Measurement And Treatment Research To Improve Cognition In Schizophrenia Research Articles

Sex-differential cognitive performance on MCCB of youth with BD-II depression

BackgroundRecent evidences have shown sex-differential cognitive deficits in bipolar disorder (BD) and differences in cognitions across BD subtypes. However, the sex-specific effect on cognitive impairment in BD subtype II (BD-II) remains obscure. The aim of the current study was to examine whether cognitive deficits differ by gender in youth with BD-II depression.MethodThis cross-sectional study recruited 125 unmedicated youths with BD-II depression and 140 age-, sex-, and education-matched healthy controls (HCs). The Chinese version of the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) was used to assess cognitive functions. Mood state was assessed using the 24-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (24-HDRS) and the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS). Multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) was conducted.Result​Compared with HCs, patients with BD-II depression had lower scores on MCCB composite and its seven cognitive domains (all p < 0.001). After controlling for age and education, MANCOVA revealed significant gender-by-group interaction on attention/vigilance (F = 6.224, df = 1, p = 0.013), verbal learning (F = 9.847, df = 1, p = 0.002), visual learning (F = 4.242, df = 1, p = 0.040), and composite (F = 8.819, df = 1, p = 0.003). Post hoc analyses suggested that males performed worse in the above-mentioned MCCB tests than females in BD-II depression.ConclusionOur study demonstrated generalized cognitive deficits in unmedicated youths with BD-II depression. Male patients performed more serious cognitive impairment on attention/vigilance, verbal learning, and visual learning compared to female patients.

Cognitive Function and Variability in Antipsychotic Drug–Naive Patients With First-Episode Psychosis

Cognitive impairment contributes significantly to clinical outcome and level of function in individuals with psychotic disorders. These impairments are present already at psychosis onset at a group level; however, the question of heterogeneity in cognitive function among patients has not been systematically investigated. To provide an updated quantification of cognitive impairment at psychosis onset before patients receive potentially confounding antipsychotic treatment, and to investigate variability in cognitive function compared with healthy controls. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, PubMed articles were searched up to September 15, 2022. Original studies reporting data on cognitive function in antipsychotic drug-naive patients with first-episode psychosis (FEP) were included. Data were independently extracted by 2 researchers. Cognitive tasks were clustered according to 6 domains of the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery and the domain of executive function. Random-effects model meta-analyses of mean differences and coefficient of variation ratios (CVRs) were performed, as well as meta-regressions, assessment of study quality, and publication bias. The main outcome measure was Hedges g for mean differences in cognition and CVR for within-group variability. Fifty studies were included in the analysis with a total of 2625 individuals with FEP (mean [SD] age, 25.2 [3.6] years, 60% male; 40% female) and 2917 healthy controls (mean [SD] age, 26.0 [4.6]; 55% male; 45% female). In all cognitive domains, the FEP group displayed significant impairment compared with controls (speed of processing: Hedges g = -1.16; 95% CI, -1.35 to -0.98; verbal learning: Hedges g = -1.08; 95% CI, -1.28 to -0.88; visual learning: Hedges g = -1.05; 95% CI, -1.27 to -0.82; working memory: Hedges g = -1.04; 95% CI, -1.35 to -0.73; attention: Hedges g = -1.03; 95% CI, -1.24 to -0.82; reasoning/problem solving: Hedges g = -0.90; 95% CI, -1.12 to -0.68; executive function: Hedges g = -0.88; 95% CI, -1.07 to -0.69). Individuals with FEP also exhibited a larger variability across all domains (CVR range, 1.34-1.92). Results of this systematic review and meta-analysis identified cognitive impairment in FEP before the initiation of antipsychotic treatment, with large effect sizes. The high variability within the FEP group suggests the need to identify those individuals with more severe cognitive problems who risk worse outcomes and could benefit the most from cognitive remediation.

The relationship between serum prolactin levels and cognitive function in drug-naïve schizophrenia patients: a cross-sectional study.

