Measuring Blood Glucose Levels Research Articles

Community service: Stroke risk detection and primary prevention of stroke education

Abstract. Stroke is a neurovascular disease and is the second cause of death and the third cause of disease in the world. The prevalence of stroke in Indonesia has increased. The increasing prevalence of stroke can be caused by low stroke prevention. Factors that influence stroke prevention behavior are knowledge and awareness. Efforts to reduce the incidence of stroke are primary prevention. This community service program made 2 basic efforts in stroke prevention. The first activity was detection of stroke risk using the stroke risk scorecard, examination of blood pressure and body weight, and measurement of blood glucose and cholesterol levels. The second one was providing education. This program was carried out at Kendangan, Caturharjo, Sleman, Yogyakarta. Stroke risk detection was attended by 67 people. The results of risk factor detection found that there were 4 people at high risk of stroke (6%), and 63 people were at low risk of stroke (94%). There were also other health issues found; 31 people with hypertension (46%), 26 people with hypercholesterolemia (38%), 7 people smoking (10%), 50 people never exercise (74%), and 7 people with overweight (10%). Education of stroke was attended by 36 people. The knowledge had increased after given education with an average pretest score of 59.41 (with minimum score of 20 and maximum score of 100) and an average post-test score of 74.41 (with minimum score of 30 and maximum score of 100). Stroke risk detection and primary prevention education are efforts to prevent stroke early, so they need to be done continuously.

Graphene and coltan

The clean and renewable energy scenario has gone through a transformation process with the discovery of new generation sources and devices for their storage. Sustainable and efficient solutions are sought to satisfy the growing energy demand of today's population. The environmental problems related to fossil fuels are recognized throughout the world, but to abandon them and for renewable energies to cover current demand, they must not only deliver enough energy but must also be accumulated and transported. In this perspective, batteries play an important role in different areas, from energy storage to powering electronic devices, electric vehicles, etc. Electronic devices use relatively little power, so even small improvements in batteries have driven big changes in their performance and daily use. The functionalities of graphene and coltan make them ideal for a variety of applications, which are at the same time development opportunities for Colombia, such as water purification and desalination, catalyzing systems for the production of hydrogen and foams for lighting purposes, and a rapid heating element; graphene used as a photocatalytic coating material in smart buildings can purify the air in cities; It is also a promising material in the fields of printed electronics, sensors, graphene-based field-effect transistor (GFET) biosensors, optical biosensors, and photovoltaic cells. The possibility of incorporating graphene microchips implanted in teeth for bacterial detection and monitoring of oral hygiene is currently being studied, which could facilitate the study and prevention of periodontal diseases in the future; At the University of Manchester, new graphene condoms were obtained thanks to graphene composite polymers, which provide a higher heat transfer rate, improving sensitivity and the ability to disperse active drugs to prevent sexually transmitted diseases uniformly, pregnancy or even increase sexual pleasure. Graphene sheets have also recently been used to measure blood glucose levels through sweat and deliver pharmacological doses through the skin. This research focuses on a case study: the sizing of a Lithium battery with graphite in both electrodes as an alternative solution for greater energy storage. In this process, the participation of graphite in both electrodes is expanded, specifically in the coating of the cathode through layers to reduce losses and thereby improve battery storage. With this proposal, both the anode and the cathode will be made up of intercalator materials (graphite), different from the metallic lithium anode, which is dangerous, and the Li+1 ion can travel reversibly between them. As a result of the work, the structure of the new battery that will be built and tested in the following stages of the research was designed in SolidWorks software.

Самоконтроль гликемии: от теории к практике (на примере пациента с сопутствующей онкологической патологией)

Self-monitoring of blood glucose (BG) levels occupies an important place in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. With an increase in the frequency of self-monitoring of BG, in patients with diabetes, carbohydrate metabolism indicators improve. Thus, self-monitoring of BG is an important factor in the prevention of acute and chronic complications of diabetes. Although new methods for measuring BG levels, such as continuous glycemic curve tracking and flash monitoring, are now widely used, they cannot completely replace BG monitoring with a glucometer. Data are presented on the dynamics of glycemia in a patient with type 1 diabetes, with a disease duration of 58 years, before and after the introduction of self-monitoring of BG.

