Measuring Blood Glucose Levels Research Articles

Uji Efektivitas Antidiabetik Kombinasi Ekstrak Daun Senggani (Melastomapolyanthum .Bl) dan Glibenklamid dalam Menurunkan Kadar Glukosa Darah pada Mencit (Mus Musculus)

This study aims to determine the antidiabetic effectiveness of the combination of Senggani leaf extract (Malestoma polyanthum Bl.) And Glibenclamide against alloxan-induced mice. This study used 15 male mice divided into 5 groups and each group consisted of 3 male mice, group I was given Na.CMC 1% w / v, groups III, IV, V were each given a combination of senggani leaf extract 90 mg / kg, 180 mg / kg, 360 mg / kg and 5 mg of glibeclamide as the treatment group, and for group II were given glibenclamide suspension 5 mg for comparison. Alloxan 150 mg / KgBW was used as an inducer of diabetes. Measurement of blood glucose levels was carried out three times, namely initial glucose measurement, post-induction glucose measurement and post-treatment glucose measurement. The results showed that giving senggani leaf extract with a concentration of 90 mg / kg BW, 180 mg / kg BW, 360 mg / kg BW had an antidiabetic effect in male mice. Senggani leaf extract 360 mg / kg BW showed the most effective antidiabetic effect, but still more smaller than the 5 mg glibenclamide suspension.

Antidiabetic Properties of Aqueous Leaf and Stem Extracts of Andrographis paniculata on Alloxan Induced Diabetes in Wistar Rats

Diabetes mellitus is a disorder in which the body does not produce enough or respond normally to insulin, causing blood sugar (glucose) levels to be abnormally high. The aim of the study was to assess the effectiveness of Andrographis paniculata leaf and stem bark extracts in management of Alloxan induced diabetes Wistar rats. Fifty (50) Wistar rats were divided into eight groups, namely; group A (normal control), B, C, D, E, F, G and H (treatment groups). The study was conducted for four (4) weeks by measuring blood glucose levels in first four weeks. The result showed that the diabetic rats administered with 500mg/kg of aqueous leaf extract and 250mg/kg of stem bark extract were significantly lower than those of untreated control groups. However, the combined dose of 250mg/kg aqueous leaf and 250mg/kg stem extracts were not significantly different from untreated control group. Findings of the study have demonstrated that leaves and stem extract of A. paniculata exhibited significant blood sugar lowering property in Alloxan induced diabetic Wistar rats.

Noninvasive Blood Glucose Monitoring Systems Using Near-Infrared Technology-A Review.

The past few decades have seen ongoing development of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems that are noninvasive and accurately measure blood glucose levels. The conventional finger-prick method, though accurate, is not feasible for use multiple times a day, as it is painful and test strips are expensive. Although minimally invasive and noninvasive CGM systems have been introduced into the market, they are expensive and require finger-prick calibrations. As the diabetes trend is high in low- and middle-income countries, a cost-effective and easy-to-use noninvasive glucose monitoring device is the need of the hour. This review paper briefly discusses the noninvasive glucose measuring technologies and their related research work. The technologies discussed are optical, transdermal, and enzymatic. The paper focuses on Near Infrared (NIR) technology and NIR Photoplethysmography (PPG) for blood glucose prediction. Feature extraction from PPG signals and glucose prediction with machine learning methods are discussed. The review concludes with key points and insights for future development of PPG NIR-based blood glucose monitoring systems.

High-Precision Nonenzymatic Electrochemical Glucose Sensing Based on CNTs/CuO Nanocomposite

