Measured Output Power Research Articles

A 8 GHz microwave substrate integrated waveguide power amplifier using complementary split ring resonators

This paper introduces a design for a microwave substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) power amplifier (PA) for modern wireless communications. The amplifier design incorporates complementary split ring resonator (CSRR) structures integrated within the SIW to achieve low-loss characteristics and miniaturization through a below cut-off frequency operation approach. The designed PA operates at 8 GHz and exhibits good performance, which are measured output power Pout of 35.51 dBm, a maximum power added efficiency PAE of 47.2% and a power gain of 12.51 dB. The final circuit occupies just a compact size of 41 x 15.7 mm2 benefiting from using the CSRR structure. The proposed PA employs a low-cost QFN packaged GaN HEMT device from Qorvo and it was designed and fabricated on a cost-effective RO4003C substrate. The simulated results agree well with the measured ones validating the accuracy of the design. With promising measured results, the proposed PA can be a potential candidate for using in the modern wireless communication systems.

Development of an Indoor Line Scanning System for Photovoltaic Modules Performance Characterization

Uganda’s interest in using solar energy for various applications began 20 years ago. However, there have been numerous reports by the public over the poor performance of the photovoltaic (PV) modules during their operations. This study determined the performance of selected PV modules openly sold in the Ugandan markets. The low-cost indoor line scanning system developed using locally available materials was used to assess the performance of each of the solar cells in the PV module by determining their photogenerated currents. In addition, the electrical characteristics of the PV modules were determined using the outdoor characterization method, which assumed the actual operation of the PV modules under direct sunlight. From the indoor line scans, the percentage of performing solar cells in the three PV modules of single-crystalline silicon (c-Si), multi-crystalline silicon (mc-Si), and amorphous silicon (a-Si) technologies were determined as 79%, 61%, and 95% respectively. The outdoor characterization results revealed that the c-Si, mc-Si, and a-Si PV modules had measured maximum power outputs of 18.5 W, 19.0 W, and 18.9 W, respectively and these were lower than the rated power values of 20 W. The line scan results had a direct relationship with the measured power output of the PV module, which implied that solar cells mismatch, affected the performance of the PV modules by lowering their performance. This developed testing system is affordable for developing countries with limited testing systems and would in the long run contribute to significant increase in the deployment of PV technology in Uganda since only performing PV modules would be allowed into the open market.

Evaluating Adaptive Droop Control for Steady-State Power Balancing in DC Microgrids Using Controller Hardware-in-the-Loop

DC microgrids (DCMGs) have been gaining attention due to their advantages over AC microgrids. The most commonly used control technique for DCMGs is droop control. Despite its benefits, droop control has drawbacks, such as power mismatch and deviations in DC bus voltage, often caused by differences in line resistance among grid-forming power electronics converters. To address these issues, the article proposes an adaptive droop control technique to correct steady-state power imbalances between grid-forming units in the DCMG. Additionally, a hierarchical voltage level is introduced to regulate the DC bus voltage. The analyzed DCMG includes two energy storage units, electronic loads, and a renewable energy source, each with its respective power electronic converter. The proposed technique uses real-time output power measurements from the energy storage system to calculate line resistance differences, incorporating these into the adaptive droop calculation. Several operating conditions are tested using a controller hardware-in-the-loop. The results validate the proposed technique and design guidelines.

Abstract 4113405: The Role of Cardiac Power Output and Stroke Work Index in Balloon Pulmonary Angioplasty Therapy for Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension

Background: Right ventricular (RV) and left ventricular (LV) measures of cardiac power output (CPO) and stroke work index (SWI) are existing markers of cardiac function and clinical outcomes. These metrics have not been used to evaluate the effects of balloon pulmonary angioplasty (BPA) therapy in patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH). Methods: CTEPH patients who underwent at least six BPA sessions and were included in the UC San Diego BPA registry were included for analysis. Left and right ventricular CPO and SWI during each session were recorded. Cardiac output was measured using the thermodilution technique. Differences in continuous variable measurements before versus after BPA therapy were evaluated using the Student T-test. P-value <0.05 was significant. Results: A total of 66 subjects underwent six consecutive BPA sessions (55.5% female, BMI 28.3±6.10kg/m 2 ,16.7% prior pulmonary thromboendarterectomy surgery) and were included for analysis. Measurements of RV function, including RVCPO (Pre-BPA 0.38±0.14 vs Post-BPA 0.30±0.13 W, p=0.001)(Figure 1) and RVSWI (Pre-BPA 16.52±5.09 vs Post-BPA 14.14±4.00 g*m/beat/m 2 , p=0.004) significantly decreased after BPA therapy. Measurements of LV function, including LVCPO (Pre-BPA 1.00±0.32 vs Post-BPA 1.04±0.31 W, p=0.523) (Figure 2) and LVSWI (Pre-BPA 37.13±10.14 vs Post-BPA 39.73±9.37 g*m/beat/m 2 , p=0.152) did not change significantly after BPA therapy. The ratio of LVCPO/RVCPO increased in stepwise fashion from baseline to the last BPA session (2.82± 0.95 vs. 3.54±1.31 W, p<0.001)(Figure 3). Conclusions: Hemodynamic work expended by the RV decreased after BPA therapy, while work expended by the LV remained unchanged during BPA therapy. The ratio of LV-to-RV work increased in a stepwise manner during consecutive BPA sessions. These measurements may be useful parameters to monitor clinical response to BPA therapy.

Algorithm for receiving signal source tracking using signal phase perturbations in symmetrical antenna arrays

Formulation of the problem. In radio engineering systems, search and tracking the angular position of the source of the received signal in the most known cases are carried out using the monopulse antenna devices. However, such devices require the usage of a several directional antennas and a complex sum-difference devices to combine the output signals of these antennas. If an Antenna Array (AA) is used as a directional antenna, then the AA calibration algorithms can be also used for this tracking. However, such the algorithms are slow, because they require a large number of the array output power measurements, which are proportional to the number of its antennas. Target. To present a simple algorithm for searching the angular position of a signal source using the rectangular arrays. Results. The operation of the proposed algorithm is based on the symmetrical perturbations (changes) of all the signal phases in the AA channels by the fixed values relative to their current values and is based on the estimations the values of the signals at the AR output after these perturbations. In a two-dimensional AA it is necessary to perform four such the perturbations, and in a linear AR it is necessary to perform the two ones. To increase the accuracy of the algorithm, it is proposed to use a correlator or a matched filter to estimate the output signals of the AA if these signals are the pseudorandom sequences. The paper presents the mathematical details of the proposed algorithm and the simulation results which demonstrate its efficiency. Practical significance. The presented algorithm can be used to track the changes in the position of a signal source caused by the movement of this source or the movement of the AA itself. The algorithm can be implemented in the analog phased arrays containing controlled phase shifters in their channels or in the arrays with the digital beamforming, in which the phase perturbations can be implemented by the changing of the complex-valued weights. The usage of a correlator or a matched filter at the AP output allows the proposed algorithm to be used when receiving the signals under the conditions of the low signal-to-noise ratio.

Powering Toward Los Angeles: Comparing Power Output and Pacing Approach Between Maximal 2000- and 1500-m On-Water Racing in Elite Rowers.

To compare power output and pacing between maximal 1500- and 2000-m on-water rowing performances. Twenty-six (female n = 4, male n = 22) international rowers, across 6 boat classes, completed maximal 1500- and 2000-m on-water races, separated by 24 to 48hours. Crew combinations and seat orders remained consistent between races. Peach PowerLine instrumentation measured power output and stroke rate. Differences in completion time, mean power output (MPO), percentage prognostic velocity (PPV;percentage of world record velocity in each boat class), stroke rate, and pacing variance were assessed using linear mixed modeling. Compared with 2000-m, completion times were 90.4 (6.1) seconds shorter over 1500m (-24.7% [0.7%]). Both MPO (P = .255, ηp2=.06) and PPV (P = .340, ηp2=.18) were not different between distances. Broadly, crews adopted a reverse-J-shaped pacing across both distances, demonstrating a reduced variance over 1500m (P = .035, ηp2=.62). Percentage change in MPO from 2000 to 1500m demonstrated a strong negative association with pacing variance over 1500m (R2 = .74, P = .027). International rowing crews did not increase MPO or PPV when racing maximally over 1500m compared to 2000m. Comparable strategies were adopted over both distances, with less variance in pacing observed over 1500m. The crews that demonstrated greater increases in MPO over the shorter race employed a flatter pacing strategy. To improve 1500-m on-water performance, rowers may need to adopt a more even pacing approach.