Blood glucose level and infestation degree by Zeylanicobdella sp. in cantang grouper before and after closed wet transportation system

The cantang grouper is one of the high-value fisheries commodities. Transportation is an integral activity in aquaculture, notably in transporting cantang grouper. Among the methods is the closed wet transportation system. The disrupted environment in the closed wet transportation system, exhaustion, and deficit of the immune system can cause the cantang grouper to be infested by marine leech or Zeylanicobdella. In this study, Zeylanicobdella sp. infestation levels and cantang grouper blood glucose levels are compared before and after a closed wet transportation system. This research used an experimental method. The 35 individuals’ sample was examined for blood glucose levels and the infestation degree of Zeylanicobdella. Subsequently, they were transported from Situbondo, East Java, to the Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Universitas Airlangga Surabaya and re-examined. The results of measuring blood glucose levels of cantang grouper were in the below-normal category, normal, and above-normal. There was no significant difference in the infestation degree by Zeylanicobdella sp. between before and after transportation. This study concludes that closed wet transportation affected blood glucose levels and did not affect the degree of infestation by Zeylanicobdella sp. in cantang grouper.

Effect of Polygonati Rhizoma in improving pyroptosis injury of diabetic macroangiopathy via NLRP3/caspase-1/GSDMD pathway

This study aims to explore the influence of Polygonati Rhizoma on the pyroptosis in the rat model of diabetic macroangiopathy via the NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3(NLRP3)/cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-1(caspase-1)/gasdermin D(GSDMD) pathway. The rat model of diabetes was established by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin(STZ) combined with a high-fat, high-sugar diet. The blood glucose meter, fully automated biochemical analyzer, hematoxylin-eosin(HE) staining, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry, and Western blot were employed to measure blood glucose levels, lipid levels, vascular thickness, inflammatory cytokine levels, and expression levels of pyroptosis-related proteins. The mechanism of pharmacological interventions against the injury in the context of diabetes was thus explored. The results demonstrated the successful establishment of the model of diabetes. Compared with the control group, the model group showed elevated levels of fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol(TC), triglycerides(TG) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-c), lowered level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-c), thickened vascular intima, and elevated serum and aorta levels of tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α), interleukin-1β(IL-1β) and interleukin-18(IL-18). Moreover, the model group showed increased NLRP3 inflammasomes and up-regulated levels of caspase-1 and GSDMD in aortic vascular cells. Polygonati Rhizoma intervention reduced blood glucose and lipid levels, inhibited vascular thickening, lowered the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-18 in the serum and aorta, attenuated NLRP3 inflammasome expression, and down-regulated the expression levels of caspase-1 and GSDMD, compared with the model group. In summary, Polygonati Rhizoma can slow down the progression of diabetic macroangiopathy by inhibiting pyroptosis and alleviating local vascular inflammation.

Current opportunities for glycaemic control in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus: the path to achieving a goal

Type 1 diabetes is a highly prevalent disorder worldwide and the commonest form of diabetes in children and adolescents. The incidence rates are steadily increasing, despite numerous efforts aimed at finding the possibility to detect and interrupt autoimmune inflammation in the pancreas at preclinical stages. Modern technologies make it possible to set metabolic control goals that are increasingly closer to physiological ones. The article presents recommendations regarding new technologies for glycaemic control and criteria for compensation of T1DM in children and adolescents in accordance with the updated guidelines of the International Society of Diabetes Mellitus in Children and Adolescents (ISPAD, 2022) and the Russian standards for self-monitoring of glycemia using an individual blood glucose meter associated with the use of continuous glucose monitoring technologies to assess the accuracy and/or calibration of monitoring data and address treatment adjustment issues. The possibilities and advantages of modern blood glucose meters are highlighted both in terms of accuracy of readings and functional expandability. Clinical cases demonstrating the importance of using blood glucose meters in decision-making by patients (adolescents) with type 1 diabetes who receive insulin pump therapy are presented. Excessive haste in decision-making by patients resulting in non-target results on glycaemic levels, which could have been avoided with timely measurement of blood glucose levels with a glucose meter was stressed. The great role of continuous education of children and adolescents with T1DM together with assessment and analysis of the significance of new and existing technologies for diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring of this chronic disease is emphasized, so that the patients and their parents can fully and effectively use constantly emerging opportunities.