The measurement of blood glucose levels is essential for diagnosing and managing diabetes. Enzymatic and nonenzymatic approaches using electrochemical biosensors are used to measure serum or plasma glucose accurately. Current research aims to develop and improve noninvasive methods of detecting glucose in sweat that are accurate, sensitive, and stable. The carbon nanotube (CNT)-copper oxide (CuO) nanocomposite (NC) improved direct electron transport to the electrode surface in this study. The complex precipitation method was used to make this NC. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy were used to investigate the crystal structure and morphology of the prepared catalyst. Using cyclic voltammetry and amperometry, the electrocatalytic activity of the as-prepared catalyst was evaluated. The electrocatalytic activity in artificial sweat solution was examined at various scan rates and at various glucose concentrations. The detection limit of the CNT-CuO NC catalyst was 3.90 µM, with a sensitivity of 15.3 mA cm−2 µM−1 in a linear range of 5–100 µM. Furthermore, this NC demonstrated a high degree of selectivity for various bio-compounds found in sweat, with no interfering cross-reactions from these species. The CNT-CuO NC, as produced, has good sensitivity, rapid reaction time (2 s), and stability, indicating its potential for glucose sensing.Graphical

Investigational Outcomes of Normal and Diabetic Human Volunteers using Microwave based Non-invasive Blood Glucometer

—Noninvasive estimation of blood glucose using microwave based sensor is one of the most challenging research fields in recent days. These methods are more adaptable to avoid soreness and skin estrangement that occur in traditional invasive blood glucose measurement techniques. This paper suggests the investigational outcomes of a microwave based noninvasive blood glucose meter to check performance of the microwave antenna sensor. Narrowband micro strip antenna with resonating microwave frequency of 1.3 GHz is utilized to measure Blood Glucose Level (BGL) noninvasively. Validity of sensor is assessed by performing medical tests on non diabetic and diabetic human volunteers. Mean Absolute Relative Difference (MARD) and Surveillance Error Grid (SEG) analyses were performed during experimentation to find deviation of estimated BGL from reference BGL which is measured using available invasive technique. Direct assessment of estimated data with reference data provides excellent reliability and repeatability of proposed microwave technique. Keywords- glucometer, Blood Glucose Level (BGL), medical tests, Mean Absolute Relative Difference (MARD), Surveillance Error Grid (SEG)

Soy flour snack bars lower glycaemic response in type 2 diabetes mellitus subjects: A randomised cross-over design

Introduction: Low glycaemic snacks may help to improve blood glucose control. However, data on the effect of soybean snack bars on postprandial glucose levels of the diabetic population is scarce. Therefore, the current study aimed to examine the effect of consuming soy flour snack bars on glycaemic response (GR) over a 180-minute period in individuals with diabetes by estimating postprandial glucose levels variation and total area under the curve (AUC). Methods: Nine subjects (age: 54.6±4.0 years; BMI: 25.0±2.5 kg/m2) with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) diagnoses without complication enrolled in this randomised, open-label, cross-over trial. On three separate sessions, they consumed glucose standard solution, soy flour snack bar (SF), and wheat flour snack bar (WF) containing 25 g of available carbohydrate, respectively. Finger prick capillary method was executed to measure blood glucose levels at 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 minutes after test product ingestion. Results: Overall, significantly lower postprandial glucose levels were observed at 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes (122.3±17.6, 136.3±24.9, 125.7±25.3, and 107.2±24.1 mg/dL; p<0.001) in those who consumed SF snack bars than WF snack bars (147.9±41.3, 168.0±43.6, 152.6±30.0, and 140.6±33.4 mg/dL). The AUC level after the ingestion of SF snack bar was 2044.8±503.1 mg.min/dL, >20% lower compared to ingestion of WF snack bar (4735.0±666.8 mg.min/dL), p<0.001. These glycaemic control benefits can be explained due to the high fibre and protein content linked to the physicochemical properties of SF. Conclusion: With high nutritional properties, SF snack bar has a low GR and might help control blood glucose in T2DM subjects.