A V-band injection locking tripler with 26.8% locking range and 7.3-dBm output power in 65 nm CMOS

With a 65-nm CMOS process, a V-band wideband injection locking (IL) frequency tripler is proposed by cascading a multiplier and a driver amplifier stage. Concerning high output power and efficiency performance over a wideband locking range (LR), two transformer-based IL topologies are analyzed in the multiplier and driver stages, in which the cross-coupled pair is connected at the input and output ports of the transformer, respectively. Moreover, the active device is carefully designed in terms of the operating point of the harmonic generator and device sizing in the driver amplifier stage. With measurements, the proposed tripler achieves a maximum measured output power of 7.3 dBm with 22.4% output-to-DC power efficiency and 26.8% LR from 50.4 to 66 GHz. Including the output driver amplifier, the IL tripler consumes 24 mW DC power. The measured fundamental and 2nd-harmonic rejection ratios (HRR) are both better than 30 dBc, while the measured phase noise (PN) degradation is in close agreement with the theoretical value.

The expected solar performance and ramp rate tool: a decision-making tool for planning prospective photovoltaic systems

The Expected Solar Performance and Ramp Rate tool (ESPRR) is an open-source interactive web-based application that reliably calculates ramp rate (RR) statistics and an expected power generation time series for prospective photovoltaic (PV) systems. Users create PV systems by defining site parameters. ESPRR uses those parameters with irradiance data from the National Solar Radiation Database (NSRDB) to create a time series of power output from which RR statistics are calculated. This study rigorously evaluates ESPRR’s performance using 5 years of measured power output from a fleet of utility-scale systems and finds that ESPRR calculates stress-case RRs within an error of 0.05 MW/min and 0.42 MW/min for the worst-case RRs. We evaluate the expected AC power output in clear-sky conditions and find an NRMSE of less than 10% and an NMBE of less than 6% for the fleet’s largest system. The NRMSE is 10%–15% of system capacity for non-clear-sky conditions, and the NMBE is about zero. The evaluation shows that ESPRR can estimate PV output and RRs that are representative of operational systems, meaning users can use the results from ESPRR in the decision-making process for designing new systems or when adding systems to an existing fleet. Since only system parameters are required to site a proposed system anywhere on a map, users can site and reposition a fleet of PV systems in a way that reduces significant RRs. As the grid-tied PV capacity continues to increase, the mitigation of significant RRs grows in importance. ESPRR can help developers and utilities create geographically diverse fleets of PV systems that will promote grid reliability and avoid significant RRs. ESPRR source code is available at https://github.com/UARENForecasting/ESPRR.

The effect of caffeine chewing gum on muscle performance and fatigue after severe-intensity exercise: isometric vs. dynamic assessments in trained cyclists.

This study investigated the effect of caffeinated chewing gum (GUMCAF) on muscle fatigue (isometric vs. dynamic) after severe-intensity cycling bouts. Fifteen trained male cyclists participated in four visits. Each visit involved two severe-intensity cycling bouts (Δ1 and Δ2) lasting 6min, separated by a 5-min recovery period. Muscle fatigue was assessed by isometric maximal voluntary knee extension contraction (IMVC) with twitch interpolation technique and dynamically by 7s all-out cycling sprints. Assessments were performed before GUMCAF (Pre-GUM) and after the cycling bouts (Post-Exercise). GUMCAF and placebo gum (GUMPLA) were administered in a randomized double-blind procedure with participants receiving each gum type (GUMCAF and GUMPLA) during two separate visits. The results showed no significant interaction between gum types and time for the isometric and dynamic measurements (p > 0.05). The percentage change in performance from Pre-GUM to Post-Exercise showed no significant difference between GUMCAF and GUMPLA for either the dynamic-derived TMAX (~ -17.8% and -15.1%, respectively; p = 0.551) or isometric IMVC (~ -12.3% and -17.7%, respectively; p = 0.091) measurements. Moderate to large correlations (r = 0.31-0.51) were found between changes in sprint maximal torque and maximal power output measurements and isometric force, for both gum conditions. GUMCAF was not effective in attenuating muscle force decline triggered by severe-intensity cycling exercises, as measured by both isometric and dynamic methods. The correlations between IMVC and cycling maximal torque and power output suggest caution when interpreting isometric force as a direct measure of fatigue during dynamic cycling exercises.

