Measurement Of Various Properties Research Articles

An Experimental Review on Heavy-Flavorv2in Heavy-Ion Collision

For over a decade now, the primary purpose of relativistic heavy-ion collisions at the Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collider (RHIC) and the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) has been to study the properties of QCD matter under extreme conditions—high temperature and high density. The heavy-ion experiments at both RHIC and LHC have recorded a wealth of data in p+p, p+Pb, d+Au, Cu+Cu, Cu+Au, Au+Au, Pb+Pb, and U+U collisions at energies ranging fromsNN=7.7 GeV to 7 TeV. Heavy quarks are considered good probe to study the QCD matter created in relativistic collisions due to their very large mass and other unique properties. A precise measurement of various properties of heavy-flavor hadrons provides an insight into the fundamental properties of the hot and dense medium created in these nucleus-nucleus collisions, such as transport coefficient and thermalization and hadronization mechanisms. The main focus of this paper is to present a review on the measurements of azimuthal anisotropy of heavy-flavor hadrons and to outline the scientific opportunities in this sector due to future detector upgrade. We will mainly discuss the elliptic flow of open charmed meson (D-meson),J/ψ, and leptons from heavy-flavor decay at RHIC and LHC energy.

Characterization of Phenol-Formaldehyde Resins Modified with Crude Bio-oil Prepared from Ziziphus mauritiana Endocarps

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of bio-oil incorporation on properties of bio-oil-phenol formaldehyde (BPF) resol resins along with the optimization of petro-phenol substitution level. Crude bio-oil prepared from endocarp shells of Ziziphus mauritiana by direct solvolytic liquefaction (ethanol-water 1:1 wt./wt. at 300 °C) was used to partially substitute the petro-phenol (30% to 75% wt./wt.) in the resin synthesis. The modified resins were subjected to measurement of various properties, including molecular weight, pH, viscosity, density, gel/cure time, non-volatile solid content, and limiting oxygen index. Bonding performance of the BPF resins was evaluated by measuring the mechanical and hygroscopic properties of the particle boards developed using such resins. With the incorporation of bio-oil, the viscosity and molecular weight of the BPF resins increased, while the values of pH, density, non-volatile solid content, and limiting oxygen index decreased. The gel, cure, and bonding tests revealed that with the addition of more than 45% bio-oil, the gel/cure times of the BPF resins increased, while the bonding performance decreased. Petro-phenol could therefore be substituted by crude bio-oil up to 45% wt./wt. safely.

Measurement of various properties of Southern pine and aspen as function of heat treatment

The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of heat treatment parameters, namely temperature and exposure time on surface roughness, shear strength, hardness and density of Southern pine (Pinus echinata) and aspen (Populus grandidentata) samples. The specimens were exposed to two different temperature levels of 120–200°C for time spans of 2–8h. A stylus type portable profilometer was employed to evaluate the surface characteristics of the samples by taking measurements across the grain orientation. Average roughness (Ra), mean peak-to-valley height (Rz) and maximum roughness (Rmax) were used to evaluate surface roughness of the samples exposed to various heat treatment schedules. Comten testing unit was also used to determine shear strength and Janka hardness of the control and heat treated specimens. Based on the results of this study Southern pine samples had more enhanced surface quality but lower hardness values than those of aspen specimens with increased temperature and time of heat treatment schedules. It was found that heat treatment adversely affected hardness and shear strength properties of all types of samples. Reduction in shear strength values of Southern pine and aspen samples ranged from 23.31% to 68.59% and from 4.67% to 48.55%, respectively as compared to those of control samples. It appears that influence of heat treatment on all properties of the samples was more pronounced with increasing temperature and exposure time.

Wide band gap silicon carbon nitride films deposited by electron cyclotron resonance plasma chemical vapor deposition

We report on the growth of continuous polycrystalline silicon carbon nitride (SiCN) films using electron cyclotron resonance plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (ECR CVD). High nucleation density up to 1011 cm−2 was demonstrated, which is much higher than other CVD methods. The resultant SiCN films were thus much smoother and continuous, allowing measurement of various properties of the film. RBS studies show that Si, C, and N are present in the film and that the nitrogen content in the film could reach as high as 57%. The average grain size estimated from HRTEM images was about 20nm. For the SiCN film with 4.8at.% carbon content, all d-spacings of the film observed from TED pattern were similar to those of α-Si3N4. High resolution XPS scans showed that the presence of Si–C bonds within the film was negligible. From the RBS, XPS and the TEM results, we suggest the silicon carbon nitride film possessed the same structure as α-Si3N4 with around 4.8at.% C substituting for Si. It is also demonstrated that this new compound has a direct band gap of about 4.4eV and an impurity band gap at around 3.0eV. Thus the ternary SiCN compound reported here constitutes an important addition to the wide band gap material with gap energies within the blue spectral region. Furthermore, the nanocrystalline SiCN films deposited by the ECR CVD process were excellent for buffer layers of SiCN film growth. This provides the possibility of growing continuous and even textured SiCN films at a reasonable growth rate, which enables various studies of the films.

In-situMeasurement of the Properties of Curing Systems with Microdielectrometry

Abstract This paper addresses the in-situ measurement of various properties of curing systems with a particular dielectric method called Microdielectrometry. We have used integrated circuit technology to develop a miniaturized dielectric probe that combines small size with built-in amplification to achieve sensitivity at frequencies as low as 1 Hz. The device combines a planar interdigitated electrode structure with a pair of matched field-effect transistors. Calibration is based entirely on the details of the electrode geometry, and thus is stable with respect to temperature variations, and is reproducible from device to device. Generally, what is measured is the frequency dependent dielectric permittivity (ϵ) and dielectric loss factor (ϵ) in the frequency range 1–1000 Hz. In this paper, the results of isothermal cures of the amine-epoxy system DGEBA-MPDA are presented, and are shown to provide a measurement of a low-frequency dielectric relaxation time which can be correlated with bulk viscosity prior ...