The Impact of Pharmacist Intervention on Clinical Outcome, Adherence, and Quality of Life of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a chronic disease that occurs when the body cannot produce enough insulin or cannot use insulin (insulin resistance) and diagnosed by measuring blood glucose level (BGL). BGLs of DM patients should always be controlled to prevent complications. The purpose of this analytical cohort study was to analyze the effect of pharmacy intervention (PI) on BGL, adherence, and quality of life (QOL) of DM Type 2 (T2DM) patients (n=48) admitted to Dr. Tengku Mansyur hospital in Tanjung Balai period December 2020 to May 2021. The BGL, adherence, and QOL of the patients were compared before and after PIs. The patients’ BGLs were recruited from their medical records, their adherence to medication was analyzed using MMAS-8 questionnaire, and the patients QOLs were analyzed using the EQ-5D-3L questionnaire and the scores were categorized into 3 categories (< 0.60 = bad, 0.6 - <0.80 = moderate, ≥0.80 = good). The obtained data were analyzed using descriptive and Wilcoxon Signed-Rank tests in the SPSS Program.
 Mean age of the patients was 59.20 ± 8.20 (years). Most (58.3%) of them were females. The mean BGLs (mg/dL) of the patients: before PI 1, 262.02±5.91; before PI 2, 259.39±5.53; after PI, 202.35±4.80; and follow up after PI, 168.60±3.07. The mean adherence scores: before PI 1, 4.833 ± 0.08; before PI 2 4.70±0.07; after PI 6.833±0.09; follow up after PI 7.793±0.05. The mean QOLs of the patients: before PI 1, 0.719±0.005; before PI 2, 0.719±0.001; after PI, 0.801±0.009; follow up after PI 0.977 ± 0.009. There were significant differences among BGLs, patients’ adherence, and their QOLs before and after PI. p=0.000
 The present study proved that PI improved medication adherence, BGLs, and QOLs of outpatients with T2DM.

Differences in perceptions between healthcare professionals and caregivers when accepting patients on insulin therapy to elderly care facilities

To clarify the problems with accepting patients on insulin therapy at elderly care facilities. We conducted a questionnaire on staff awareness of diabetes before accepting the first diabetic patient on insulin therapy at our elderly care facility. Once the patient was admitted, we held diabetes classes for staff based on their needs. Six months later, we conducted a questionnaire again to confirm the staff's awareness concerning patients on insulin therapy. In the initial questionnaire, nurses were negative about acceptance while caregivers were positive. Once the patient was admitted, staff struggled to deal with his frequent symptoms. A diabetes specialist held diabetes classes for staff to ensure the patient could enjoy a stable life. Gradually, the staff developed a better collaborative system and performed appropriate care. In the second questionnaire conducted six months later, there was a decrease in excessive optimistic opinions among caregivers. However, nurses still tended to be reluctant about acceptance while caregivers were positive, a trend similar to the initial evaluation. In this study, we noted differences in the perceptions of nurses and caregivers regarding the acceptance of patients on insulin therapy. Mitigating this difference is necessary to ensure the safety of patients. It is essential to institutionalize diabetes education in long-term care facilities, allow educated caregivers to measure blood glucose levels, select patients with treatment policies suitable for a given facility, ensure that doctors deliver accurate instructions, and maintain close communication to build a better medical care cooperation system.

Effects of Trehalose Solutions at Different Concentrations on High-Intensity Intermittent Exercise Performance

Trehalose solution ingested during exercise induces gradual increases in blood glucose levels and the insulin response compared with glucose solution. Trehalose solution aids in the maintenance of performance in the later stages of prolonged exercise. The purpose of this study was to identify the lowest concentration at which the properties of trehalose could be exploited. Groups of 12 healthy men (21.3 ± 1.3 years) and 10 healthy men (21.1 ± 0.7 years) with recreational training were included in experiments 1 and 2, respectively. Both experiments followed the same protocol. After fasting for 12 h, the participants performed a 60 min constant-load exercise at 40% O2 peak using a bicycle ergometer and ingested 500 mL of a trial drink (experiment 1: water, 8% glucose, and 6 or 8% trehalose; experiment 2: 4 or 6% trehalose). They performed four sets of the Wingate test combined with a 30 min constant-load exercise at 40% O2 peak. The experiment was conducted using a randomized cross-over design; trial drink experiments were conducted over intervals of 7 to 12 days. The exercise performance was evaluated based on mean power in the Wingate test. Blood was collected from the fingertip at 12 points during each experiment to measure blood glucose levels. During the high-intensity 5 h intermittent exercise, no differences were found between the groups in exercise performance in the later stages with concentrations of 8, 6, and 4% trehalose solution. The results suggest that trehalose could be useful for making a new type of mixed carbohydrate solution. Further studies to determine the trehalose response of individual athletes during endurance exercise are needed.