This study aimed to investigate the association between serum prolactin levels and psychiatric symptoms and cognitive function in drug-naïve schizophrenia patients. The study recruited 91 drug-naïve schizophrenia patients and 67 healthy controls. Sociodemographic and clinical data were collected, and cognitive function was assessed using the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB). Serum prolactin levels were measured, and statistical analyses were performed to examine the relationship between prolactin levels, clinical symptoms, and cognitive function. The study found that drug-naïve schizophrenia patients had severe cognitive deficits compared to healthy controls across all seven domains of the MCCB. However, no correlation was found between these patients' serum prolactin levels and clinical severity or cognitive function. The drug-naïve schizophrenia patients had significant cognitive deficits compared to healthy controls. However, there was no significant relationship between prolactin levels and symptomatology and cognition in drug-naïve schizophrenia patients.

Latent classes of symptom trajectories among major depressive disorder patients in China

ObjectiveThis study aimed to understand the long-term symptom trajectories of Chinese patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) using piecewise latent growth modeling and growth mixture modeling. The investigation also aimed to identify the baseline characteristics indicative of poorer treatment outcomes. MethodsA total of 558 outpatients with MDD were assessed using a sequence of surveys. The Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD), Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAMA), and Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) were used to evaluate baseline depression, anxiety, and cognitive function. Depression symptom severity was subsequently measured at the 1-month, 2-month, 6-month, 1-year, and 2-year follow-ups. ResultsResults indicated three depressive symptomology trajectories, including (a) severe, improving class (12.72 %), (b) partially responding, later deteriorating class (6.09 %), and (c) moderate, improving class (81.18 %). Logistic regression analyses showed that a history of cardiovascular disease (CVD) increased the odds of belonging to the partially responding, later deteriorating class, whereas higher baseline depression increased the odds of belonging to the severe, improving class compared to the moderate, improving class. Patients who experienced less depression relief during the first month of treatment had a lower probability of belonging to the moderate, improving class. LimitationsParticipant attrition in this study may have inflated the estimated rate of treatment-resistant patients. ConclusionsThe burden of CVD and poorer initial treatment response are plausible risk factors for poorer treatment outcomes, highlighting targets for intervention in Chinese MDD patients.

Deep psychophysiological phenotyping of adolescents and adults with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: a multilevel approach to defining core disease processes

Background22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) is the most common chromosomal interstitial-deletion disorder, occurring in approximately 1 in 2000 to 6000 live births. Affected individuals exhibit variable clinical phenotypes that can include velopharyngeal anomalies, heart defects, T-cell-related immune deficits, dysmorphic facial features, neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism, early cognitive decline, schizophrenia, and other psychiatric disorders. Developing comprehensive treatments for 22q11.2DS requires an understanding of both the psychophysiological and neural mechanisms driving clinical outcomes. Our project probes the core psychophysiological abnormalities of 22q11.2DS in parallel with molecular studies of stem cell-derived neurons to unravel the basic mechanisms and pathophysiology of 22q11.2-related psychiatric disorders, with a primary focus on psychotic disorders. Our study is guided by the central hypothesis that abnormal neural processing associates with psychophysiological processing and underlies clinical diagnosis and symptomatology. Here, we present the scientific background and justification for our study, sharing details of our study design and human data collection protocol.MethodsOur study is recruiting individuals with 22q11.2DS and healthy comparison subjects between the ages of 16 and 60 years. We are employing an extensive psychophysiological assessment battery (e.g., EEG, evoked potential measures, and acoustic startle) to assess fundamental sensory detection, attention, and reactivity. To complement these unbiased measures of cognitive processing, we will develop stem-cell derived neurons and examine neuronal phenotypes relevant to neurotransmission. Clinical characterization of our 22q11.2DS and control participants relies on diagnostic and research domain criteria assessments, including standard Axis-I diagnostic and neurocognitive measures, following from the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) and the North American Prodrome Longitudinal Study (NAPLS) batteries. We are also collecting measures of autism spectrum (ASD) and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)-related symptoms.DiscussionStudying 22q11.2DS in adolescence and adulthood via deep phenotyping across multiple clinical and biological domains may significantly increase our knowledge of its core disease processes. Our manuscript describes our ongoing study’s protocol in detail. These paradigms could be adapted by clinical researchers studying 22q11.2DS, other CNV/single gene disorders, or idiopathic psychiatric syndromes, as well as by basic researchers who plan to incorporate biobehavioral outcome measures into their studies of 22q11.2DS.