Studies on suppressed surface recombination of InGaN-based red light-emitting diodes with V-pits

InGaN-based red light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are a promising candidate to achieve high efficiency, which is highly desired by the display market. Understanding their size-dependent properties is crucial for further performance improvement. In this work, different sized InGaN red LEDs (from 500 × 500 to 15 × 15 µm2) based on V-pits were characterized systematically. The current–voltage characteristics show that the leakage current density, revealed either in forward or reverse bias, is independent of the chip size. Further light output power measurements and current dependent electroluminescence also reveal very weak dependence of the power density on chip size showing insensitivity the chip perimeter. The suppressed surface recombination effect may be due to effective carrier trapping effect by the V-pits, which prevents the carriers from flowing to the sidewalls. By detailed analysis of the spatially resolved electroluminescence, an anti-correlation between the emission wavelengths and the intensities was observed, with the longer wavelength emitting regions exhibit weaker intensity, which can be explained by the reduced carrier density in the V-pit-rich regions as carriers are partially captured by quantum wells associated with the V-pits and the associated dislocations. This study will pave the way for further understanding and improving the efficiency of InGaN red LEDs including micro-LEDs.

Design of dual-band power amplifier based on microstrip coupled-line bandstop filter

This article presents a simple and effective method for designing a dual-band power amplifier (PA). A microstrip coupled-line bandstop filter (BSF) is cascaded with a broadband PA, thus a notched band can be obtained in the wide operating band, realizing a dual-band characteristic of the PA. The simplified real frequency technique (SRFT) is employed to derive a broadband input matching networks covering the requisite frequency band. Appropriate fundamental impedance and second harmonic impedance matching are achieved at the ideal region of the Smith chart. For validation, an experimental prototype is fabricated and tested using a commercial GaN transistor Cree’s CGH40010F. The proposed dual-band PA is operated at 1.95–2.4 GHz and 2.65–3.1 GHz, with 61%–71% measured power-added efficiency (PAE) and 40.5–41.5 dBm of measured output power.

High-power distributed feedback laser diode arrays with narrow spectral width over a wide temperature range

High-power semiconductor lasers with stabilized wavelengths are recognized as exemplary pumping sources for solid-state lasers. This study introduces distributed feedback (DFB) laser diode arrays designed to maintain an extensive temperature locking range. We report experimentally on high-power 808 nm DFB laser diode arrays. The first-order sinusoidal grating was fabricated using nanoimprint lithography, succeeded by inductively coupled plasma (ICP) dry etching and subsequent wet polishing. These 808 nm DFB laser diode arrays have demonstrated a measured output power of 134 W under a pulsed current of 150 A, with the heat sink temperature maintained at 25°C. The slope efficiency was determined to be 1.1 W/A. At a current of 150 A, the laser operated with a narrow spectral width over a wide temperature range, extending from −30 to 90°C, with a temperature drift coefficient of 0.0595 nm/K.

Cardiac power output is associated with adverse outcomes in patients with preserved ejection fraction after transcatheter aortic valve implantation.

Cardiac power output (CPO) measures cardiac performance, and its prognostic significance in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (EF) has been previously reported. However, the effectiveness of CPO in risk stratification of patients with valvular heart disease and post-operative valvular disease has not been reported. We aimed to determine the association between CPO and clinical outcomes in patients with preserved left ventricular (LV) EF after transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI). This retrospective observational study included 1047 consecutive patients with severe aortic stenosis after TAVI. All patients were followed up for all-cause mortality and hospitalization for HF. CPO was calculated as 0.222 × cardiac output × mean blood pressure (BP)/LV mass, where 0.222 was the conversion constant to W/100 g of the LV myocardium. CPO was assessed using transthoracic echocardiography at discharge after TAVI. Of the 1047 patients, 253 were excluded following the exclusion criteria, including those with low LVEF, and 794 patients (84.0 [80.0-88.0] years; 35.8% male) were included in this study. During a median follow-up period of 684 (237-1114) days, the composite endpoint occurred in 196 patients. A dose-dependent association was observed between the CPO levels and all-cause mortality. Patients in the lowest CPO tertile had significantly lower event-free survival rates (log-rank test, P = 0.043). Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that CPO was independently associated with adverse outcomes (hazard ratio = 0.561, P = 0.020). CPO provided an incremental prognostic effect in the model based on clinical and echocardiographic markers (P = 0.034). CPO is independently and incrementally associated with adverse outcomes in patients with preserved LVEF following TAVI.