Phytochemical screening and antidiabetic activities test of ethanol extract from Syzygium cumini L. seeds in male Wistar rats induced by alloxan

Introduction: The ethanol extract of the jamblang fruit seed (Syzygium cumini L.) is known to have an antidiabetic effect and this is further confirmed by the high intensity of its α-amylase inhibitory effect. Aim: The purpose of this study was to determine the antidiabetic activity of jamblang fruit seed extract in reducing blood sugar levels. Method: Phytochemical screening was carried out on the ethanol extract from jamblang fruit seeds. Twenty-eight male wistar rats were given alloxan to induce diabetes. The rats were divided into four groups: normal control, negative control (CMC-Na), positive control (Glibenclamide), and a group that was given ethanol extract of jamblang seeds. Measurement of blood glucose levels was carried out on day 0 and day 15. Results: The phytochemical screening results show that the ethanolic extract of jamblang fruit seeds (Syzygium cumini L.) contains alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and polyphenols, as well as steroids and triterpenoids. The group being treated with ethanol extract from jamblang seeds showed decreased blood sugar levels on day 15, indicating the antidiabetic effectiveness of the extract. Conclusion: Ethanol extract from jamblang seeds (Syzygium cumini) contains alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, polyphenols, steroids, and triterpenoids; and is able to reduce blood glucose levels of male wistar rats induced with alloxan.

Antidiabetic and Hypolipidemic Potentials of Extract of Picris Babylonica in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Model in Rats

Objectives: To investigate the hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic potentials of Picris babylonica extract in streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetes in rats. Methods: Animals were injected with 40mg/kg of STZ to induce diabetes, a common diabetic model. Development of the disease were assessed by measuring blood glucose level 3 days prior systemic administration of STZ and following STZ injection. Animals received 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg of Picris babylonica extract and 0.6mg/kg of glibenclamide, standard, by oral rout for 14 consecutive days. Results: Administration of the Picris babylonica extract significantly decreased serum blood glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol. In addition, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol level significantly enhanced as compared to standard. Conclusion: Picris babylonica extract demonstrated beneficial effects in lowering blood glucose and improving lipid profile, therefore, Picris babylonica extract could be developed as hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic therapy.

Effect of Avocado (Persea Americana Mill.) Peel Extract on the Diabetic Male White Rats: Preclinical Study

Background: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DMT2) is one of the most common non-communicable diseases (NCDs) worldwide. T2DM is also the leading cause of death in most developed and developing countries.
 Objective: This study aimed to analyze the effect of avocado (Persea americana Mill.) skin extract on blood glucose levels in white male rats with diabetes (preclinical test).
 Method: Experimental research in vivo with True Experimental-PreTest and Post Test Only Control Group Design. The samples were 15 white male rats aged ±3 months, with a 150-200 grams bodyweight. Avocado peel was extracted with ethanol. Measurement of fasting blood glucose levels was carried out 3 times. Streptozotocin administration was used to increase glucose levels in experimental animals. Data analysis used Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to analyze the data obtained from each treatment group, and the level of significance was expressed in =5%.
 Results: Fasting blood glucose levels in the first measurement for all groups were included in the normal category, about 48.73 mg/dL. Then the second measurement after being induced with STZ showed an increase in fasting blood glucose levels of mice with an average of 181.07 mg/dL. Furthermore, the 3rd measurement showed that mice's fasting blood glucose level was still high, except for group IV, which decreased to 97.33 mg/dL. The results of the comparative analysis of fasting blood glucose levels on the 2nd and 3rd measurements showed that most of them experienced a decrease, except in group V, and the intervention group which experienced a significant decrease, group IV with p-value = 0.003 and the magnitude of the decrease was 133.33 mg/dL.
 Conclusion: The concentration of 200 mg/kg BW of avocado peel extract significantly reduced fasting blood glucose levels by 133.33 mg/dL after STZ induction compared to other groups