Associations between saliva alpha-amylase, heart rate variability, saliva cortisol and cognitive performance in individuals at ultra high-risk for psychosis.

Cognitive impairments are present in individuals at ultra-high risk (UHR) of psychosis and UHR individuals exhibit a hyperactive and dysfunctional HPA-axis. Increasing stress levels could potentially lead to cognitive impairments and no previous studies have examined the association between physiological stress biomarkers and cognition in UHR individuals. This study aims to examine the association between saliva alpha amylase (SAA), heart rate variability (HRV), saliva cortisol, and cognition in UHR individuals. We included 72 UHR individuals, aged 18-40, fulfilling criteria of the comprehensive assessment of at-risk mental state (CAARMS). Cognitive tests indexed the 7 core domains as stated by Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS). Physiological stress levels were observed for one day: saliva was collected at awakening, 30 min and 60 min after awakening and at bedtime. HRV was measured during sleep and before awakening. We used generalized linear model and controlled for multiple testing using false discovery rate (FDR). Higher levels of SAA were significantly associated with lower cognitive performance in the domains of verbal and visual learning and memory, sustained attention, working memory and global neurocognition looking at unadjusted data. Controlling for FDR visual memory, sustained attention and global neurocognition remained significant associated with SAA. We discovered no associations between cortisol and cognition. Visual learning and memory, sustained attention and global neurocognition remained significantly associated with SAA. This finding supports our hypothesis that an association between abnormal stress biomarkers and impaired cognition might be present in UHR individuals.

Antipsychotic drugs and their effects on cognitive function: protocol for a systematic review, pairwise, and network meta-analysis

BackgroundThere is evidence that antipsychotic drugs differ in their effect on the cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia. So far, there is no comprehensive systematic review available that would enable providers and patients to make informed choices regarding this important aspect of treatment. With a large number of substances available, conventional pairwise meta-analyses will not be sufficient to inform this choice. To fill this gap, we will conduct a network meta-analysis (NMA), integrating direct and indirect comparisons from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to rank antipsychotics according to their effect on cognitive functioning.MethodsIn our NMA, we will include RCTs in patients with schizophrenia or schizophrenia-like psychoses comparing one antipsychotic agent with another antipsychotic agent or placebo that measures cognitive function. We will include studies on patients of every age group, in any phase of illness (e.g., acute or stable, first episode or chronic schizophrenia, in- or outpatients) with an intervention time of at least 3 weeks. The primary outcome will be the composite score of cognitive functioning, preferentially measured with the test battery developed by the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) initiative. The secondary outcomes include the seven cognitive domains that the composite score is composed of, as well as functioning and quality of life. Study selection and data extraction will be conducted by at least two independent reviewers. We will use the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool 2 to determine the risk of bias in studies, and we will evaluate the confidence in the results using Confidence in Network Meta-Analysis (CINeMA). We will perform NMA using R (package netmeta). We will conduct subgroup and sensitivity analyses to explore the heterogeneity and assess the robustness of our findings.DiscussionThis systematic review and network meta-analysis aims to inform evidence-based antipsychotic treatment choice for cognitive deficits in schizophrenia patients by analyzing existing RCTs on this subject. The results have the potential to support patients’ and physicians’ decision-making processes based on the latest available evidence.Systematic review registrationPROSPERO CRD42022312483