ANALISA POTENSI KECEPATAN ANGIN PADA MODUL LATIH RANCANG BANGUN PLTB

Electrical energy is energy that can be generated from the conversion of various types of energy, one of which is wind energy. The average wind speed in Indonesia is classified as low speed, only certain areas have moderate to high wind speeds. Low wind speed does not mean that the potential energy contained in it cannot be utilized or converted into electrical energy, it can still be utilized but a generator is needed that matches the characteristics of the wind speed. Therefore, the turbine used is the Savonius type, which can work in low wind speeds. The purpose of this research is to measure output power against wind speed. With experimental methods using an anemometer and measuring voltage, current and output power. From the results of this study, the maximum power generated by the wind power training module is 0.008 Watt with a wind speed of 4.31 m/s and the minimum power generated is 0.001 Watt with a wind speed of 1.17 m/s. In a day, the average wind speed is 2.94 m/s so from the wind speed the wind power training module is able to produce an average power of 0.001 Watt.

Probabilistic assessment of wind power plant energy potential through a copula-deep learning approach in decision trees

In the face of environmental degradation and diminished energy resources, there is an urgent need for clean, affordable, and sustainable energy solutions, which highlights the importance of wind energy. In the global transition to renewable energy sources, wind power has emerged as a key player that is in line with the Paris Agreement, the Net Zero Target by 2050, and the UN 2030 Goals, especially SDG-7. It is critical to consider the variable and intermittent nature of wind to efficiently harness wind energy and evaluate its potential. Nonetheless, since wind energy is inherently variable and intermittent, a comprehensive assessment of a prospective site's wind power generation potential is required. This analysis is crucial for stakeholders and policymakers to make well-informed decisions because it helps them assess financial risks and choose the best locations for wind power plant installations. In this study, we introduce a framework based on Copula-Deep Learning within the context of decision trees. The main objective is to enhance the assessment of the wind power potential of a site by exploiting the intricate and non-linear dependencies among meteorological variables through the fusion of copulas and deep learning techniques. An empirical study was carried out using wind power plant data from Turkey. This dataset includes hourly power output measurements as well as comprehensive meteorological data for 2021. The results show that acknowledging and addressing the non-independence of variables through innovative frameworks like the Copula-LSTM based decision tree approach can significantly improve the accuracy and reliability of wind power plant potential assessment and analysis in other real-world data scenarios. The implications of this research extend beyond wind energy to inform decision-making processes critical for a sustainable energy future.

Analyzing the Impact of Pressure Ratio Variation on Gas Power Plant Performance at Takoradi Thermal Power Station

This study investigates the influence of pressure ratio variation on the performance of a gas turbine plant located at Aboadze, Ghana. The operational data including daily hourly measurements of pressure ratio, power output, ambient temperature, and gas fuel flow rate were collected during field visits conducted in February and March 2021. The thermal efficiency was computed using a validated equation, and data were analyzed using MAT LAB. The study reveals significant temporal fluctuations in the pressure ratio, power output, and thermal efficiency, highlighting the dynamic nature of the gas turbine plant's performance during daily operation. It was also observed that as the pressure ratio increases, the power output and thermal efficiency also increases and vice versa. The average highest and lowest pressure ratio recorded between February and March 2021 were 10.40 and 9.84 respectively, with corresponding average highest and lowest power output of 109 MW and 102 MW respectively. The result also showed an average daily variation in pressure ratio of 0.35 with corresponding power output difference of 5.25 MW. The finding showed that averagely, the lowest thermal efficiency and the highest thermal efficiency were 27.00 % and 28.00 % respectively.
 This study is of crucial importance for optimizing power generation efficiency and ensuring sustainable energy production. By studying a specific gas turbine plant located in Aboadze, Ghana, this research contributes valuable insights into the operational characteristics of such plants in the region.

Acute alcohol ingestion decreases the work done above the end-test power during a 3-min all-out cycling exercise.