Anredera cordifolia leaves extract accelerates the wound healing of normal and hyperglycemic rats

Anredera cordifolia ((Madeira vein (English) or Binahong (Indonesia language)) leaves contain ingredients that promote wound healing. This study aims to determine the effect of Madeira vein leaves ethanolic extract (MLE) on normal and hyperglycemic rat wounds. This is an experimental study using male Wistar rats aged 2-3 months, body weight between 250-300 grams induced by a single injection of streptozotocin dose 60 mg/kg BW intraperitoneally. Rats were divided into 8 groups namely normal without MLE, normal with MLE 2.5% w/v, normal with MLE 5% w/v, normal with MLE 10% w/v, hyperglycemia without MLE, hyperglycemia with MLE 2.5% w/v, hyperglycemia with MLE 5% w/v and hyperglycemia with MLE 10% w/v. Punch biopsy was used to create wounds on the skin of rats with a diameter of 8 mm after the blood glucose level measurement was higher than 200 mg/dL. MLE is applied 3 times a day for 14 days on the wounds. Wound contractions occurred in line with the length of treatment days. In normal skin, the area of the wound had decreased by 22% within three days and to 76% at 14 days after wound creation. On the 14th day of treatment, the wound area of hyperglycemic rats decreased > 60%. The largest wound contraction was found when using MLE 10% w/v. Increasing the MLE dose stimulated better wound contraction/healing than control wounds. Wound healing involves many types and products of cells. Starting with hemostasis, wound healing is followed by inflammatory and proliferative phases to form new tissue, angiogenesis, and matrix formation. The MLE content is beneficial for wound healing in normal and hyperglycemic rats. MLE plays a role in accelerating wound healing in normal and hyperglycemic rats. The MLE dose of 10% w/v provides faster wound healing than the 2.5% and 5% w/v doses.

Can measurement of glucose levels in blood and peritoneal fluid be used to diagnose septic peritonitis in dogs?

PICO question
 Can the measurement of blood and peritoneal fluid effusion glucose levels be used to accurately diagnose septic peritonitis in dogs when compared to cytology and bacterial culture?
 
 Clinical bottom line
 Category of research question
 Diagnosis
 The number and type of study designs reviewed
 Three papers were critically reviewed, all of which were diagnostic test evaluation studies
 Strength of evidence
 Moderate
 Outcomes reported
 Glucose measurements can be used to diagnose septic peritonitis when the blood plasma glucose level is >2.1 mmol/L higher than that of the peritoneal fluid glucose when using a veterinary point of care (POC) glucometer. If using a biochemistry analyser, a whole blood glucose >1.1 mmol/L higher than that of the peritoneal fluid can be used to diagnose septic peritonitis. This is only relevant when the peritoneal fluid is collected by abdominocentesis and not in a postoperative period
 Conclusion
 At present, there is moderate evidence that glucose measurements are useful as a patient side test for the diagnosis of septic peritonitis and are especially useful in cases where intracellular bacteria cannot be identified on cytology. However, despite the so far promising accuracy results, the cut-offs reported are quite variable and overall, there is not a single diagnostic test that is 100% sensitive and specific in repeated studies. Therefore, the results of the glucose measurements should be evaluated alongside other biomarker testing, imaging modalities and the clinical presentation of the patient. Glucose measurements cannot currently replace culture / sensitivity and cytology as the gold standard for the diagnosis of septic peritonitis
 
 How to apply this evidence in practice
 The application of evidence into practice should take into account multiple factors, not limited to: individual clinical expertise, patient’s circumstances and owners’ values, country, location or clinic where you work, the individual case in front of you, the availability of therapies and resources.
 Knowledge Summaries are a resource to help reinforce or inform decision making. They do not override the responsibility or judgement of the practitioner to do what is best for the animal in their care.
 