Time discrimination in psychosis: findings from a neuroimaging study

IntroductionPrevious functional neuroimaging studies have demonstrated a brain network responsible of time discrimination (TD) processes, which may play a significant mediating role in other cognitive processes, such as change detection and cognitive control. The study of TD and its dysfunction in psychosis has become a matter of growing interest. We hypothesize that the impairment of the TD network is involved both in the mechanisms of psychosis and in the cognitive deficit presented by patients.Objectives1.To delimit the brain regions involved in TD.2.To examine the dysfunction in TD brain network in patients diagnosed with psychosis.3.To sudy the integrity of brain white matter pathways in psychosis.4.To verify whether the neuroimaging findings and TD test performance predict the neurocognitive profile of the patients.MethodsParticipants included 20 patients with psychosis (PSY group) and 13 healthy controls (HC group). PSY group participants met remission criteria for 6 months prior to the study. Participants were interviewed for sociodemographic information and clinical assessments. They underwent a detailed cognitive assesment using the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB). Neuroimaging study was performed on a 3 Tesla MRI scanner. We designed an experimental task including a test tool to assess TD and Oddbal detection (OD) paradigms with a cognitive control component. The task was conducted under functional magentic resonance imaging (fMRI). We used the general linear model analysis of the individual data of the fMRI images and the random effects model for group inference. Group differences in DTI were tested using tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS).ResultsWe find statistically significant differences (fMRI) in the activity related to TD (in HC), with greater activity in frontal cortical regions, the insular cortex and the cerebellum. In the PSY group, differences in the functionality and activation pattern of brain networks responsible for TD are observed, although voxel clustering does not reach the cluster significance limit when compared to HC. Compared to the HC, the PSY group has a significant deficit of fractional anisotropy (DTI) in the whole brain and in 21 specific brain regions. The PSY group has significantly lower scores in six of the seven cognitive domains than the control group, as well as in the overall composite. We correlated FA values in the groups of interest with MCCB scores.Image:Image 2:Image 3:ConclusionsWe have defined the TD network, its relationship with other brain networks and cognitive processes of more complexity. The inclusion of participants with stable psychosis allowed us to analyze de TD disfunction in the PSY group. We compared the integrity of TD related brain pathways and correlated the findings with various clinical characteristics and the cognitive impairment present in psychotic patients.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

Cognitive dysfunction and neurometabolic alternations in major depressive disorder with gastrointestinal symptoms

BackgroundBrain biochemical abnormalities have been associated with major depressive disorder (MDD) and cognitive impairments. However, the cognitive performance and neurometabolic alterations of MDD patients accompanied by gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms remain to be elucidated. We aimed to reveal the features and correlation between cognitive impairments and brain biochemical abnormalities of depressed patients with GI symptoms. MethodsFifty MDD patients with GI symptoms (GI group), 46 patients without GI symptoms (NGI group) and 50 demographically matched healthy controls (HCs) underwent Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) assessments. In addition, proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) was used to obtain ratios of N-acetyl aspartate to creatine (NAA/Cr) and choline-containing compounds to creatine (Cho/Cr) in the thalamus, putamen and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). Finally, association analysis was conducted to investigate the relationships of these measurements. ResultsCompared to HCs, participants in both the GI and NGI groups had significantly reduced performance in the six MCCB cognitive domains (all p < 0.05), except for reasoning and problem solving. Higher Cho/Cr ratios in the right thalamus (p < 0.05) and lower NAA/Cr ratios in the left putamen (p < 0.05) were found in the NGI group than in the GI group. The severity of GI symptoms was negatively correlated with Cho/Cr ratios in the right ACC (r = −0.288, p = 0.037). In addition, the T-scores of visual learning were negatively correlated with NAA/Cr ratios in the right ACC (r = −0.443, p = 0.001) and right thalamus (r = −0.335, p = 0.015). ConclusionOur findings suggest that MDD patients with GI symptoms may exhibit greater neurometabolic alternations than those without GI symptoms, while both show similar cognitive dysfunction. In addition, neurometabolic alterations in the ACC and thalamus may underlie the neural basis of GI symptoms and cognitive impairment in MDD.

Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST) as a screening tool for evaluation of cognitive deficits in schizophrenia

Cognitive deficit is one of the core features of schizophrenia and is associated with poor functional outcomes. There is a lack of validated criteria to screen and monitor cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. This study aimed to evaluate the concurrent validity and sensitivity of MoCA (Montreal Cognitive Assessment) and DSST (Digit Symbol Substitution Test) in identifying cognitive deficits in Schizophrenia comparing with a comprehensive MCCB [MATRICS (Measurement And Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia) Consensus Cognitive Battery] equivalent battery. We did clinical and cognitive assessments on 30 patients with schizophrenia and 30 age and gender-matched healthy controls. The Cronbach's Alpha of MoCA was 0.839, and on adding the DSST, it increased to 0.859. In stepwise binary logistic regression, adding DSST to MoCA improved the prediction of cognitive impairment as defined by a comprehensive battery with 86.7% classification accuracy. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis suggested a score of 25 of MoCA and 59 of DSST as an optimal cut-off in identifying severe cognitive deficits with an additional MoCA cut-off of 27 for identifying mild cognitive deficits. Combined MoCA and DSST is a sensitive and quick method to screen for neurocognitive deficits in schizophrenia.

Cognitive Function Mediates the Anti-suicide Effect of Repeated Intravenous Ketamine in Adult Patients With Suicidal Ideation.

ObjectivePrior research has shown that ketamine has anti-suicide effects. Additional evidence also suggests that ketamine may offer pro-cognitive effects. Herein, we propose that the anti-suicide effects of ketamine are partially mediated via pro-cognitive effects. We aimed to determine whether improvement in cognitive function mediated change in suicidal ideation was associated with ketamine treatment.MethodsUnipolar or bipolar depressive patients (n = 86) with suicidal ideation received six infusions of ketamine (0.5 mg/kg) over 2 weeks. The current severity of suicidal ideation and depression symptoms were assessed with the Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation (SSI) and the Montgomery–Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS), respectively, at baseline, days 13 and 26. Cognitive domains, including processing speed, working memory, visual learning, and verbal learning were measured with the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery at the same time points.ResultsMediation analysis showed a significant total effect of ketamine treatment on SSI score (coef = –1.853, 95%CI [–2.2, –1.5]). The direct and total indirect (MADRS total score and any of cognitive domains) effects of ketamine on suicidal ideation both were statistically significant (direct: coef = –1.064 to –1.352; total indirect: coef = –0.501 to –0.788). MADRS total score and processing speed (but not other cognitive domains) were significant partial mediators of the association between ketamine treatment and improvements in suicidal ideation.ConclusionDepressive symptoms severity and processing speed performance partially mediated improvements in suicidal ideation after repeated ketamine infusions in persons with unipolar or bipolar depressive disorder.

Reduced temporal activation during a verbal fluency test in clinical high risk of psychosis: a functional near-infrared spectroscopy-based study

BackgroundClinical high risk (CHR) of psychosis is a state in which positive symptoms cause the subjects distress but do not approach a severity level that fulfils the criteria for a...

Web-Based Cognitive Testing in Psychiatric Research: Validation and Usability Study.

BackgroundCognitive impairments are features of many psychiatric disorders and affect functioning. A barrier to cognitive research on psychiatric disorders is the lack of large cross-disorder data sets. However, the collection of cognitive data can be logistically challenging and expensive. Web-based collection may be an alternative; however, little is known about who does and does not complete web-based cognitive assessments for psychiatric research.ObjectiveThe aims of this study are to develop a web-based cognitive battery for use in psychiatric research, validate the battery against the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery, and compare the characteristics of the participants who chose to take part with those of the individuals who did not participate.MethodsTasks were developed by The Many Brains Project and selected to measure the domains specified by the MATRICS initiative. We undertook a cross-validation study of 65 participants with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression, or no history of psychiatric disorders to compare the web-based tasks with the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery. Following validation, we invited participants from 2 large ongoing genetic studies, which recruited participants with psychiatric disorders to complete the battery and evaluated the demographic and clinical characteristics of those who took part.ResultsCorrelations between web-based and MATRICS tasks ranged between 0.26 and 0.73. Of the 961 participants, 887 (92.3%) completed at least one web-based task, and 644 (67%) completed all tasks, indicating adequate completion rates. Predictors of web-based participation included being female (odds ratio [OR] 1.3, 95% CI 1.07-1.58), ethnicity other than White European (OR 0.66, 95% CI 0.46-0.96), higher levels of education (OR 1.19, 95% CI 1.11-1.29), diagnosis of an eating disorder (OR 2.17, 95% CI 1.17-4) or depression and anxiety (OR 5.12, 95% CI 3.38-7.83), and absence of a diagnosis of schizophrenia (OR 0.59, 95% CI 0.35-0.94). Lower performance on the battery was associated with poorer functioning (B=−1.76, SE 0.26; P<.001).ConclusionsOur findings offer valuable insights into the advantages and disadvantages of testing cognitive function remotely for mental health research.