Isolation and purification of isocitrate lyase by chromatographic meth-ods from the liver of rats under conditions of alloxan-induced diabetes

The homogeneous preparation with isocitrate lyase activity was obtained from the peroxisomal fraction of rat hepatocytes using chromatographic methods. Male white inbred laboratory Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) were used as the object of the study. Experimental diabetes was induced by a single injection of a 5% alloxan solution. The development of diabetes was monitored by measuring blood glucose levels using a glucometer (SatellitePlus PKG-02.4). Blood sampling was carried out in the morning from the tail vein. On the 10th day of the experiment, laboratory animals were subjected to decapitation, previously euthanized with ether anaesthesia, to obtain liver tissue samples. For the isolation of a homogeneous preparation of isocitrate lyase (ICL, EC 4.1.3.1.), chromatographic methods were used. Purification included several stages: fractionation of the homogenate with ammonium sulphate, gel filtration on columns filled with Sephadex G-25 and ion exchange chromatography, which was the determining stage. The anion exchanger DEAE-Sephacel was used as a sorbent. This allowed to achieve a degree of purification of 12.12 for the first ICL isoform and 24.24 for the second ICL isoform. The specific activity for the first sample was 0.04 U/mg protein, and the yield was 26.3%. The specific activity value for the second form of ICL was 0.08 U/mg protein, and the yield was 47.4%. For elution from a column filled with DEAE-Sephacel was performed using step KCl gradient (60 mM – 200 mM). Identification of the resulting preparations was carried out spectrophotometrically, following the increase in the optical density, according to the Kornberg method (λ-324 nm). The presence of isoforms was determined by specific staining of the gel after PAGE electrophoresis. As a result of four-step purification, two isoforms with different from ICL (EC 4.1.3.1) from other sources electrophoretic mobility were obtained.

Secondary Stress Response of Tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus) in Different Doses of Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) During the Transport Period

Fish transportation is a crucial step in maintaining fish quality during the shipping process from one region to another. The closed-wet system, which is commonly used for fish transportation, has several obstacles in the form of fish stress and mortality. Stressed fish generate primary, secondary, and tertiary stress responses. The purpose of this study is to assess the secondary stress response of tilapia during transportation by giving different doses of hydrogen peroxide. 3% hydrogen peroxide applied to water resulting in three different doses i.e. 0.3 ml.L-1 , 0.1 ml.L-1 , 0.08 ml.L-1 and without hydrogen peroxide used as control groups. Data was obtained by measuring blood glucose levels and the ventilation rate of tilapia. The results showed an alteration in blood glucose levels and ventilation rate of tilapia during transportation. Treatment with 0.1 ml.L-1 hydrogen peroxide gave the lowest glucose levels during 10 hours of transportation. Changes in ventilation rate of tilapia were observed in the treatment with 0.1 ml.L-1 of hydrogen peroxide which indicated miled stress conditions. It can be concluded that the optimal dose of hydrogen peroxide in the transportation process is 0.1 ml.L-1 of hydrogen peroxide.

Effects of Standing after a Meal on Glucose Metabolism and Energy Expenditure.

In the past decade, university students have become more sedentary. A sedentary lifestyle is associated with an increased risk of obesity and cardiovascular disease. Methods that decrease sedentary lifestyles, such as the use of standing desks to increase physical activity, have been extensively examined. However, the effects of postprandial standing and sitting on energy metabolism have not yet been compared. Therefore, the present study investigated the effects of standing after a meal on energy expenditure and glucose metabolism. Ten males participated in the present study. The experiment was initiated with 300 g of rice ingested as a carbohydrate load. The subjects maintained a standing or sitting position for 120 min after the meal. Energy expenditure was calculated from VO2 and VCO2 using the indirect calorimetry method. Glucose metabolism was assessed by measuring blood glucose levels and the exogenous glucose metabolic rate. Energy expenditure through standing after eating was approximately 0.16 ± 0.08 kcal/min higher than that through sitting. Blood glucose dynamics did not significantly differ between the standing and sitting positions. Furthermore, no significant differences were observed in the dynamics of the exogenous glucose metabolic rate between the standing and sitting positions. Standing for 2 h after a meal increased energy expenditure by 10.7 ± 4.6% without affecting glucose metabolism.

The Impact of Decreased Physical Activity Against Increased Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease in People Aged 40-50 Years During The PPKM Period in Kampung Melayu, East Jakarta