Diagnostic Accuracy of Smartphone-Connected Electrophysiological Biosensors for Prediction of Blood Glucose Level in a Type-2 Diabetic Patient Using Machine Learning: A Pilot Study

In this pilot study, we evaluate the diagnostic accuracy and feasibility of utilizing smartphone-connected electrophysiological biosensors for measuring blood glucose level (BGL) in a type-2 diabetic (T2D) patient using machine learning (ML). Patients’ electrophysiological parameters are measured using commercially available, smartphone operated/embedded electrocardiography (ECG) and photoplethysmography (PPG) biosensors; simultaneously, we measure the BGL of the patient using a minimal invasive (MI) biosensor mounted on the patient’s arm. Statistical correlation analysis confirms that a modest correlation exists between the extracted ECG and PPG features and the measured BGL. The efficacy of ML models trained using the regression tree algorithm utilizing ECG and PPG extracted features for predicting the BGL is investigated. Experimental results show that ECG and PPG feature trained ML models can successfully predict BGL upto ± (8–33 mg/dL) during fasting, pre-prandial, and post-prandial intervals.

The effect of n-butanol fraction of gaharu (Aquilaria microcarpa Baill.) leaves on blood glucose and liver glycogen levels in alloxan-induced male rats

Gaharu leaves (Aquilaria microcarpa Baill.) empirically used to lower blood glucose levels by people of Tamiang Layang Cental Kalimantan. This study measured the activity of A. microcarpa leaves to blood glucose and glycogen liver levels. The study used 24 male white rats. Animal test were divided into 6 groups (n=4) receiving different treatments: normal control, negative control (vehicle), positive control (glibenclamide 0,45 mg/kg BW), n-butanol fraction (12.5 mg/kg BW; 25 mg/kg BW; and 50 mg/kg BW). All groups, excluding the normal group, were induced by alloxan monohydrate (150 mg/kg BW, i.p.). After 72 hours, the levels of glucose blood were measured and the treatment was administered. Pre-prandial and postprandial measurement of blood glucose levels were conducted on days 0, 7, and 14 after treatment. On day 15th the liver was extracted out and analyzed by UV-Vis spectrophotometry to determine the glycogen levels. The results of this study showed that bood glucose levels reduction and liver glycogen levels enhancement of n-butanol fraction of A. microcarpa leaves at the doses of 12.5; 25 and 50 mg/kg BW significantly different with the negative control (p < 0.05). This result suggests n-butanol fraction of A. microcarpa leaves has potensial as an antidiabetic agent.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE CENTRAL CORNEAL THICKNESS IN DIABETIC AND NON-DIABETIC PATIENTS- A CASE-CONTROL STUDY

INTRODUCTION- Many ophthalmologic diseases like poor vision, blindness, keratoconjunctivitis sicca, macular edema, cataract, vitreous hemorrhage, glaucoma and diabetic retinopathy are linked with diabetes. Various studies in the past have established that there is a strong association between diabetes and an increase in corneal thickness. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES- We aimed at conducting a study to compare the effect of Diabetic Mellitus on central corneal thickness in a casecontrol setting. The impact of disease duration and levels of HbA1c were also evaluated. MATERIALS AND METHODS-AProspective observational study was conducted with 50 diabetics (group A) and 50 non-diabetics (groups B). A detailed history taking, along with measurement of blood glucose levels, HbA1c, and a detailed ophthalmologic examination was done in all cases. The mean central corneal thickness was measured using specular pachymetry. RESULTS- The mean central corneal thickness (CCT) was higher in diabetics (Right eye- 544.45 ± 22.72 µm; 551.01 ± 23.11 µm) as compared to non-diabetics (right eye- 523.27 ± 15.23 µm, left eye 522.13 ± 14.44 µm) (p&lt;0.05). The mean central corneal thickness was higher in those having diabetes for &gt;10 years than those having diabetes &lt;10 years. Additionally, the mean central corneal thickness was higher in those having HbA1c &gt;6.5 than those having HbA1c &lt;6.5 (p=0.0033). CONCLUSION- Our study found a signicant impact of diabetes, its duration, and its uncontrolled nature on the thickness of the cornea. Corneal thickness can be utilized as a sensitive parameter to assess the uncontrolled nature of diabetes

The Effect of Walking Exercise on Blood Pressure and Blood Glucose in the Elderly