Alcohol ingestion influences metabolism during a subsequent exercise session, as evidenced by increased blood lactate concentration during fixed-intensity exercise. Therefore, augmented blood concentrations of alcohol may interfere with the anaerobic metabolism during high-intensity, short-duration exercise bout, thereby leading to impaired athletic performance. This study investigated whether the acute ingestion of alcohol as ethanol modulates performance parameters derived from the power-duration relationship in a 3-min all-out cycling test that allows for identifying the power output related to heavy and severe exercise intensities. Twenty-four recreationally active cyclists (16 men and 8 women) ingested a beverage containing either 0.4g ethanol.kg-1 body mass (EtOH) or a placebo (PLA) solution. Thirty minutes following ingestion, they completed a 3-min all-out test to measure power output and determine the end-test power (EP) and the work done above EP (WEP). Alcohol ingestion decreased WEP by 16% (EtOH: 5.6 ± 2.5kJ vs. PLA: 6.7 ± 2.4kJ; P = .003) but did not change EP (EtOH: 211 ± 44W vs. PLA: 212 ± 44W; P = .671). The alcohol-mediated effect in WEP was not influenced when controlling for participants' sex or accuracy in identifying the beverage ingested. Our data indicate that alcohol ingestion impaired the anaerobic work capacity, as evidenced by the reduction in WEP during the 3-min all-out test. Moreover, the ability to exercise at an intensity above the heavy domain may be decreased after ingestion of a moderate alcohol dose.

Segmented layered bistable piezoelectric laminates for enhanced energy harvesting from wind‐induced vibration

AbstractIn this study, a segmented layered bistable piezoelectric energy harvester (SBPEH) has been developed and thoroughly investigated for its wind energy harvesting capabilities. The SBPEH's performance was comprehensively evaluated through the creation of a detailed 3D finite element model using Abaqus and XFlow software, and further validated via rigorous wind tunnel experiments. The results of this research demonstrate the SBPEH's remarkable potential for wind energy harvesting. With a wide operational wind speed range, it achieved a maximum measured power output of 5.476 mW, coupled with an outstanding power density of 68.45 mW/cm3, both of which were realized at a wind speed of 13 m/s. It is worth noting that as the wind speed surpasses a specific threshold, the energy harvesting efficiency of the SBPEH experiences a decline, emphasizing the importance of identifying the optimal operational wind speed range for maximizing energy output. These findings offer valuable insights for the enhancement and application of SBPEHs, contributing to the advancement of renewable energy technologies and providing an eco‐friendly solution for power generation.Highlights The study introduces a new segmented layered bistable piezoelectric energy harvester (SBPEH) design for wind energy harvesting, addressing the limitations of traditional harvesters. Performance is evaluated through 3D finite element modeling, ABAQUS, Xflow simulations, and wind tunnel experiments. The SBPEH operates efficiently across a broad wind speed range (6–14 m/s), showcasing optimal output power of 5.476 mW at 13 m/s.

Aeroelastic metastructure for simultaneously suppressing wind-induced vibration and energy harvesting under wind flows and base excitations

This paper proposes an innovative dual-functional aeroelastic metastructure that effectively suppresses wind-induced structural vibrations under either pure aerodynamic galloping or concurrent galloping and base excitations, while simultaneously harnessing the vibratory energy to potentially allow for self-powered onboard low-power sensing applications. Two configurations are theoretically and experimentally analysed and compared, one consisting of simply regular locally resonating masses subjected to no external forces, while the other comprising locally resonating bluff bodies which experience additional aerodynamic galloping forces. Numerical investigation is conducted based on an established aero-electro-mechanically coupled model. Wind tunnel wind tunnel and base vibration experiments are carried out using a fabricated aeroelastic metastructure prototype to characterize the energy transfer mechanisms and validate the numerical results. The mutual effects of key system parameters, including the frequency ratio, mass ratio, load resistance and electromechanical coupling strength, on the dual-functional capabilities are examined, providing a comprehensive design guideline for efficiently enhancing the energy transfer and conversion. Experimentally, the galloping displacement of the primary structure is attenuated by 78% with a measured power output of 2.63 mW from a single auxiliary oscillator at a wind speed of 8 m s−1. This research opens new possibilities for designing novel metastructures in practical scenarios where both wind-induced vibration suppression and energy harvesting are crucial.

High-speed signal processing and wide band optical semiconductor amplifier in the optical communication systems

Abstract This work clarifies the analysis of the theoretical study of noise and transmission gain characteristics of semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs), which are relevant in the novel local area optical communication systems. We investigated the effects of noise on AlGaAs/GaAs SOA transmission performance through the measurement of output power, optical gain, the optical signal-to-noise ratio, and noise figure. It was observed that noise has a dramatic effect on SOAs’ operation transmission efficiency, and the performance of the amplifier structure may be limited. If the drive current and injection power at the SOA can be changed and its active region length modified, then the variation of gain, optical signal-to-noise ratio, and noise figure at the output of the structure can be obtained.