The implementation of Community Restrictions (PPKM) is an effort by the Indonesian government to prevent the chain of transmission of Covid-19 that occurred in 2021. PPKM makes changes in lifestyle and physical activity. The benefit of physical activity for health is to prevent an increase in risk factors for chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease. This study used risk factors for cardiovascular disease age, sex, lifestyle, diet, BMI, current blood glucose, total blood cholesterol, and blood pressure. Knowing the impact of decreased physical activity against increased risk factors for cardiovascular disease which can be controlled and which cannot be controlled at the productive age of 40-50 years. This study used the observation method on 50 participants from RW 01 Kampung Melayu, East Jakarta who were randomly selected. The study participants measured blood glucose levels, total cholesterol, blood pressure, BMI, and physical activity measurements during the PPKM period. Testing the correlation of the impact of physical activity with increased risk factors was conducted using the Wilcoxon signed rank test. Decreased physical activity occurred predominantly in all categories of participants caused by changes in lifestyle, sleep patterns, diet, and uncontrolled workload, causing increases in blood glucose levels, total cholesterol, BMI, and blood pressure. Statistical tests prove that there is a significant correlation between decreased physical activity and increased risk factors for cardiovascular disease. This study proves that there is an increase in cardiovascular disease risk factors associated with decreased physical activity and lifestyle changes in residents of RW 01 Kampung Melayu, East Jakarta.

Ngu-Vi-Tieu-Khat decoction, a Vietnamese traditional medicine, possesses hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects on streptozotocin-induced type-2 diabetic rat model

This study aims to assess the hypoglycemic effects of Ngu-Vi-Tieu-Khat (NVTK) decoction, a traditional Vietnamese medicine, in a rat model of type-2 diabetes. The NVTK decoction was prepared using the maceration method and tested for its hypoglycemic effects by measuring blood glucose levels, insulin resistance indicators, and pancreatic mass. The results showed that NVTK decoction improved diabetes symptoms, increased insulin levels, reduced insulin resistance, restored pancreatic mass, and decreased total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) while increasing high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). The hypoglycemic effects of NVTK were comparable to those of gliclazide at a dose of 10 mg/kg. In conclusion, NVTK decoction possesses hypoglycemic properties and could be explored as a potential traditional medicine for treating type-2 diabetes in humans.

RİFAMPİSİN KAYNAKLI BEYİN DOKUSU HASARINDA LİNALOOL’UN İYİLEŞTİRİCİ RÖLÜ

Objective
 In this study linalool (LN), which has antihyperglycemic,
 hypolipidemic and antioxidant properties, is intended
 to be used in the treatment of neurodegenerations
 and neural disorders that may occur due to rifampicin
 (RF). For this reason, it was aimed to examine the
 effects of LN on the expression of genes, biochemical
 and histopathological parameters in these metabolic
 pathways against neurotoxicity that may occur due
 to RF, and to investigate the protective effects of LN,
 which has antioxidant properties.
 Material and Method
 Thirty healthy male Spraque-Dawley rats were divided
 into five groups (group 1; control, group 2; solvent
 control (DMSO); group 3, RF; group 4, LN; group 5;
 RF+LN). Brain tissues were taken for biochemical,
 histological and gene expressions analyses. Blood
 samples were taken to measure blood glucose levels.
 Results
 Rifampicin treatment significantly increased CYP1A1
 and CYP1A2 mRNA gene expression and blood
 glucose levels, while reducing brain weight according
 to findings. On the other hand, there was a significant
 decrease in CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 mRNA gene
 expression and blood glucose levels in the RF+LN
 group, while a significant improvement in brain weight
 was observed and as a result of histological analyzes,
 it was observed that the damage caused by RF
 decreased in the groups given LN.
 Conclusion
 LN was found to be highly effective in protecting the
 brain from the toxic effects of RF.

GWAS of random glucose in 476,326 individuals provide insights into diabetes pathophysiology, complications and treatment stratification

Conventional measurements of fasting and postprandial blood glucose levels investigated in genome-wide association studies (GWAS) cannot capture the effects of DNA variability on ‘around the clock’ glucoregulatory processes. Here we show that GWAS meta-analysis of glucose measurements under nonstandardized conditions (random glucose (RG)) in 476,326 individuals of diverse ancestries and without diabetes enables locus discovery and innovative pathophysiological observations. We discovered 120 RG loci represented by 150 distinct signals, including 13 with sex-dimorphic effects, two cross-ancestry and seven rare frequency signals. Of these, 44 loci are new for glycemic traits. Regulatory, glycosylation and metagenomic annotations highlight ileum and colon tissues, indicating an underappreciated role of the gastrointestinal tract in controlling blood glucose. Functional follow-up and molecular dynamics simulations of lower frequency coding variants in glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP1R), a type 2 diabetes treatment target, reveal that optimal selection of GLP-1R agonist therapy will benefit from tailored genetic stratification. We also provide evidence from Mendelian randomization that lung function is modulated by blood glucose and that pulmonary dysfunction is a diabetes complication. Our investigation yields new insights into the biology of glucose regulation, diabetes complications and pathways for treatment stratification.