Aberrant cortical surface and cognition function in drug-naive first-episode schizophrenia

ObjectiveImpaired cognitive function is a central symptom of schizophrenia and is often correlated with inferior global functional outcomes. However, the role of some neurobiological factors such as cortical structure alterations in the underlying cognitive damages in schizophrenia remains unclear. The present study attempted to explore the neurobiomarkers of cognitive function in drug-naive, first-episode schizophrenia by using structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).MethodsThe present study was conducted in patients with drug-naive, first-episode schizophrenia (SZ) and healthy controls (HCs). MRI T1 images were pre-processed using CAT12. Surface-based morphometry (SBM) was utilised to evaluate structural parameters such as cortical thickness and sulcus depth. The positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) and Chinese version of the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) consensus cognitive battery (MCCB) were employed to estimate the psychotic symptoms and cognition, respectively.ResultsA total of 117 patients with drug-naive first-episode schizophrenia (SZ) and 98 healthy controls (HCs) were included. Both the cortical thickness and sulcus depth in the frontal lobe were lower in patients with SZ than in the HCs under family-wise error correction (p < 0.05). Attention and visual learning in MCCB were positively correlated with the right lateral orbitofrontal cortical thickness in the patients with SZ (p < 0.01).ConclusionsThe reduced surface value of multiple cortical structures, particularly the cortical thickness and sulcus depth in the frontal lobe, could be the potential biomarkers for cognitive impairment in SZ.

Subcortical Brain Volumes Relate to Neurocognition in First-Episode Schizophrenia, Bipolar Disorder, Major Depression Disorder, and Healthy Controls.

ObjectiveTo explore differences and similarities in relationships between subcortical structure volumes and neurocognition among the four subject groups, including first-episode schizophrenia (FES), bipolar disorder (BD), major depression disorder (MDD), and healthy controls (HCs).MethodsWe presented findings from subcortical volumes and neurocognitive analyses of 244 subjects (109 patients with FES; 63 patients with BD, 30 patients with MDD, and 42 HCs). Using the FreeSurfer software, volumes of 16 selected subcortical structures were automatically segmented and analyzed for relationships with results from seven neurocognitive tests from the MATRICS (Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia) Cognitive Consensus Battery (MCCB).ResultsLarger left lateral ventricle volumes in FES and BD, reduced bilateral hippocampus and amygdala volumes in FES, and lower bilateral amygdala volumes in BD and MDD were presented compared with HCs, and both FES and BD had a lower bilateral amygdala volume than MDD; there were seven cognitive dimension, five cognitive dimension, and two cognitive dimension impairments in FES, BD, and MDD, respectively; significant relationships were found between subcortical volumes and neurocognition in FES and BD but not in MDD and HCs; besides age and years of education, some subcortical volumes can predict neurocognitive performances variance.ConclusionThe different degrees of subcortical volume lessening may contribute to the differences in cognitive impairment among the three psychiatric disorders.

The MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery: An Update.

Through a series of NIMH-supported consensus-building meetings of experts and empirical comparisons of candidate tests, the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) initiative developed a battery of standardized cognitive measures to allow reliable evaluation of results from clinical trials of promising interventions for core cognitive deficits in this disorder. Ten tests in seven cognitive domains were selected for the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB). The MCCB has now been translated into 39 languages/dialects and has been employed in more than 145 clinical trials. It has become the standard cognitive change measure for studies of both pharmacological and training-based interventions seeking to improve cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. We summarize its applications and its relationship to the subsequent development of the NIMH RDoC Matrix.

The MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery: Psychometric Properties of the Chinese Version in Young Patients With Major Depression Disorder.

Background: Young patients with major depressive disorder are also associated with cognitive deficits. The development of an accurate and effective battery to measure cognitive impairment in young patients with major depressive disorder (Y-MDD) is necessary for both research and clinical practice. This study was designed to test the psychometric properties of the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) in Y-MDD.Method: Fifty Y-MDD patients, 38 euthymic young patients with bipolar disorder (Y-BD), and 51 healthy teenagers were recruited. The MCCB and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) were administered to assess cognitive impairment at baseline. The MCCB was also assessed 2 weeks later in Y-MDD patients. All subjects were between the ages of 13 and 24 years.Result: In the current study, cognitive impairment was greater in Y-BD patients than in Y-MDD patients in some domains. The MCCB has good internal consistency and reliability in Y-MDD patients. The Pearson correlation coefficients for retest reliability were good. Our findings also revealed an acceptable correlation between the MCCB and the MoCA, indicating good concurrent validity of the MCCB. Furthermore, exploratory factor analysis of the MCCB in Y-MDD patients revealed five domains with acceptable internal structures.Conclusion: The MCCB has acceptable psychometric properties and is a sensitive battery of cognitive impairment in Y-MDD patients. In the future, additional studies need to be carried out with larger samples while controlling for the use of psychotropic medications and antidepressants to validate the findings of the present study.

Common and Distinct Alterations of Cognitive Function and Brain Structure in Schizophrenia and Major Depressive Disorder: A Pilot Study

Objective: Numerous studies indicate that schizophrenia (SCZ) and major depressive disorder (MDD) share pathophysiological characteristics. Investigating the neurobiological features of psychiatric-affective disorders may facilitate the diagnosis of psychiatric disorders. Hence, we aimed to explore whether patients with SCZ and patients with MDD had the similar or distinct cognitive impairments and GMV alterations to further understand their underlying pathophysiological mechanisms.Methods: We recruited a total of 52 MDD patients, 64 SCZ patients, and 65 healthy controls (HCs). The Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery was used to assess cognitive functions. In addition, voxel-based morphometry (VBM) analysis was used to evaluate the gray matter volume (GMV) by using MRI scanning. One-way ANOVA and post-hoc tests were used to find the differences among the MDD, SCZ, and HCs. Finally, we explored the correlation between structural alterations and cognitive functions.Results: Compared with that of HCs, processing speed was impaired in both patients with SCZ and patients with MDD (F = 49.505, p < 0.001). SCZ patients displayed impaired cognitive performance in all dimensions of cognitive functions compared with HCs (p < 0.001, except social cognition, p = 0.043, Bonferroni corrected). Whole-brain VBM analysis showed that both SCZ and MDD groups had reductions of GMV in the medial superior frontal cortex (cluster-level FWE p < 0.05). Patients with SCZ exhibited declining GMV in the anterior cingulate cortex and right middle frontal cortex (MFC) compared with HCs and MDD patients (cluster-level FWE p < 0.05). The mean values of GMV in the right MFC had a positive correlation with the attention/vigilance function in patients with MDD (p = 0.014, partial. r = 0.349, without Bonferroni correction).Conclusions: In total, our study found that MDD and SCZ groups had common cognitive impairments and brain structural alterations, but the SCZ group exhibited more severe impairment than the MDD group in both fields. The above findings may provide a potential support for recognizing the convergent and divergent brain neural pathophysiological mechanisms between MDD and SCZ.

