the results obtained through laboratory measurements, mathematical expressions were estimated as a function of frequency. In order to evaluate the simulation time reduction by the proposed expressions, OpenDSS (version: 9.4.1.2; Electric Power Research Institute, Knoxville, TN, USA) software was used, which aims at quantifying the impact of the skin effect on the technical losses. The results from these simulations demonstrate that the proposed expressions to account for the skin effect in conductors reduce the simulation time by around 17% for harmonic power flow.

The Market Efficiency in the Significant Events/Global Events: A Review of Empirical Research

The efficient market hypothesis is a significant theory widely applied in modern economic and financial research about the impact of sudden global emergencies on various markets. Investigating the influence of the Efficient Market Hypothesis on public contingencies can augment the understanding of market behavior and investors decision-making processes. This could enable anticipating market trends and risks, facilitating prudent investment activities. This study examines the empirical research through the methodology chosen, application, and comparison of conclusions to summarize the effects of the crisis on financial market efficiency within a theoretical analysis framework. This study explores the different methodologies and results of research that test market efficiency in response to events impacting economic performance. As market theory evolves, increasingly refined models are being used, leading to more precise measurements of event effects on markets and better forecasting of market impact for effective decision-making.

Impact of tillage systems on maize emergence

In Europe, there has been a significant change in the way tillage is approached in recent years. This change is due to a growing awareness among farmers, politicians and society as a whole that soil is not a renewable resource in itself. From an agricultural point of view, the greatest impact on soil condition can be achieved through the use of the applied tillage systems. My research takes this approach as a basis when examining the different tillage systems and their impact on the environment. In this context, conventional and a variety of no-tillage systems are examined in this paper. As a next step, it is examined how the environmental conditions created by the different tillage systems influence the emergence of maize hybrids. The analyses are carried out in a multi-factorial, long-term tillage field experiment. The same batch of the same hybrid seed was sown in several crop years, and the effects of environmental conditions on the emergence process were examined. Environmental effects and emergence-related uptake were measured in the examined plots. Measurements of environmental effects included air temperature, precipitation, soil temperature measured at seeding depth, as well as % cover of stem residue on the surface in the treated plots. The first emergence time measurements of the sown crop in the plots of each treatment were compared and relationships between these factors were investigated.

Field measurement of ground effect for road traffic noises

In ASJ RTN-Model 2018, which was proposed by the Acoustical Society of Japan, a practical calculation method of the ground effect in A-weighted overall level for road traffic noise is specified by relatively simple formulae. The method is derived from the solution of the ground effect based on wave theory. By the practical calculation method, the attenuation level by the ground effect for a relatively long distance between the source and receivers tends to become larger on softer ground. Especially in the cases of lower sound source positions as specified in the ASJ RTN-Model 2018, the excess attenuation becomes large. To investigate the appropriate treatment of the ground condition in the case of road traffic noise propagation on soft ground, the authors have performed a field measurement of road traffic noise. The measurement results were compared with calculation results by both the ASJ RTN-Model 2018 and the theoretical solution based on the wave theory. From the comparison, the features of the propagation characteristics obtained by the ASJ RTN-Model 2018 were discussed.

Optical Sensors for Bacterial Detection

Analytical devices for bacterial detection are an integral part of modern laboratory medicine, as they permit the early diagnosis of diseases and their timely treatment. Therefore, special attention is directed to the development of and improvements in monitoring and diagnostic methods, including biosensor-based ones. A promising direction in the development of bacterial detection methods is optical sensor systems based on colorimetric and fluorescence techniques, the surface plasmon resonance, and the measurement of orientational effects. This review shows the detecting capabilities of these systems and the promise of electro-optical analysis for bacterial detection. It also discusses the advantages and disadvantages of optical sensor systems and the prospects for their further improvement.

Physiological responses and altered halocarbon production in Phaeodactylum tricornutum after exposure to polystyrene microplastics

Oceanic emissions are a major source of atmospheric, very short-lived, ozone-depleting, brominated substances. These substances can be produced by marine microalgae, estimates of their current and future emissions are imperfect, because the processes by which marine microalgae respond to environmental changes are rarely account for environmental pollutants. Here, concurrent measurements of the potential effects of polystyrene (PS) microplastics with concentrations of 25–100 mg/L on the growth of Phaeodactylum tricornutum and their volatile halocarbons (VHCs) production were made over a 20-day culture period. The maximum inhibition rates (IR) due to 0.1 µm and 0.5 µm PS microplastics on cell density were 40.11 % and 32.87 %, on Chl a content were 25.89 % and 20.73 %, and on Fv/Fm were 9.74 % and 9.00 %, respectively. All IR showed dose-dependent effects with maxima occurring in the logarithmic phase. However, in the stationary phase, P. tricornutum exposed to PS microplastics exhibited improved attributes. Enhanced biogenesis of VHCs was induced by the excess reactive oxygen species in algal cells due to microplastics exposure, and their production rates were higher in the logarithmic phase than stationary phase. This represents that oxidative stress to cells plays a dominant role in determining the release of CHBrCl2, CHBr2Cl, and CHBr3. Hence, we suggest that the widespread microplastics in the ocean may be partly responsible for the increase in the emission of VHCs by marine phytoplankton, thereby affecting the ozone layer recovery in the future.