How to evaluate over 60 million blood glucose data — The design of the MÉRY Diabetes Database

AimsThe aim of the article is to describe the method for creating a close to ideal diabetes database. The MÉRY Diabetes Database (MDD) consists of a large quantity of reliable, well-maintained, precise and up-to-date data suited for clinical research with the intention to improve diabetes care in terms of maintaining targeted blood glucose levels, avoiding hypoglycemic episodes and complications and improving patient compliance and quality of life. MethodsBased on the analysis of the databases found in the literature and the experience of our research team, nine important characteristics were identified as critical to an ideal diabetes database. The data for our database is collected using MÉRYkék glucometers, a device that meets all requirements of international regulations and measures blood glucose levels within the normal range with appropriate precision (10 %). ResultsUsing the key characteristics defined, we were able to create a database suitable for the analysis of a large amount of data regarding diabetes care and outcomes. ConclusionsThe MDD is a reliable and ever growing database which provides stable and expansive foundation for extensive clinical investigations that hold the potential to significantly influence the trajectory of diabetes care and enhance patient outcomes.

Measuring blood glucose level for diabetics type II and its prevalence between the patients in wasit province from 40 age and older

This study was conducted to measure the level of Random Blood Glucose(RBG) for type 2 diabetic patients and their prevalence among the age groups of 40 years and older in both sexes. The study included 400 people with type II diabetes registered at the Center of Teaba Healthy of wasit province . Patients were divided into age groups, the first group (40-49 years), the second group (50-59), the third group (60-69), the fourth (70+ years and older), the blood collected after two hours from eating , then we had made comparison between the mean value of RBG for groups . The aim of study was to know in any of which age group, RBG was higher , also knows the prevalence of the diabetic among patients by made a percentage to all groups, also our study is the first of its kind for early detection of diabetic patients in Center of Teaba Healthy of wasit province . Result in this study , showed the diabetics that have been higher mean value of RBG (179.8) were with the group of age (40-49) , and the high percentage for number of diabetic in total number 400 was in the same group of age (40-49) was recorded 38%, the women also was had a percentage (58 %) compared with the males were had ( 42 % ) from the total of all patients(400).

Sosialisasi dan Skrining Sindrom Metabolik melalui Pengukuran IMT, Tekanan Darah, serta Pemeriksaan Glukosa Darah pada Orang Dewasa di Masa Pandemi Covid-19

Metabolic syndrome is caused by a poor lifestyle, excessive food consumption, lack of physical activity. Someone with metabolic syndrome will be more susceptible to Covid-19. This community service activity aims to provide knowledge about metabolic syndrome as well as measurement of Body Mass Index (BMI), measurement of blood pressure and checking blood glucose levels. The method of carrying out activities is in the form of outreach related to metabolic syndrome and screening for metabolic syndrome through BMI measurements, measuring blood pressure using a digital tensimeter and checking blood glucose levels using the Point of Care method. The activity was carried out in Bangetayu Kulon RT 07 RW 01 Semarang City on May 13-15 2022. The target audience is adults aged 20-65 years with a total of 56 people. From the results of the examination, it was found that 87.5% of respondents had hypertension, 12.5% of respondents had diabetes mellitus and 73.2% of respondents were obese. Community service activities provide an overview of public health about metabolic disorders so that it is hoped that after this activity the community routinely conducts health checks to prevent metabolic syndrome.

Estimation of Gingival Crevicular Blood as Noninvasive Method to Determine the Blood Glucose Level: A Comparative Study.

The current study's aim was to assess gingival crevicular blood as a noninvasive method to measure blood glucose levels. The current study comprised a total of 50 patients who had been diagnosed with chronic periodontitis and age was ≥30 years old. The study's procedures were carried out after receiving informed consent. For finger capillary blood collection method, a sterile lancet was used to prick the finger and a drop of blood was taken, for gingival crevicular blood collection method, blood was taken from the gingival margin of the chosen site, and for venous blood collection method with the aid of a disposable syringe, a venous blood sample was taken from the patient's antecubital fossa for determining blood glucose levels. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to examine the differences between the three methodologies' significance, and Karl Pearson's correlation (r) was used to determine their correlation. The maximum glucose level was found in venous blood (187.78 ± 18.23), followed by finger capillary blood (181.88 ± 21.67) and gingival crevicular blood (169.04 ± 11.24). And there was no significant difference between the different blood collection methods (p > 0.05). The positive significant correlation was found between gingival crevicular blood and finger capillary blood (r = 0.912, p < 0.001). Correlation with gingival crevicular blood and venous blood showed a positive correlation (r = 0.898, p < 0.001). Correlation between venous blood and finger capillary blood also showed a strong positive correlation (r = 0.988, p < 0.001). In conclusion, the findings of the current study suggest that blood drawn from the gingival crevicular during a clinical examination may be a great source for glucometric analysis. The gingival crevicular blood may show to be a promising technique for routine dental office screening for diabetes mellitus in periodontal patients, even if capillary/venous blood samples used for diabetes mellitus screening are the gold standard. Oral health is crucial for the early detection of many systemic disorders. As a result, dentists are crucial in the screening for systemic disorders. One of the prevalent chronic disorders is diabetes. Any systemic disease that is detected early enough can avoid long-term problems.