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for cognitive function in adults with bipolar disorder: A pilot study

BackgroundCognitive deficits are prevalent in bipolar disorder and are a significant contributor to negative patient-reported outcomes. Herein we conducted a pilot study of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to improve cognitive function in adults with bipolar disorder. MethodsThe study was a triple-blinded, randomized, placebo-control trial. Participants (aged 18 to 60) with a diagnosis of DSM-5-defined bipolar disorder (I or II) were recruited and randomized (N=36) to receive either a sham treatment (n=20) or an active rTMS treatment (n=16). Patients completed the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) at baseline and 1-2 weeks after the rTMS intervention. ResultsA significant group by time interaction was observed in the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised (HVLT-R), (F (1, 34) = 17.0, p < 0.001, partial η2 = 0.33). Post-hoc analysis revealed that although both groups did not significantly differ at baseline (p = 0.58), patients in the active rTMS group significantly improved following neurostimulation (p = 0.02) for HVLT-R. Moreover, within-subject analysis indicated that the active rTMS group significantly improved in score from pre-treatment to post-treatment (p < 0.001), while the sham group did not improve (p = 0.94) for HVLT-R. No significant differences were seen in the other cognitive measures. LimitationsThe study was conducted in a small sample . ConclusionThis pilot study, which was intended to establish feasibility, suggests that rTMS may offer benefit in select domains of cognitive functioning in bipolar disorder. None of the measures across subdomains revealed a dyscognitive effect.

Neurocognitive Functioning in Individuals at Clinical High Risk for Psychosis

Neurocognitive functioning is a potential biomarker to advance detection, prognosis, and preventive care for individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis (CHR-P). The current consistency and magnitude of neurocognitive functioning in individuals at CHR-P are undetermined. To provide an updated synthesis of evidence on the consistency and magnitude of neurocognitive functioning in individuals at CHR-P. Web of Science database, Cochrane Central Register of Reviews, and Ovid/PsycINFO and trial registries up to July 1, 2020. Multistep literature search compliant with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses and Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology performed by independent researchers to identify original studies reporting on neurocognitive functioning in individuals at CHR-P. Independent researchers extracted the data, clustering the neurocognitive tasks according to 7 Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) domains and 8 CHR-P domains. Random-effect model meta-analyses, assessment of publication biases and study quality, and meta-regressions were conducted. The primary effect size measure was Hedges g of neurocognitive functioning in individuals at CHR-P (1) compared with healthy control (HC) individuals or (2) compared with individuals with first-episode psychosis (FEP) or (3) stratified for the longitudinal transition to psychosis. A total of 78 independent studies were included, consisting of 5162 individuals at CHR-P (mean [SD; range] age, 20.2 [3.3; 12.0-29.0] years; 2529 [49.0%] were female), 2865 HC individuals (mean [SD; range] age, 21.1 [3.6; 12.6-29.2] years; 1490 [52.0%] were female), and 486 individuals with FEP (mean [SD; range] age, 23.0 [2.0; 19.1-26.4] years; 267 [55.9%] were female). Compared with HC individuals, individuals at CHR-P showed medium to large deficits on the Stroop color word reading task (g = -1.17; 95% CI, -1.86 to -0.48), Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised (g = -0.86; 95% CI, -1.43 to -0.28), digit symbol coding test (g = -0.74; 95% CI, -1.19 to -0.29), Brief Assessment of Cognition Scale Symbol Coding (g = -0.67; 95% CI, -0.95 to -0.39), University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (g = -0.55; 95% CI, -0.97 to -0.12), Hinting Task (g = -0.53; 95% CI, -0.77 to -0.28), Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (g = -0.50; 95% CI, -0.78 to -0.21), California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT) (g = -0.50; 95% CI, -0.64 to -0.36), and National Adult Reading Test (g = -0.52; 95% CI, -1.01 to -0.03). Individuals at CHR-P were less impaired than individuals with FEP. Longitudinal transition to psychosis from a CHR-P state was associated with medium to large deficits in the CVLT task (g = -0.58; 95% CI, -1.12 to -0.05). Meta-regressions found significant effects for age and education on processing speed. Findings from this meta-analysis support neurocognitive dysfunction as a potential detection and prognostic biomarker in individuals at CHR-P. These findings may advance clinical research and inform preventive approaches.