Background: Walking exercise is a physical activity that stimulates various components of physical fitness. Particularly in the elderly, it improves blood circulation, strengthens bones, lowers blood pressure and glucose. Objective: This study aimed to determine the effect of walking exercise on blood pressure and blood glucose in the elderly. Method: This research was experimental research that used a quantitative approach. Participants were elderly aged 60 years with a history of hypertension and high blood glucose. The samples in this study were 34 people who were determined based on a simple random sampling technique. The experimental group was given physical activity treatment for walking 3x a week with mild to moderate intensity for 60 minutes for three weeks. The control group did not participate in any treatment. The walking program took place outside on a 1 mile/1,609 meter track. Before beginning the exercise program, participants should warm up for 5-10 minutes with a leisurely walk. In this case, the participant’s mileage is 1 mile. The instrument used to measure blood pressure in this study was an aneroid sphygmomanometer, while a glucometer was used to measure blood glucose levels. Results: This study found that: Based on the Mann-Whitney test, it showed that there was a significant effect of walking exercise on decreasing systolic blood pressure (p 0.005), diastolic blood pressure (p 0.018), and reducing blood sugar (p 0.031). Conclusion: Walking exercise has a significant effect on blood pressure and blood glucose in the elderly.

Heme oxygenase-1 gene delivery for altering high mobility group box-1 protein in pancreatic islet

Pancreatic islet transplantation is a promising strategy for the treatment of type I diabetes. High-mobility group box-1 (HMGB1), highly expressed in islet cells, is a potent immune stimulator in immune rejection. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO1) gene therapy can modulate the release of HMGB1 by altering intracellular molecules for successful cell transplantation. After delivery of the heme oxygenase-1 (HO1) gene to islet cells using an adeno-associated viral vector (AAV), it was evaluated the changes in cytoplasmic Ca2+ ions and calcineurin activity as well as histone acetyltransferase (HAT) and Poly(ADP) ribose polymerase-1 (PARP-1). Inhibition of HMGB1 release was evaluated through altering these intracellular molecules. Then, after transplantation of HO1-transduced islets, the therapeutic effect of them was evaluated through measuring blood glucose level to diabetic mice and through immunohistochemical analysis. The transduced HO1 gene significantly inhibited HMGB1 release in islets that was under the cell damage by hypoxia exposure. It was confirmed that this result was initially due to the decrease in cytoplasmic Ca2+ ion concentration and calcineurin activity. In addition, the delivered HO1 gene simultaneously reduced the activity of HAT and PARP-1, which are involved in the translocation of HMGB1 from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. As a result, when the HO1 gene-transduced islets were transplanted into diabetic mice, the treatment efficiency of diabetes was effectively improved by increasing the survival rate of the islets. Collectively, these results suggest that HO1 gene transfer can be used for successful islet transplantation by altering the activity of intracellular signal molecules and reducing HMGB1 release.

Effects of alcoholic extract of Terminalia Chebula dried fruit on blood biochemical profile in diabetic rats.

A considerable amount of attention has been recently paid to the discovery of effective natural antidiabetic drugs. Terminalia chebula is considered as the mother of herbs, with reported antidiabetic activity. This study aims to evaluate the renal and hepatic protective profile of its antidiabetic therapeutic doses. To achieve the aim of the study, a total of 66 adult male rats of Sprague-Dawley species weighing about 180-200 g (weighed using a digital scale) were used. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) was induced in using streptozotocin (STZ), rats were given a 5% dextrose solution for the next 24h. Subjects received oral treatment of Terminalia chebula ethanolic extract at different doses (200, 400, and 600mg/kg body weight) for 28days. Measurements of fasting blood glucose level, change in body weight, lipid profile, serum liver enzymes, serum renal parameter, and histopathology of liver and kidney were carried out. Higher doses of Terminalia chebula (600mg/Kg) were shown to have a potential therapeutic effect as well as the most prominent antidiabetic, antilipidemic activity, hepatoprotective and renoprotective profiles when compared to lower doses. The use of Terminalia chebula alone or in combination with conventional antidiabetic drugs may be beneficial as a new advent therapy for diabetes. The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40200-021-00951-8.