Antidiabetic activity of Cichorium intybus L water extract against streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Diabetic mellitus is a chronic, incurable metabolism disorder caused by the lack of secretion of insulin by the pancreas. Currently, several plants are used for the treatment of diabetic mellitus. Cichorium intybus (C. intybus) is one of the medicinal plants used traditionally by Asian people to treat diabetics. In this regard, the aim of the work is to prepare different selected plant crude extracts and determine them for in vivo diabetic activity against streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. At first, the plant leaves powder was defatted with petroleum spirit. Then the defatted powder was extracted by water with a ratio of 1:8 for 48 h using the maceration method. The water was evaporated by using a rotary evaporator. The aqueous extract of the selected plant was administered orally (100 mg/kg, 250 mg/kg, and 500 mg/kg) at intervals of 0, 2, 4 and 6 h compared to glibenclamide (3 mg/kg) and to measure blood glucose level by using a glucometer. The results showed that the blood glucose level decreased gradually with the increase of the time intervals. In addition, the blood glucose decreasing rate was increased with the applied dose increased. In conclusion, the selected plant water crude extract could be used to decrease the blood glucose level.

CNS-oxygen toxicity and blood glucose levels in MnSOD enzyme knockdown mice

Many studies have been conducted in the search for the mechanism underlying CNS-oxygen toxicity (OT), which may be fatal when diving with a closed-circuit apparatus. We investigated the influence of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) on blood glucose level (BGL) in Mn-superoxide dismutase (SOD2) knockdown mice regarding CNS-OT in particular under stress conditions such as hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia. Two groups of mice were used: SOD2 knockdown (Heterozygous, HET) mice and their WT family littermates. Animals were exposed to HBO from 2 up to 5 atmosphere absolute (ATA). Blood samples were drawn before and after each exposure for measurement of BGL. The mice were sacrificed following the final exposure, which was at 5 ATA. We used RT-PCR and Western blot to measure levels of glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) and hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)1a in the cortex and hippocampus. In the hypoglycemic condition, the HET mice were more sensitive to oxidative stress than the WT. In addition, following exposure to sub-toxic HBO, which does not induce CNS-OT, BGL were higher in the HET mice compared with the WT. The expression of mRNA of GLUT1 and HIF-1a decreased in the hippocampus in the HET mice, while the protein level decreased in the HET and WT following HBO exposure. The results suggest that the higher BGL following HBO exposure especially at SOD2 HET mice is in part due to reduction in GLUT1 as a consequence of lower HIF-1a expression. This may add part to the puzzle of the understanding the mechanism leading to CNS-OT.

Artificial pancreas control using optimized fuzzy logic based genetic algorithm

The aim of this paper is to develop an artificial pancreas that can automate the process of monitoring blood glucose levels and administering insulin to diabetic patients. The device incorporates a fuzzy controller that is optimized through a genetic algorithm and designed using MATLAB. The system comprises three key components: a continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) system, an insulin pump, and the fuzzy controller. The CGM measures blood glucose levels in real-time, and the insulin pump administers insulin doses to maintain blood glucose levels within a specific range. The fuzzy controller adjusts the insulin delivery rate based on the patient's blood glucose levels and their target range. To enhance the system's performance, a genetic algorithm is used to fine-tune the parameters of the fuzzy controller, seeking the optimal set of parameters that minimize the difference between the patient's blood glucose levels and the desired target range. The system is implemented in MATLAB, and simulation results indicate its effectiveness in maintaining blood glucose levels within the desired target range, reducing the risk of hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia. In summary, the proposed artificial pancreas system provides an effective automated solution for monitoring blood glucose levels and administering insulin to diabetic patients, with the fuzzy controller and genetic algorithm optimization enhancing the system's performance.